World 9 Midterm Content Review PDF

World 9 Midterm Content Review I. Social Scientists A) The people who study the world in which humans live are known as social scientists. 1) Historians- Study written records of past events. 2) Geographers- Study the Earth’s surface and its impact on humans....

World 9 Midterm Content Review I. Social Scientists A) The people who study the world in which humans live are known as social scientists. 1) Historians- Study written records of past events. 2) Geographers- Study the Earth’s surface and its impact on humans. -Geographers often examine topography -physical land features climate -weather human migrations -movement and the way in which humans adapt to different environments. Geographers will often examine two types of maps: a) Political Maps- Show countries, their borders, and capital cities. b) Physical Maps- Show topography land features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, etc. 3) Anthropologists- Study past and present human cultures. Archaeologists examine the culture of past human societies through analysis of physical remains (artifacts). II. Historical Sources A) Historians are concerned with the examination of written records from the past. There are two types of sources that historians study: 1) Primary Source- A firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event (Examples- Diaries, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies). 2) Secondary Source- A second hand record of a historical event created by a person who did NOT actually experience the event (Examples- Textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies). ______________________________________________________________________________ _______ I. Neolithic Age (8000-3000 BC) A) Also called the “New Stone Age.” B) Key developments of this period: 1) Humans first discovered how to perform agriculture (farm) and domesticate (raise) animals for food and drink. 2) Humans switched from being nomads (people who wander from place to place hunting and gathering for food) to being settled farmers who lived in permanent villages. 3) Farming created a steady food supply (called a food surplus).  4) The permanent villages created during the Neolithic Age eventually turned into civilizations 5) The development of farming during this period was so important for humans that it is often called the “Neolithic Revolution.” TOPIC: ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS I. Civilization A) A civilization is a complex and highly organized society that includes a government, social classes, job specialization, a food surplus, writing, and religious beliefs. B) Civilizations developed soon after humans discovered farming and settled down in permanent villages during the Neolithic Age. C) The first civilizations developed around 3000 B.C. in areas of land known as river valleys (low areas of land next to rivers). The reason civilizations developed in river valleys is because these areas had favorable geography: 1) The flooding of rivers deposited silt on nearby lands that created fertile soil for farming. 2) People irrigated (watered) their crops with water from the nearby rivers. 3) Rivers provided a source of transportation. D) Early river valley civilizations developed around the following rivers: The Nile River in Egypt, the Tigris River and Euphrates River in the Middle East, the Indus River in India, and the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China II. Ancient River Valley Civilizations (c. 3000 – 1000 B.C.) A) Egypt 1) Location: Northeastern Africa 2) Major River: Nile River 3) Characteristics and achievements: a) Developed hieroglyphics- Writing using picture symbols. b) Constructed pyramids- Massive structures used to bury Egyptian Pharaohs (kings). B) Mesopotamia (Sumer) 1) Location: Middle East 2) Major Rivers: Tigris River and Euphrates River 3) Characteristics and achievements: a) Developed cuneiform- Writing system using wedge-shaped symbols. b) Code of Hammurabi- Oldest written set of laws in the world that is known for its strict (harsh) punishments of crimes (i.e.- “an eye for an eye”). C) Harappan Civilization( Indus River Valley) 1) Location: India  2) Major River: Indus River 3) Achievements: The urban (city) areas of Harappan civilization were organized and well- planned (used grids) 4) NOTE: Early societies in India (and areas of Southeast Asia) were very affected by seasonal monsoons- Winds that brought rain needed to farm (but too much rain caused dangerous flooding). D) China 1) Major Rivers- Yellow (Huang He) River and Yangtze River 2) Early Chinese societies were very isolated from other civilizations because China is surrounded by natural boundaries (i.e.- mountains and deserts). E) Common Features- Many ancient societies had important traits in common: 1) They existed in river valley regions. 2) They were all polytheistic- People believed in many gods associated with nature (i.e.- Sun God, Rain God, Wind God, etc). 