FAACA Exam Topics PDF

FAACA Exam Topics /5.4 Aerial Work [[ ]] #aviation Glossary [[ /Air Law ]] [[ /1.0 Must Know Review ]] [[ /2.2 Aerodromes and Airports ]] [[ /2.3...

FAACA Exam Topics /5.4 Aerial Work [[ ]] #aviation Glossary [[ /Air Law ]] [[ /1.0 Must Know Review ]] [[ /2.2 Aerodromes and Airports ]] [[ /2.3 Personnel Licensing and Training ]] [[ /2.4.1 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Control Zone, Transition Area, Area Extension, Terminal, Transponder Airspace ]] [[ /2.4.2 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Classes of Airspace ]] [[ /2.4.3 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Airways and Air Routes ]] [[ /2.5 Forest Fire Flight Restrictions and Hazards to Aviation ]] [[ /2.6 Operating and Flight Rules ]] 2.7 Altimeter Setting (skipped for redundancy, check 2.6) [[ /2.8 Operational and Emergency Equipment ]] [[ /2.9 Flight Planning ]] [[ /2.10 Pre-flight and Fuel Requirements ]] [[ /3.1 Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome ]] [[ /3.2 Visual Flight Rules ]] [[ /3.3 Radio Communication ]] [[ /3.4 Emergency Communication and Security ]] [[ /3.5 Aircraft Requirements ]] [[ /3.6 Transportation Safety Board (TSB) ]] [[ /3.7 Air Traffic Services / Services \ ]] [[ /3.8 Air Traffic Services / Procedures \ ]] [[ /4.1 Aircraft and Personal Documents ]] [[ /4.2 Aircraft Equipment Requirements ]] [[ /4.3 Aircraft Maintenance ]] [[ /4.4 Technical Records ]] [[ /4.5 Commercial Maintenance ]] [[ /5.1 Commercial Flight Operations ]] [[ /5.2 Flight and Duty Time Limitation ]] [[ /5.3 Type Ratings ]]  [[ /5.4 Aerial Work ]] [[ /5.5 Air Taxi Operations ]] [[ /5.6 Safety Management System ]] Air Law 1.0 Must Know Review SVFR Can be requested by the pilot when visibility is less than 3 SM (below VFR). ** ** == == When requested at night, ATC will only authorize SVFR to landing aircraft. ** ** SVFR Weather Minima Visibility: 1 SM == == Clouds: Clear of Clouds == == Transportation Safety Board (TSB) Its purpose is to prevent, not to blame. ** ** ** ** It is on 24/7 standby. Contact information may be found in the AIM, CFS, and through a FIC/FSS. Call 1-866 WX BRIEF ` ` when in doubt. Accidents and Incidents (Occurrences) Procedures to report an occurrence can be found in the AIM or by contacting FIC/FSS at 1-866 WX ` BRIEF. ` Reports must be made as soon as possible. == == Removal of wreckage can only be done with authorization, unless survivors are to be rescued or to ** ** prevent destruction by fire. Accidents A person sustains a serious injury or is killed. The aircraft sustains substantial damage (flight characteristics affected). The aircraft is missing or inaccessible. Incidents Applies to aircraft 2,250 kg (5,000 lb) or heavier. == == Engine failure and shutdown for safety.  Trouble in controlling the aircraft due to: System failure. Weather. Wake turbulence. Smoke or fire. The aircraft lands with part of (or all) gear up and there is a wingstrike. A crewmember gets sick and is unable to perform their duties, causing risk. Depressurization/emergency descent. Dangerous goods dropped from the aircraft. Fuel shortage leading to change of destination or priority landing. Declaration of emergency. Airspaces Class G Airspace It is uncontrolled. ** ** Class F It is special use airspace and there are 2 types: ** Restricted ** VFR and IFR not normally permitted. Need permission from user agency. ** ** eg. CYR 401 ** ** ** Advisory**  VFR may fly through, but must keep alert (though encouraged not to). IFR is not normally permitted. Need permission from user agency. ** ** eg. CYA 402 ** ** Class D Becomes Class E when ATC in not in operation. Class C Becomes Class E when ATC in not in operation. Requirements: 2 way radio communications. Mode C Transponder. ** Clearance before entering. ** Class B All low-level controlled airspace above 12,500 ft MSL (or at and above MEA, whichever is higher) up == == to but not including 1,000 ft MSL. == == Class A All high level Class A tops out at FL600 == == ARCAL (Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting) Recommended to key the activating sequence when commencing the approach, even if lights are on ** ** so that the 15 minute timing cycle restarts. == == There are 2 types: Type J ** ** Key 5 times within 5 seconds ** ** ** ** Type K ** ** 1. Key 7 times initially ** ** 2. Then Key 3, 5, or 7 times within 5 seconds for low, medium, or high intensity. ** ** ** ** ** ** Medical Certificates Valid from the first day of the month following the date of the medical exam. eg. You do your exam on January 10, it then expires on February 1st (you cannot fly on February ** ** 1st). A Category 1 is valid for 12 months, or reduced to 6 months if: ** ** ** ** The pilot is 40 years of age or older and is carrying passengers as a single-pilot or ** ** The pilot is 60 years of age or older. An EKG is required: ** ** 1. At the 1st medical. 2. Every 2 years between 30-40 years of age. 3. Every year after 40 years of age. An Audiogram is required: ** ** 1. At the first medical. 2. After your 55th birthday. Commuter Flight Duty Time In airline or commuting operations, if you are assigned 3 days that exceed 12 duty hours each, you ** ** must be given a 24 hour rest afterwards (unless you have 24 hours off between each day). ** ** Recency Requirements To exercise the privileges of a license or rating, you must have acted as a PIC or co-pilot of an ** ** ** ** aircraft in the previous 5 years. == == Otherwise, within 12 months preceding a flight, the pilot must complete a flight review and pass the ** ** ** ** ** PSTAR exam again. ** Within 24 months preceding a flight, the pilot must complete any of the following: ** ** Flight review. Self-paced study program. PPC. Training program. Written exam for a license or rating. If passengers are carried: == 5 takeoffs and landings during day or night within the past 6 months (must be done at night if == == == passengers are carried during the night). ** ** In commercial operations: ** ** == 3 takeoffs and landings in the past 90 days on type. == == == Altimeter Setting Procedures Prior to commencing a descent to land, the altimeter must be set to the current altimeter of the destination aerodrome if available.  If a hold is conducted, the altimeter must be set prior to descending from the lowest Flight Level at which a hold was conducted. If no holds are made or anticipated, it must be set when crossing FL180. Must Know Radio Frequencies == 123.2 MHz - When flying to or from an uncontrolled aerodrome without a UNICOM or MF. == ** ** ** ** == 126.7 MHz - When en route IFR or VFR in uncontrolled airspace. == ** ** Airways Low-level Airways They are controlled airspace extending from 2,200 ft AGL up to (but not including) 18,000 ft MSL. ** ** == == == == Dimensions Type Width VHF/UHF - 4 NM on each side of centerline out to 50.8 NM == == == == - After that, 4.5 degrees== == LF/MF - 4.34 NM on each side of centerline out to 49.66 NM == == == == - After that, 5 degrees == == 2.2 Aerodromes and Airports Aerodrome vs Airport Aerodrome Any area of land/water designed for the arrival, departure, movement and servicing of aircraft. Known as registered aerodrome. == == Airport Known as certified aerodrome. == == Inspected and maintained to TC requirements. Areas of an Aerodrome Maneuvering Area Includes runways and tadiways. Apron Area for loading cargo, passengers, refueling, etc. Movement Area Aprons + maneuvering areas. Runway Numbering Number corresponds to its magnetic bearing rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees. Runway Markings Displaced Threshold Marked by a line across the runway with arrows pointing to it. Can be used for taxi and takeoff rolls. Does NOT meet obstacle clearance for for landing instrument procedures. ** ** Landing before this mark is at pilot’s discretion. Stopways Paved. == Not available for taxiing, takeoff, and landing. == Marked with yellow chevrons when its length exceeds 60 meters. Taxiways Have a yellow line down the center and blue lights on the sides at night. Holding Short Aircraft should hold 200 ft from the edge of the runway if there is no hold short line. == == Also 200 ft from the edge of intersecting runways. == == Aerodrome Lighting 2 parallel rows of white lights for runways, visible at least 2 miles from all directions. == == == == The runway threshold is indicated by green lights (red when viewed from the opposite end). == == Taxiways have blue lights. ARCAL (Aircraft Radio Control Aerodrome Lighting) Works by keying the microphone and typically remains on 15 minutes. It is advised to key the microphone when commencing your approach. 