3) They often had traditional economic systems with the following characteristics: a) Barter- Trade without using money. b) Subsistence agriculture- Farming in which the crops are used only to feed the ​ farmer and his family. Food is not usually sold for a profit. c) People have the same occupation (job) as their parents (usually related to farming/agriculture). TOPIC: CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS I. Introduction to Classical Civilizations A) Classical civilizations are the societies that were more advanced and more recent than the ancient civilizations discussed in the previous section. B) Most classical civilizations had a Golden Age- A period of great achievements in art, literature, math, and science. C) Below is a brief outline regarding the classical civilizations that the Regents would like you to know. II. Classical Civilizations (c. 1000 BC-500 AD) A) Greece 1) Located on a peninsula in southeastern Europe. 2) Influenced by other Mediterranean civilizations like the Phoenicians who were expert boat builders (keel) and spread ideas like their alphabet and ability to make purple dye through the region 3) Mountainous geography, it was not one united civilization. Instead, Greece was divided into many separate city-states. Each city state (or polis) had its own  government and land. The two most famous city-states were Athens and Sparta. They were very different societies. 4) Sparta a) A military society where men spent almost all of their lives training for warfare. b) People in Sparta had very little freedom. 5) Athens a) Athens is known for having the first democracy in the world. A democracy is a form of government in which people can vote. Athens had a direct democracy, which means that all citizens (adult males born in Athens) were able to vote on laws. b) Unlike Sparta, which focused mainly on war, Athens focused heavily on culture and is known for its philosophers (Socrates, Aristotle, Plato) and writers (such as Homer). 6) Religion a) The people of ancient Greece were polytheistic (believed in many nature gods). b) The Olympic Games were held every 4 years in Greece to honor their god, Zeus. 7) Alexander the Great a) Famous leader who conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia (Iran), and part of India. b) Hellenistic culture- Alexander spread Greek (Hellenic) culture to all of the areas that he conquered. The word Hellenistic is used to describe the mixture of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture that took place in the areas that Alexander conquered. B) India 1) During the classical period, India was ruled by two successful dynasties (families of rulers): The Maurya Dynasty and the Gupta Dynasty. 2) Maurya Dynasty a) Asoka- Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on tall rock pillars (columns) that were displayed throughout India. Asoka converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for his kind treatment of people and animals. 3) Gupta Dynasty  a) The Gupta Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of India since there were many achievements in art, literature, math, and science. Some of the achievements include the invention of zero in mathematics, the development of Sanskrit writing, and beautiful Buddhist paintings. 4) Caste System a) The caste system was the social hierarchy of India in which people were born into a social class (called a caste) and remained in that class for the remainder of their lives. Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors) Vaisyas (merchants and artisans) Sudras (laborers). Untouchables (they had the worst jobs). b) Since people could not move up or down in the caste system, it provided order and structure to society. c) The caste system is closely associated with the Hindu religion C) Classical China 1) Qin Dynasty a) Lasted only 15 years. b) Used the philosophy of Legalism- Believes that humans are evil and that harsh punishments are needed to keep order in society. c) NOTE: Legalism was similar to the Code of Hammurabi in ancient Mesopotamia since both noted that harsh punishments were necessary in society. 2) Han Dynasty a) Lasted 400 years. b) Key Features and Achievements: 1) Trade and Transportation Networks- As with the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty grew wealthy through trade because of the system of roads that was developed throughout the region. 2) Civil Service System- System in which government positions were given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams. The Chinese were the first to use this kind of system. D) Silk Road 1) The Silk Road was a long trade route that extended about 4,000 miles from China in the East to the Mediterranean Sea in the West. The Silk Road connected the different classical civilizations (and later civilizations as well).  2) Cultural Diffusion- Cultural diffusion is the exchange of goods and ideas between societies. The Silk Road led the exchange of many products (like Silk) and religious ideas (like Buddhism) between civilizations. E) Rome 1) Located on the peninsula of Italy. 2) Rome began as a small city-state but eventually created a large empire by conquering the regions that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea (i.e.- Western Europe, coast of Northern Africa, Greece, Anatolia, and Western Asia). 