2 types of ARCAL: ** Type J: Key 5 times within 5 seconds. ** ** Type K: Key 7 times initially to turn on at maximum intensity, then: ** 3 times within 5 seconds for low intensity. ** ** 5 times within 5 seconds for medium intensity. ** ** 7 times within 5 seconds for high intensity. ** ** Standard Circuit 1,000 ft AGL, left turns (unless CFS says otherwise). Overflying an Aerodrome Must overfly at more than 2,000 ft AGL. == == If overflying before joining the circuit, it is recommended to do so at least 500 ft above circuit == == altitude. CFS (Canada Flight Supplement) CFS contains information on all registered aerodromes and all certified aerodromes in Canada. It is updated every 56 days. == == RSC (Runway Surface Condition) Report Must be provided when there is frost, snow, or ice in the runway. ** ** If the conditions require, a CRFI (Canadian Runway Friction Index) will be issued along with the ** ** RSC. 2.3 Personnel Licensing and Training Recency Requirements 1. Have acted as PIC or co-pilot within the last 5 years OR have had a flight review within the == == ** ** == == preceding 12 months. == == 2. Within 24 months , have completed a recurrent training program (this could be a flight review, == == == == written exam for a rating, a self-paced study program, etc…) 3. To carry passengers , 5 takeoffs and landings within the last 6 months (required at night if == == == == == == flight is at night). 4. In commercial operations , 3 takeoffs and landings in the last 90 days. == == == == == == 5. For instrument rating , IPC within the last 24 months. Also, after the first 12 months, complete == == == == == == == 6 hours instrument time, including 6 approaches to minimums within the past 6 months. == == == == == CPL/ATPL Privileges ** ATPL ** Privileges of PPL and CPL. With Group 1 IFR, may act as PIC or SIC of two-pilot aircraft. ** CPL ** Privileges of PPL and VFR OTT. PIC of single-pilot aircraft. SIC of two-pilot aircraft. Medical Requirements 1. Audiogram: At first examination of Category 1 Medical and first examination after age 55. ** ** 2. ECG: At initial examination of Category 1 Medical, every 24 months from ages 30-40, every 12 ** ** months when over 40. Validity Periods License Under 40 y/o Over 40 y/o PPL 60 months 24 months CPL 12 months 12 months * == == ATPL 12 months 12 months * == == == * Reduced to 6 months if the holder is: == == == Over 40 y/o and carrying passengers in single-pilot ops.  Over 60 y/o. The validity period begins on the first day of the following month of the exam date. Category 1 is required for CPL and ATPL. 2.4.1 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Control Zone, Transition Area, Area Extension, Terminal, Tran sponder Airspace Information regarding airspaces can be found in: CFS (Canada Flight Supplement) VTA (VFR Terminal Area Charts) VNC (VFR Navigation Charts) Airspaces Controlled Airspaces Airspace in which ATC services are provided. Control Zones Controlled airspaces of defined dimension extending from SFC up to and including 3,000 ft AAE == == == == (above aerodrome elevation), unless otherwise specified. Transition Areas Often used to get in or out of a Control Zone. Based at 700 ft AGL unless otherwise specified. == == Normally extends to a 15 NM radius from the aerodrome and extends upwards to the overlying == == controlled airspace. Control Area Extension Controlled airspace of defined dimensions upwards from 2,200 ft AGL (unless otherwise specified). == == Terminal Control Area Similar to CAE, but it may extend to high-level airspace ( above 18,000 ft MSL ). == == Established at high-volume airports to help with IFR traffic. Floor should not be lower than 700 ft AGL. ** ** == == May be class B, C, or D airspace.  Transponder Airspace ** Required: Class A, B, and C. ** ** May require: Class D and E (check DAH, Designated Airspace Handbook). ** If your Mode C Transponder fails, proceed to the next aerodrome of intended landing. ATC may approve flying without transponder if airspace is controlled. 2.4.2 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Classes of Airspace Canadian Domestic Airspace is divided into 7 classes (A, B, C, D, E, F and G). The rules for operating depend on the letter classification and not the name. ** ** ** ** ** ** Class G Airspace Uncontrolled. No traffic separation, must use right-of-way rules. Pilots must broadcast en route on 126.7 MHz. Makes up 99% of the Canadian airspace. Unless there is Controlled Airspace in the chart, Class G extends up to (but not including) 18,000 ft == MSL in the SDA (Southern Domestic Airspace). == Class F Airspace There are 2 types of Class F Airspace: 1. Special Use Advisory Airspace: ** ** ** Encouraged to avoid flight. ** Report on 126.7 MHz if entering. Enter at pilot’s discretion. Example of coding: CYA 402 == ** ** == Possible activity codes: ** A - Acrobatic ** ** M - Military ** ** P - Parachute Dropping ** ** S - Soaring ** ** T - Training ** 2. Special Use Restricted Airspace: ** ** Entry is prohibited unless permission has been obtained from the user agency. ** ** Example of coding: CYR 401 == ** ** == Other Restricted Airspace Forest Fires Areas extend up to 3,000 ft AGL and horizontally within a 5 NM radius from the fire. == == == == Class E Airspace VFR aircraft do not require permission to enter and are not required to establish comms with ATS prior to entering ( except Mandatory Frequency areas within a CZ). == ** ** ** ** == Class E: Control Zones There may or may not be a ground station in operation at the aerodrome. If a ground station is active, the aircraft reports required by the MF must be directed to the ground station. Otherwise, aircraft reports required by the MF must be broadcast. Not in Operation Class C or D airspace will change to class E when ATC is not in operation (for example, when tower closes at night). Follow ATF or MF procedures as appropriate. Class D Airspace Controlled. == VFR must establish 2-way comms prior to entering the airspace. ** ** == Aircraft will be provided with traffic information. ** ** ** Conflict resolution will be provided between VFR and IFR aircraft (workload permitting), and ** ** ** upon request, between VFR aircraft. Transponder is required where specified. If going NORDO, you may be approved if during daylight and VMC after receiving authorization prior to entering. Class C Airspace Controlled. == VFR requires clearance to enter. ** ** == Aircraft will be provided with traffic information. ** ** ** Conflict resolution will be provided between VFR and IFR aircraft when necessary and upon ** request for VFR aircraft. == Transponder is required. == If going NORDO, you may be approved if during daylight and VMC after receiving authorization prior to entering. NORDO Class B Airspace All low level controlled airspace above 12,500 ft MSL (or at and above the MEA, whichever is higher) == == up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. == == ATC separation is provided to all aircraft. All aircraft are subject to ATC clearances and instructions. Pilots should file a flight plan and obtain an ATC clearance prior to entering. Clearance will be == == == == given after the pilot’s position report prior to entering the Class B airspace. 2.4.3 Airspace Structure for VFR Pilots - Airways and Air Routes Low-level Airways Low-level Air Routes Extend from the surface up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. == == == == Contained within Class G, they are uncontrolled. == == Lateral dimensions are equal to that of a low-level airway. 2.5 Forest Fire Flight Restrictions and Hazards to Aviation You must remain clear of forest fire areas within a 5 NM radius and above vertically by 3,000 ft. == == == == Aircraft operated by Department of Transport personnel involved with surveillance and fire fighting may have permission to enter. 