3) Key Features and Achievements: a) Trade and Transportation Networks- united the areas of their empire and grow wealthy from trade because of the roads they built on land and because the Mediterranean Sea connected areas within their empire. b) Twelve Tables of Rome- Written set of laws that stated the rules of behavior for members of Roman society that were displayed in public for all to see. c) Ideas about Law- Romans developed important legal ideas that we still use today (such as “innocent until proven guilty”). d) Pax Romana- Means “Roman Peace.” This was the 200-year Golden Age of Rome in which there was extensive trade and great achievements in art, literature, math, and science. TOPIC: WORLD RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHIES I. The Monotheistic Religions A) Monotheism 1) Monotheistic religions believe in only one God. 2) The 3 main monotheistic religions are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. B) Codes of Conduct- All 3 monotheistic religions have codes of behavior issued by God that state the religious and moral/ethical duties of followers: 1) Ten Commandments- Code of behavior for Jews and Christians (i.e.- Do not kill, do not steal, do not worship false gods, etc.). 2) Five Pillars- Code of behavior for Muslims (i.e.- Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, pray five times daily, etc.). II. Religions and Philosophies of India A) Hinduism  1) Reincarnation- The idea that after humans die, their souls are reborn into another body. Hindus believe that humans go through many rounds of reincarnation (death and rebirth). 2) Karma- Karma refers to all of the good and bad deeds that one does during their lifetime. -Those who do good deeds develop good karma and are reborn at a higher level in the next life. -Those who do bad deeds develop bad karma and are reborn at a lower level in the next life. - 3) The goal of Hindus is to achieve Moksha- Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth. B) Buddhism 1) Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (also called the Buddha). 2) Buddhism is very similar to Hinduism. Both religions believe in Reincarnation and Karma. 3) The goal of Buddhists is to achieve Nirvana- Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth (similar to Hindu concept of Moksha). 4) Buddhists believe that Nirvana can be achieved when people accept the Four Noble Truths (the idea that all of life is suffering and that suffering is caused by our selfish desires). People must work to end suffering and desire by following the Eightfold Path (a code of behavior for Buddhists that requires them to resist evil, act in a kind manner, meditate, etc.). III. Philosophies of China A) Legalism 1) Philosophy based on the idea that humans are evil and that harsh punishments are needed in order to prevent crime and keep order in society. B) Confucianism 1) Major philosophy of China. It’s main teachings include: a) The Five Relationships- The idea that every single person has specific roles and obligations that must be followed in order to keep order and stability (calmness) in society. For example, subjects must obey their ruler, wives must obey their husbands, and children must obey their parents. b) Filial Piety- The idea that people must honor and respect the elders of their family (i.e.- children must be loyal and obedient to their parents). C) Daoism ​ ​ 1) Created by Lao Tzu ​ ​ 2) Belief in a balance of good and bad ​ ​ 3) Be one with nature ​ ​ 4) Accept life the way it is  TOPIC: LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL WORLDS I. Legal Systems A) So far, a number of different legal systems have been discussed in this review packet. The 2 main ones include: 1) Code of Hammurabi- Written set of laws used in ancient Mesopotamia. It is known for its harsh punishment of crimes (i.e.- “an eye for an eye”). 2) Direct Democracy in Ancient Greece a)​ Discussed in Pericle’s Funeral Oration b)​ Importance of civic awareness and duty -- all male citizens with property are expected to vote and participate in how Athens operates 3) Twelve Tables of Rome- Written set of laws used in Roman Empire. Laws favored the wealthy. a)​ They are all standardized (written) sets of laws. b)​ They each concern the relationship between the state (government) and the individual. c)​ They all helped create stability. REVIEW SHEET 1 – Skills of the Historian​ How is history both a subjective and objective discipline? History is both a subjective and objective discipline since there are people that have bias and people that don’t bias. What defines a turning point and how do historians rely on them? A turning point is a point in history that causes specific change. Historians relied on turning points because they created a reason for change to occur. How have the movements of people and ideas (cultural diffusion) affected the world, past and present? The movements of people and ideas have affected the world past and present because they allowed for the spread of ideas including technology, trading, religions, and languages. Terms and concepts to consider: Point of view – How a person sees the world. Subjectivity/Objectivity - Subjectivity is something you believe based on your opinion/ perspective and objectivity is something that you believe based on facts and evidence. Bias – Someone’s perspective but their own belief is in the way. Perspective – The way someone sees something. Periodization – The organization of history into certain time periods. ex) neolithic, paleolithic era. Globalization - Spread of american businesses/ provided great economic, change lots of consumerism REVIEW SHEET 2 – Foundations​ ​ What physical and behavioral traits define what it means to be human? Some physical and behavior traits that defined what it meant to be human were: Physical: large brain size, speech and communication Behavior: strategic tool use, culture, self-awareness, problem solving How does physical geography affect the development of people, places or regions? Physical geography affects the development of places, or regions because it affects how people live. ex) people living by water could develop into a mainly fishing diet Has the Neolithic Revolution shaped humanity for the better or the worse? The Neolithic Revolution shaped humanity for the better because it was the turning point when humans started to settle down and rely more on farming How did the Neolithic change the way humans relate to one another? The neolithic started a social hierarchy system which ranked individuals based on their status. This is also when women because less equal. Why was the Neolithic Revolution a prerequisite for civilization? The neolithic revolution allowed for people to settle down which then led to the creation of civilizations and their features How do we define what it means to be civilized? By the 5 characteristics of a civilization Terms and concepts to consider: 1.​ Dates of the Foundations Period 8000 BCE - 600 BCE 2.​ What were some of the hallmarks of human development during the Paleolithic period? Nomadic lifestyle 3. Identify the Neolithic Revolution (What/when/where) 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE, early river valley civilizations, nomadic to sedentary 4. What specific effects did the Neolithic Revolution have on communities? Some effects of the Neolithic Revolution include increased food production, increased population for the sedentary lifestyle, advanced technology, and civilizations which allowed for the construction of cities + gov. + etc. 5. Why did Jared Diamond view farming as “the worst mistake” made by humans? because it created disease, poor nutrition, class divisions, and inequality. 6. Explain the significance of Catal Huyuk it was one of the most important archaeological sites in understanding the Neolithic Era. ​ 7. What are the characteristics of civilization? cities writing specialized jobs Social hierarchy Technology Religion government 8. List the Ancient Civilizations and be able to approximate their respective locations: Mesopotamia - Africa/ Middle East (Sumerians) Egypt - North Africa Phoenicia - Africa/ Middle East (Used to be Mesopotamia) China - Shang Dynasty (still present) Olmec - MesoAmerica Indus River Valley - India​ 9.​ How did geography impact the development of early peoples in both positive and negative ways? ​ Terms and concepts to consider: Pharaoh-leader of egyptians Pastoralism-practice of domesticating animals Polytheism-multiple gods ; monotheism-one god ; irrigation;-water system Ziggurat;-temple that led to sky Theocracy;-gov led by religious leaders cultural diffusion; -spread of cultures interpretive versus factual history- factual history provided only facts and lacked context while interpretive history described why the events happened ; Out of Africa Theory-human evolution started in africa ancestor worship; -respect elders and worship them/believing they have an influence on your life Mesopotamia; Indus Valley Civilization; Yellow River Civilization; Phoenecians; Israelites; natural barriers; monsoons Phoenecians-right next to mesopotamia/traded with each other(carthage and developed alphabet) REVIEW SHEET 3 – Classical Age ​ ​ How did the Classical Civilizations differ from the Ancient River Valley Civilizations? -​ River Valley civilizations formed around a river valley -​ River Valleys often monarchies rather than complex forms of government like democracy or a republic -​ River Valley empires were based on religion and were a patriarchy -​ River Valley empires focused more on survival and religious practice while classical civilizations focused on mathematics and philosophy Why do civilizations rise and fall? Rise:innovations,strong gov,trade stability and growth,resources Fall:political corruption, economic decline, invasions  What are the responsibilities and challenges of ruling over vast empires? There are a lot of people and cultures that are hard to control. What role did new systems of thought play in different Classical Civilizations? The philosophies shaped the government and the way of life of the civilizations What are the essential ingredients of a Golden Age? Political stability, economic prosperity, technological advances Terms and concepts to consider: 1.​ Dates of the Classical Period: 600 BCE-600CE 2.​ List the Classical Civilizations and be able to approximate their respective locations: Greece- southeast europe Rome-southern europe Indian- India Persia- central asia China-east asia 3.​ What similarities and differences existed between the Classical Civilizations and Ancient River Valley Civilizations? The river valley civilizations were located by rivers and had less complex governments and innovations, both based on agriculture and had social hierachy 4.​ What factors contributed to the decline of Classical Age Civilizations? Weak leadership, inequality (social hierarchy system), trade instability, economic decline 5.​ What long-lasting effects did the Classical Civilizations have on later civilizations? ​ Shaped government (democracy), led to advancements in science and math, philosophies​ 6.