2.6 Operating and Flight Rules Alcohol / Drugs and Flight Crew It is forbidden to act as a flight crew of an aircraft: Within 12 hours after consuming alcohol. Best to allow 24 hours between last drink and takeoff time. Under the influence of alcohol. Fueling and Passengers For private operators, an aircraft can be refuelled with passengers onboard if they meet the ** ** requirements in the CARs. For commercial operators, it must be approved in the COM and, if engines are running, the ** ** appropriate subsections are complied with, Starting Engines on the Ground There must be a competent person at the controls and precautions must be taken to prevent the aircraft from moving. Aircraft Icing Takeoff is not allowed with any ice, snow, or frost in any critical surfaces (wings, control surfaces, props, stabilizers, etc). Overflight of Built-up Areas Except during takeoff, approach, and landing: Needs minimum altitude from which the aircraft may safely land on the surface in the event of an engine failure. Minimum Altitudes and Distances Built-up Areas == 1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 2,000 ft horizontal radius. == == == Non Built-up Areas == 500 ft from any person, vessel, or vehicle. == ** ** National Parks == 2,000 ft AGL minimum.== Right of Way Based on maneuverability: ** Emergency or Distress ** Balloon Glider Blimp Airplane Head-on Approach Both aircraft go to the right. Overtaking Aircraft being overtaken has the right of way. Overtaking aircraft must pass on the right. ** ** ** ** Landing Aircraft in the lower altitude has the right of way if both are landing. Otherwise, the landing aircraft has the right of way. Parachute Descents There are some limitations that may be voided if the pilot receives a Special Flight Operating Certificate (SFOC). Aerobatic Maneuvers Not over built-up areas or open-air assembly of people, below 2,000 ft AGL , or in controlled airspace == == unless having a SFOC (visibility must be over 3 SM ). == == If with passengers, the PIC must have engaged in: At least 10 hours of dual flight instruction in conducting of aerobatic maneuvers OR 20 hours of ** ** conducting aerobatic maneuvers in the past 6 months. At least 1 hour of conducting aerobatic maneuvers in the past 6 months. Airspeed Limitations Below 10,000 ft MSL == == == 250 kt. == Below 3,000 ft AGL within 10 NM of a controlled airport == == == == == 200 kt (unless authorized by ATC) == The maximum is Mach 1.0. == == Cruising Altitudes The altitude or flight level for cruise is determined by the magnetic track in the SDA or the true ** ** ** track in the NDA. ** VFR Cruising Altitudes (over 3,000 ft AGL) == 0 - 179 degrees == == Odd thousands + 500 ft. == == 180 - 359 degrees == == Even thousands + 500 ft. == Altimeter Setting Setting the altimeter depends on where we are located: Standard Pressure Region (SPR): Includes the NDA and all airspace above 18,000 ft MSL.  Altimeter mnust be set to 29.92 inHg. Altimeter must be set after entering and before leaving. If departing from an airport inside the SPR, set the altimeter to the local altimeter setting or airfield elevation. Then, set the altimeter to 29.92 immediately prior to reaching the desired flight level. When arriving to an airport inside the SPR, set the altimeter to the airfield’s setting when: Descending through FL180 or ** ** After leaving the last expected. hold’s altitude. Altimeter Setting Region (ASR) Includes the SDA up to (but not including) 18,000 ft MSL. Altimeter must be set to the current altimeter setting or to the airport’s elevation prior to taking off (+/- 50 ft for IFR). In cruise, it should be set to the nearest station along the route of flight. These resemble closely the SDA and NDA. Altimeter settings are valid for up to 90 minutes (though care should be exercised when using settings older than 60 minutes). If transitioning from the SPR to the ASR (or vice versa), the change should be made ni the SPR. ** **  Flight Time and Air Time ** Flight Time: from when the aircraft is first moved under its own power to when the aircraft ** ** ** ** comes to a rest. ** Recorded in your Pilot’s Logbook. ** Air Time: from when the wheels become airborne to when the wheels touch the ground. ** ** ** ** ** Recorded in the aircraft’s Journey Logbook. Sterile Flight Deck Includes all operations involving taxi, takeoff, landing, and everything else below 10,000 ft MSL == == (except cruise). No eating meals. No non-essential conversations. No reading publications not related to the flight. 2.8 Operational and Emergency Equipment Power-driven Requirements ** MUST be on board: ** Checklist Charts and publications Hand-held fire extinguisher Timepiece Flashlight for each crewmember (if operating at night) First-aid kit Survival Equipment for Flights over Land Required if operating a single-engine VHF radio further than 25 NM from home base. == == Means to start a fire. Means to provide shelter. Means to provide or purify water. Visual signalling device. Life Preservers Required for each person on board if operating beyond a point in which an aircraft could reach shore in the event of an engine failure or if further than 50 NM from shore. ** ** == == Rafts Single / Multi-engine Failing to Maintain Altitude If an airplane is unable to maintain altitude with any engine inoperative is flown over water beyond == 100 NM from a suitable emergency landing site or if it cannot be reached within 30 minutes == == == (whichever is less). Multi-engine Capable of Maintaining Altitude Distance is extended to 200 NM and time is extended to 60 minutes. == == == == Transport Category Distance is extended to 400 NM and time is extended to 120 minutes. == == == == 2.9 Flight Planning Flight Plan / Itinerary Required when a flight goes beyond a 25 NM radius from the aerodrome of departure or when == == * * operating within or into the ADIZ. Main reason is for Search and Rescue operations. ** Flight plans can be filed with a FIC (Flight Information Centre) or an FSS (Flight Service Station) ** up to 24 hours in advance (recommended at least 30 minutes before departure). ** Flight itineraries can be filed with FIC/FISS or a responsible person, who is anyone who ** ** ** agrees to notify SAR in case the aircraft becomes overdue. Overdue Aircraft An aircraft is considered overdue and SAR will commence when: ** Flight Plan: ** SAR time specified in the flight plan has been exceeded. Within 1 hour of the last reported ETA. ** Flight Itinerary: ** SAR time specified in the itinerary has been exceeded. Within 24 hours of the ETA. Important Sections of the Flight Plan Flight Rules ` I for IFR ` ` V for VFR ` ` Y for IFR first, then VFR ` ` Z for VFR first, then IFR ` Type of Flight First character: ` C for Controlled VFR ` ` F for Flight Itinerary ` Second character:  ` S for Scheduled Air Service ` ` N for Non-scheduled Air Transport Ops ` ` G for General Aviation ` ` M for Military ` ` X for other category ` Wake Turbulence Category ` H - HEAVY - MTOW of 136,000 kg or more ` == == ` M - MEDIUM - MTOW of 7,000 kg to 136,000 kg ` == == == == ` L - LIGHT - MTOW of less than 7,000 kg ` == == Equipment Codes ` I for ILS ` ` O for VOR ` ` W for RVSM approved ` ` G for GNSS ` ` V for VHF ` ` S for Standard Equipment (VHF, VOR, and ILS) ` Airspeed True airspeed for the cruising portion of the flight. It is expressed as: ` N0100 for 100 knots or M082 for Mach.82. ` ** ** ` ` Altitude Cruising level for the flight. It is expressed as: ` F085 for Flight Level 085 or A045 for 4,500 ft. ` ** ** ` ` Uncontrolled VFR flights can just enter VFR. ` ` Route Include changes of speed and altitude, eg: ` CKK7 DCT CYWG (0045) CYWG DCT CKK7 ` CKK7 direct CYWG and landing. Stop for 45 minutes. CYWG direct CKK7. ` CKK7 DCT CYWG DCT CKK7 ` CKK7 direct CYWK (overflying and not landing), then direct CKK7. Alternate Aerodromes Not required for VFR. For IFR, at least one alternate. == == Endurance Time Fuel endurance in hours and minutes, including all reserves (helps SAR operations know where you may be). Emergency Radios  Cross out U if UHF comms not available (243.0 MHz) ` ` ` ` Cross out V if VHF comms not available (121.5 MHz) ` ` ` ` Cross out E if ELT not available. ` ` Arrival Report Indicate with what FSS, FIC, or ATC you plan to close your flight plan. Pilots should close their flight plans or itineraries as soon as practical after landing. Fuel Requirements ** VFR Day - Departure ** Destination == 30 minutes == ** VFR Night - Departure ** Destination == 45 minutes == ** IFR Prop - Departure ** Destination Alternate == 45 minutes == ** IFR Jet - Departure ** Destination Alternate == 30 minutes == Fuel Definitions ** Reserve Fuel: carried for situations that cannot be planned for. ** ** Contingency Fuel: carried for situations that can be planned for (weather, traffic, long taxiing, ** etc) ** Required Fuel: Climb, cuirse, reserve, and contingency. ** ** ** ** ** Jet fuel weights 7 lb/US gal. 2.10 Pre-flight and Fuel Requirements Crew Member Instructions The PIC of an aircraft needs to instruct each crew member with: Their duties to perform. The location and use of all normal and emergency exits and all emergency equipment carried onboard. Passenger Briefings The PIC of an aircraft needs to brief before takeoff all passengers on: Location and use of all normal and emergency exits. Location and use of safety belts and harnesses. Positioning of seats and securing seat backs and chair tables. Stowage of carry-on baggage. Prohibition against smoking. 