​ Classical Civilizations  A) Greece -​ How did its Geography contribute to its development as a civilization? -​ Located near many mountains which isolated into city-states -​ What were the contributions of Sparta vs. Athens? -​ Athens formed a democracy and philosophies and Sparta had many military achievements and women's rights -​ How was Greece impacted by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars? -​ The persian wars led to greek victory but it led to rivalry between athens and sparta which then led to the peloponnesian war. After this war, greek was vulnerable to invasion by macedonia -​ What was the impact of Alexander the Great? In Greece and beyond? -​ He took over and created hellenistic culture. He stopped city states and unified greece as one B) India -​ What were the contributions of The Maurya Dynasty (specifically Ashoka)? -​ First empire in india, buddhism, ashoka's edicts -​ What were the contributions of the Gupta Dynasty? -​ Invention of 0, trigonometry, medicine, religion -​ How did Hinduism shape Indian society and culture? -​ It was the first major religion that led to buddhism,it taught karma and dharma, etc. C) Classical China -​ What was the historical context for the development of philosophies (Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism) in China? -​ The Zhou dynasty fell and it turned into the warring states period which was when china split into states that were constantly fighting. This made a need for new ideas and philosophies. -​ How did the ideas of Legalism shape the rule of the Qin Dynasty? -​ Legalism made the qin dynasty into a strict punishment based dynasty with a strong central authority -​ What were the key achievements of the Han Dynasty? -​ Invented paper, confucianism, civil service exam -​ Why did the Han Dynasty fall? -​ Internal corruption, peasant were rebelling, emperor ling died and the new emperor was too weak D) The Silk Road  -​ What was and how did it impact the development of many Classical Civilizations? -​ Network of trade routes that stabilized trade in civilizations and allowed religion and new ideas to spread -​ How did the Silk Road promote Cultural Diffusion? and in what forms? -​ It allowed religion to spread from place to place.Buddhism, christianity, and islam. E) Rome -​ How did its Geography contribute to its development as a city and an Empire? -​ Tiber river provided resources/farming -​ Plains provided population -​ Diversity-spread of culture -​ How did the expansion of the Roman Empire impact its: -​ Economy-expansion of trade -​ Laws-spread of laws, citizenship to all romans -​ Society-culture and religion spread -​ Politics-rise of military,centralization of power -​ What were the Key Features and Achievements of the Roman Empire during the period known as Pax Romana? -​ Fewer wars, political stability by augustus, economic prosperity by silk road, infrastructure (roads,bridges,etc),the coliseum,the pantheon -​ What factors led to the Fall of the Roman Empire? -​ Unemployment -​ Political corruption-only highest bidders got the throne -​ Couldn’t create enough products to keep their territory -​ Military used up a lot of resources -​ People believed christianity made rome weak -​ Too much crime -​ Tax too high Consider the historical relevance and accomplishments: Pericles, Alexander, Cyrus, Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor Wudi, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Ashoka Terms and concepts to consider: cultural diffusion; Hellenism; centralization; bureaucracy; religious tolerance; infrastructure; Silk Road; democracy, civil service; city-state; Golden Ages; technological innovations REVIEW SHEET 4 – Religions/Philosophies ​ What conditions give rise to new belief systems? Split of states and need for new ideas`​ How do local belief systems grow into world religions? When leaders support and it satisfies human needs How do religions serve their adherents? \ Brings people together and gives them a way to calm down and find peace Terms and concepts to consider: For each religion/philosophy, identify persons of significance, basic beliefs, location, sects, and leadership. - Christianity ​ Jesus Christ-son of God, the messiah ​ The apostles- Peter,James,John,Paul ​ Mary-mother of Jesus ​ Monotheism ​ The trinity- the father, the son, the holy spirit ​ Bible ○​ Old testament-before jesus birth ○​ New testament-during/after jesus christ ​ Judeau ​ Catholic ​ Orthodox ​ Protestant ​ Pastors,Deacans ​ Constatine made christianity legal and then it became popular - Buddhism ​ Siddartha gautama- founder of buddhism ​ Ashoka- converted to buddhism and led the mauryan empire ​ Four Noble Truths ​ Eightfold Path ​ India ​ Buddha,Monks - Hinduism ​ No single founder ​ Dharma ​ Karma ​ Re-incarnation ​ Moksha ​ Brahmin ​ Originated in the indus river valley - Judaism ​ Abraham: Considered the first patriarch of Judaism. He is seen as the father of the Jewish people, with a special covenant with God. ​ Moses: One of the most significant prophets. He led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt (Exodus) and received the Ten Commandments from God. ​ King David: A significant king in Jewish history who united the tribes of Israel and made Jerusalem the capital. ​ King Solomon: The son of King David, known for building the First Temple in Jerusalem. ​ The Prophets: Figures like Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, who