3.1 Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome MF Areas There may or may not be a ground station in operation for an aerodrome with an MF area established. An MF ground station could be: FSS (Flight Service Station) RCO (Remote Communications Outlet) CARS (Community Aerodrome Radio Station) UNICOM (Universal Communications, will have the AU desginator) ** ** MF areas require 2-way radio communications. == == Exception to this is that VFR may get permission to not have working radios. Normally, an MF extends 5 NM and 3,000 tft AAE , unless specified in the CFS. == == == == They are normally located at airports with a Class E CZ or Class C/D CZ when tower is not in ** ** ** ** ** ** operation. MF with a Ground Station. ** ** ** ** MF with a Remote Ground Station ** ** ** ** MF without a Ground Station ** ** ** ** General MF Procedures If it is an FSS, we address them as RADIO. ** ** ** ** If it is uncontrolled, we address the MF as TRAFFIC. ** ** ** ** When departing from an MF area should fly runway heading until circuit altitude and then intercept ** ** ** ** ** ** the route leg. When arriving into an MF area, the pilot should (if permitting) report at least 5 minutes before ** ** ** ** entering.  ATF Operations Aerodrome Traffic Frecuency (ATC) frequencies are established at uncontrolled aerodromes when ** ** MF is not established. Typically, ATF areas have a radius of 5 NM and extend up to 3,000 ft AGL. == == == == ** NORDO operations are permitted. ** ** ** Uncontrolled ( No MF / ATF) == == If no frequency is published for broadcast, 123.2 MHz should be used by default. == == Receive Only VOR Pilots may transmit on VOR frequencies, such as 122.1R (R indicating “receive only”) to contact an ** ** FSS. 3.2 Visual Flight Rules It is important to know that when flying VFR, you must have visual reference to the ground at all ** ** ** times. ** Control Zone VFR Weather Minima Special VFR You may obtain an SVFR authorization (if requested by the pilot) if: ** ** The aircraft has a radio. ** ** ** Visual contact is maintained with the ground at all times. ** ** ** ** Visibility at least 1 SM. ** ** **  Operating clear of clouds. ** ** During the night, SVFR is only permitted for landings. ** ** ** ** ** ** During the day, it can be used for takeoffs and landings alike. SVFR can only be requested in a Control Zone. ** ** SVFR Control Zone WX Minima Uncontrolled Airspace VFR Minima (>= 1,000 ft AGL) Uncontrolled Airspace VFR Minima (< 1,000 ft AGL) VFR OTT You need: VFR OTT Rating, or ** ** IFR Rating, or ** ** CPL Requirements are: == 1,000 ft vertically from clouds. == == Day and cruise only. == If operating between 2 cloud layers, the layers must be at least 5,000 ft between each other. == == Visibility must be at least 5 SM. == == No precipitation, fog, thunderstorms, snow. 3.3 Radio Communication Communication Failure - VFR == Troubleshoot first! == If it happens in uncontrolled airspace: ** ** Avoid entering controlled airspace (if possible). Divert to airport where clearance is not required (if possible). Try to use your phone to advice FSS of your arrival. If it happens in controlled airspace (B, C or D): ** ** Leave the airspace by landing at the aerodrome for which the CZ is established. Set transponder to 7600. == == Light Signals The following lights can be acknowledged by rocking your wings (day) or flashing the landing lights (night). == Important == On Air On Ground Steady Green == == Cleared to land Cleared for takeoff Flashing Green == == Return for landing Cleared to taxi Steady Red == == Give way to other aircraft and continue Stop circling Flashing