conveyed messages from God and guided the people of Israel. ​ Monotheism ​ Covenant with god ​ Torah ​ Afterlife ​ Israel ​ Orthodox Judaism: The most traditional branch, which holds that both the written and oral Torah are divinely given and must be followed strictly. ​ Conservative Judaism: Seeks to preserve traditional Jewish practices while allowing for modern interpretation and adaptation. ​ Reform Judaism: A more liberal branch, which emphasizes individual autonomy in interpreting Jewish traditions and practices. ​ Reconstructionist Judaism: A progressive movement that views Judaism as an evolving religious civilization and emphasizes community and culture as central aspects. ​ Humanistic Judaism: A secular, non-theistic movement that celebrates Jewish culture and identity, while focusing on human responsibility and ethics. ​ Cheif rabbi - Confucianism ​ Confucious ​ Respect for elders/education  ​ Five relationships ○​ Ruler to ruled ○​ Father to son ○​ Husband to wife ○​ Older brother to younger brother ○​ Friend to friend ​ Han Dynasty ​ Emperor Wudi - Legalism ​ Han Feizi ​ Strict punishments ​ Human nature is selfish ​ Centralized power ​ Qin dynasty ​ Shi Huang Di - Daoism ​ Laozi ​ Finding peace/harmony/balance of nature (Ying/Yang) ​ Originated in China ​ Mercator Projection: Preserves shape and direction but distorts size (e.g., Greenland looks much larger than it is). ​ Peters Projection: Preserves relative size but distorts shape. ​ Robinson Projection: A compromise between size and shape distortions, often used for educational purposes. ​ Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection: Minimizes distortion of landmasses by "interrupting" the oceans. The land areas are shown with more accurate size and shape, but the oceans and distances between continents are distorted. ​ Bureaucracy- system where non-elected officials of a government help implement the rules, laws, and functions of their government (used during classical period) ​ Torah- Hebrew Bible (old testament in christianity) ○​ Historians learned how israelites lived however they had to differ between beliefs and facts ​ Ancient israel-area described in the Torah from egypt to mesopotamia ​ Corroborate- compare pieces of evidence ​ Hebrew-the language of ancient israelites ​ Judaism- the worlds oldest monotheistic religion/follow ten commandment  ​ Moses-founder of judaism ​ People settled in Mesopotamia because it was near a body of water ○​ Between tigris and euphrates river ​ City-state- a city and the villages and farms around it ​ Theocracy- governments headed by religious figures ​ Cuneiform- form of writing by sumerians/earliest writing ​ Ziggurat-pyramid temple that soared toward the heavens ​ Sumerians and egyptians believed in the after-life but the sumerians saw te underworlds as a bad place Early River Valley Civilizations ​ Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers): ○​ City-states like Ur and Babylon ○​ known for the Code of Hammurabi. ○​ Cuneiform writing, ziggurats. ​ Ancient China(yellow river) ○​ Oracle bones-source of communication/writing ○​ Ancestor worship-form of respect ○​ Loess-windblown deposit(idk) ○​ Shang dynasty-Cheng Teng>firstruler ○​ Zhou Dynasty ○​ Mandate of Heaven- helps people overthrow the next dynasty ○​ Dynastic cycle-cycle of each ruler ○​ Ethnocentrism- belief that you/country/culture is/are superior to others ​ Indus river Valley(Indus River) ○​ Monsoon-seasonal wind that brings wet/dry seasons ○​ Urban planning- using the space to grow and function ○​ Sewer system- system for water ○​ mohenjo-daro/Harappa- main city of Indus river valley ○​ Writing was on illegible seals so it was unable to be deciphered ​ Ancient Egypt(Nile river) ○​ Hieroglyphics- communication/writing ○​ Theocracy- pharoah ○​ Bureaucracy- officials appointed by pharoah ○​ Polytheism-worship many gods ​ Norte Chico  ○​ caral- the city where norte chico lives ○​ Adaptation to arid climate- the climate caused storms ​ Agriculture ○​ Mostly cotton and fish ​ Architecture ○​ Stone structures ​ Periodization- divide time into periods ​ BCE and then AD/CE ○​ As the number of BCE gets smaller, farther in time ​ Code of hammurabi- set of laws followed by babylonia ​ Neolithic Revolution- led to human progress and shaped modern society ○​ Trade increase because of the greater capacity to produce goods ○​ More jobs/leisure time- not everyone needed to find food ○​ More products/opportunities- able to produce more goods and more ownership opportunities ​ Paleolithic - old stone age/nomadic ​ Neolithic- new stone age/settled down ​ Nomad-hunt and gather food/constantly moving ​ Rural-countryside ​ Urban-cities ​ Irrigation system- the supply of water to land or crops to help grow ​ Domestication- the process of changing a wild plant or animal to be raised Chinese Philosophies  ​ Taoism (Daoism): ○​ Founder: Laozi. ○​ Living in harmony with nature (The Tao or "The Way"). ○​ Simple living, humility, and non-competition. ○​ Impact: Influenced Chinese art, medicine, and environmental respect. ​ Confucianism: ○​ Founder: Confucius. ○​ Respect for elders and ancestors (Filial Piety). ○​ Importance of education and moral virtue. ○​ Five Key Relationships (e.g., ruler-subject, parent-child). ○​ Impact: Shaped Chinese government and social structure. ​ Legalism: ○​ Founder: Han Feizi. ○​ Strict laws and harsh punishments. ○​ People are naturally selfish and require control. ○​ Strong central authority. ○​ Impact: Influenced the Qin Dynasty's policies. Han Dynasty ​ Confucious principles ​ Used ships to trade ​ Silk road-network of trade routes=way to travel=religion spread ​ Civil service exam-stable gov ​ Invented paper Qin Dynasty ​ Founder: Shi Huangdi (First Emperor). ​ Government: Legalist principles with strict central authority. ​ Standardized weights, measures, currency, and writing. ​ Built extensive road systems. ​ Great Wall of China: Defensive structure against northern invaders. ​ Downfall: Harsh rule and heavy taxes led to rebellion. Indo-gangetic plain- indus and ganges river/fertile soil Himalaya mountains- protection/isolation Ashoka ​ Created an empire by conquering other kingdoms in brutal wars ​ His turning point when he converted to buddhism ​ To consolidate(maintain) power he put laws in public places ​ Ashokas edicts ○​ Written by officials ○​ Public places ​ First followed hinduism then promoted buddhism after conversion(after kalinga war brutality made him embrace buddhism principles of non-violence) and wrote edicts in the mauryan empire ​ Hinduism  ○​ No single founder ○​ Vedas ○​ Dharma-your duty ○​ Karma-consequences for actions ○​ Re-incarnation-reborn into next life ○​ Brahman-might god with many forms/shiva-god of destruction ○​ Moksha-a state of perfect understanding ○​ Caste: ChandraGupta maurya founded the mauryan empire Chandragupta founded the gupta empire which followed hinduism Siddhartha Gautama-founder of buddhism/realized karma is caused by desire ​ Made the four noble truths and eight fold path ○​ Four noble truths- central teachings in buddhism ​ Life is suffering. ​ Suffering is caused by desire. ​ To end suffering, end desire. ​ Follow the Eightfold Path. ○​ Eightfold path- guide to end suffering and reach enlightenment (similar to ten commandments) ○​ Middle-way- dont lead a wealthy life or a beggar life ​ Gupta Empire ​ Silk road ​ Regulated and taxed trade/coins and standardized money ​ Chandragupta led to golden age ​ Invention of 0 ​ Mauryan Empire ​ Founder: Chandragupta Maurya. ​ Key Leader: Emperor Ashoka. ​ Ashoka’s Contributions: ○​ Conversion to Buddhism and promotion of nonviolence. ○​ Edicts on pillars advocating ethical governance. ○​ Achievements: ○​ Strong central government.  ○​ Expansion of trade and infrastructure, including roads and rest houses. ○​ Spread of Buddhism through missionaries. Roman Empire ​ Patricians- wealthy/top ​ Plebeians- farmers,merchants,peasants/bottom ​ They were citizens- right to vote,pay taxes,serve in military ​ Two consuls(executive branch)-supervise gov business,command army,serve only one term ​ Senate(legislative branch)-most important, proposed laws, debated foreign policy (at first only patricians but then plebeians joined) ​ Tribunes(H.O.R)- spoke for plebeians, veto laws that were harmful to plebeians ​ Dictator-selected by senate during crisis,complete control ​ Roman empire located on africa,asia,and europe ​ Atlantic ocean to west of roman empire ​ Mediterranean sea in center of empire ​ Rome did not have any mountains, instead they were located on a peninsula which unified them ○​ Tiber river providecd resources/farming ○​ Plains provided population ○​ Diversity-spread of culture ​ Carthage(phonecian) controlled north africa and rome controlled italian peninsula but they both wanted the mediterranean region so they fought in the punic wars ○​ Rome resented carthage because they were more powerful ○​ Both wanted control of sicily ○​ Hannibal was the commander during the punic war(carthage) ​ Julius caesar changes ○​ Citizenship to all romans ○​ Gave land to poor ○​ Increased soldiers pay ​ Pax Romana-the golden age of rome ○​ After the assasination of julius caesar, his nephew augustus(octavian) took control ○​ Augustus defeated his rivals and unified roman lands into the roman empire ○​ His rule was known as the pax romana(roman peace) because there was fewer wars than ever ​ The gov strengthened,consolidated power,and created stable trade and communication ○​ Created arches and domes and many other advancements ​ Fall of roman empire ○​ Unemployment  ○​ Political corruption-only highest bidders got the throne ○​ Couldn’t create enough products to keep their territory ○​ Military used up a lot of resources ○​ People believed christianity made rome weak ​ Christianity ○​ Monotheistic ○​ Holy book/Bible- old testament, new testament ○​ Afterlife-heaven/hell ○​ Seven sacraments ○​ Edict of milan-constantine made christianity legal ​ Greece ○​ Islands-there were many island so it was hard to invade and many cultures ○​ Mountains- barrier/created city-states ○​ Seas- able to trade/influenced diet and religion ○​ Location- cultural diffusion/contact with other civilizations ○​ Socratic method- keep questioning until you get to the answer on your own ○​ Persian wars-war between persia and greece where persians outnumbered greece but still lost(battle of marathon and salamis) ​ Battle of Marathon (490 BCE): Greek victory. ​ Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE): 300 Spartans held off the Persian army. ​ Battle of Salamis (480 BCE): Greek naval victory led by Themistocles. ​ Athens rises and creates the delian league-to prevent another invasion (led by pericles and direct democracy) ​ Sparta created their own and defeated athens in the peloponnesian war ​ Sparta dominated greece but eventually fell to thebes, another city state ​ Every city state became weak which made it able to be conquered by a macedonian king ​ Pericles funeral oration- after the first year of the peloponnesian war pericles made a speech about a public funeral to honor the athenian soldiers that died Athens Sparta  ​ Aristocracy then ​ Two kings democracy ​ Council of elders ​ All native born ​ Assembly was in males who Government charge owned property ​ Oligarchy-ruled made decisions by few a men in assembly ​ No share ​ equal ​ Guided by men ​ Manage household Role of Women ​ Girls dont get ​ Mostly to fight education and win wars Education Trade based Agriculture based economy Greek Philosophers ​ Socrates: ○​ Developed the Socratic Method: Asking questions to stimulate critical thinking. ○​ Executed for "corrupting the youth of Athens." ​ Plato:​ ○​ Student of Socrates. ○​ Wrote The Republic, describing his vision of an ideal society. ​ Aristotle: ○​ Student of Plato. ○​ Emphasized logic, science, and empirical observation. ​ Epics-long heroic poems ​ Iliad- story of heroes at war ​ Pentathlon- supreme contest of athletic skill ​ Greek followed immortal but human-like gods ​ Myceneans- first civilization of greece ​ Trojan war- fought between myceneans and city of troy ○​ A prince named paris in troy fell in love with a greek queen, Helen  ○​ Helen was already married to a man named Menelaus, so paris decided to bring Helen to troy ○​ Menelaus got mad and asked warriors and kings to help him ○​ The trojan war ○​ The greeks created the trojan horse in which soldiers were hiding in and they said it was a gift ○​ However when everyboy was sleeping the soldiers came out ​ Macedonia ○​ King Philip was the father of alexander the great ○​ Alexander was born in macedonia ○​ Became king at the age of 19 ○​ Alexander defeated king darius ○​ Alexander spread hellenistic culture-blending of Greek culture with the cultures of the Middle East, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India ○​ Some people say he terrified greece in to obedience and was a villain while others say he was a hero who wanted to unify everyone Code of Hammurabi similarities Ten Commandments ​ Based off social ​ Set of laws to follow ​ Religious classes ​ Moral guidelines ​ One God ​ Specific punishments ​ To maintain stability ​ No specific ​ Babylonia punishments Twelve Tables ​ The government wrote the twelve tables ​ Written on stone tablets ​ Located in roman marketplace so everybody could see ​ Keep society in order ​ Treason- betraying someone/country ○​ Suffer capital punishment for this Persian Empire -Zoroastrianism -first monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zoroaster in ancient Persia. It emphasizes the duality of good and evil, individual responsibility, and an ultimate judgment day. -attacked athens led to persian wars -Cyrus the Great-founder of persian empire -Darius the great- persian ruler who expanded the empire -Satrap-A provincial governor in the Persian Empire responsible for managing local affairs and collecting taxes. -Royal road- A vast road system that enhanced communication, trade, and governance within the Persian Empire. persian wars between greece and persia was caused by the ionian revolt (military rebellions from greece mostly athens) then persia attacked athens peloponnesian war after persian war between athen and sparta was caused by rivalry and dominancr by athens but these wars would make greece vulnerable to invasion punic wars between rome and carthage was because of romes jealousy and the want for sicily from both sides Skills of a historian notes Globalization is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of increased trade and cultural exchange. ​ Why? –​ Innovation in communication and technology –​ Innovation in transportation –​ Promotion of and increase in free trade –​ Availability and access to inexpensive and highly skilled labor –​ Cultural diffusion is the exchange and spread of culture between different groups of people. Types of maps -​ Mercator - everyday one Africa is same size as Greenland which should not be the case -​ Peter’s - stretched out, correct size but not correct shape -​ Fuller - cut weirdly so when you fold it’s like a globe Perspective -- the lens with which you view the world. Point of view -- your opinion of information/evidence. Bias -- a tendency to evaluate information unfairly based on a point of view. Time Labels BC/BCE - before the common era AD/CE - common era Periodization - To Categorize or divide time into manageable blocks (chunks) 7. How did the leadership styles of Cyrus and Darius differ? The leadership styles of Cyrus and Darius differed because Cyrus focused on tolerance, which was the equality of everyone under the empire. He allowed conquered people to go back home. Darius focused more on centralized government. He built the Royal Road and allowed for the government to be more efficient. He divided the empire into satrapies (provinces) that were governed by satraps. 8. How did the Persian leaders centralize their power? Persian leaders centralized their power by dividing the empire into satrapies (provinces), building infrastructure (Royal Road), maintaining a strong army, and unifying currency and tax systems.