Red == == Airport unsafe, do not land Taxi clear of landing area in use Flashing White ** ** N/A Return to starting point 3.4 Emergency Communication and Security Emergency Radio The internationally agreed emergency frequency is 121.5 MHz. == == Interception If intercepted, maintain steady course. ** ** Guidelines are found in the CFS under the EMERGENCY section. ADIZ From surface to UNL (unlimited altitude). A flight plan or lfight itinerary is required before entering. == == == == ** ** If entering the ADIZ on a VFR flight plan, indicate the estimated time and point of ADIZ entry. ** ** VFR flight plans must make ammends when ADIZ entry varies by +/- 5 minutes or 20 NM. ** ** == == == == ESCAT (Emergency Security Control of Air Traffic plan) Only used once in 9/11. May be tested without prior notice, and will say: Attention - This is an ESCAT test. I say again. This is an ESCAT test. Acknowledge the test and keep flying. VFR aircraft are required to report every 30 minutes when ESCAT is in effect, and must land at the == == nearest aerodrome. 3.5 Aircraft Requirements  Flight Authority ** Required for all aircraft. ** Most common type is Certificate of Airworthiness. ** ** Registration ** Required for all aircraft to be registered before flight. ** Flight Manual ** Required for all aircraft (eg. POH). ** Markings and Placards ** Nationality and registration marks must be clear and visible. ** ** ** MEL (Minimum Equipment List) It is a list of items that are allowed to be inoperative. ** ** ** Required for airline and commuter operations where an MMEL is present (Master Minimum ** Equipment List, established by The Minister). Deicing / Anti-icing Equipment Where icing conditions are rpeported or forecast, the aircraft must be adequately equipped to operate in these conditions. CARs 605 CARs 605 requires that all installed equipment must be functioning correclry prior to flight (with exceptions on CARs 605.09 and 605.10). Defect Control and Rectification Unserviceable equipment needs to be recorded and deferred before being allowed to flight. If a defect cannot be deferred, it will be removed from service by the Maintenance Manager. All defects are to be entered into the Journey Log by whoever discovers the defect. ** ** == The final authority to reject an unsafe aircraft rests with the PIC. == For aircraft WITH MEL ** ** If defect is identified prior to departure, it will be recorded in the Journey Log immediately. If defect is identified in flight, it will be recorded in the Journey Log ASAP but before the next flight. MEL will be consulted. It will then be deferred (if it can) and the appropriate switch or control will be placarded. Recurring Defects Is one that reoccurs 3 times in 15 flight segments. Once a defect is identified as a recurring defect, the maintenance manager will remove the aircraft from service to conduct an investigation, and remain off service until it has been permanently fixed. 3.6 Transportation Safety Board (TSB) Responsible for investigated accidents and occurrences. Purpose is to prevent, not to blame. ** ** Accident vs Incident Accident One or more of the following: Serious injury or someone is killed. Aircrft sustains substantial damage. Aircraft is missing or inaccessible. Incident One or more of the following on aircraft greater than 2,250 kg (5,000 lbs) : == == Engine fails or is shut down. Smoke or fire occurs. Difficulties in controlling the aircraft are encountered. Aircraft lands with the gear retracted or drags a wing tip. Crew member incapacitation that poses a threat to safety. Depressurization that requires an emergency descent. Collision, risk of collision, or loss of separation occurs. Crewmember declares an emergency. In the event of an Accident / Incident Report ASAP. ** Only remove wreckage with authorization. ** ** ** Exceptions if survivors are to be rescued or ** ** Any additional dangers can be avoided. 3.7 Air Traffic Services / Services Flight Information Centers Provide pilots access to weather briefings with a flight service specialist. There are 4 FIC locations: Quebec FIC London FIC Edmonton FIC Kamloops FIC Call 1-866-WX BRIEF. ` ` Provided Services Flight Information Services En-route (FISE) Information pertinent to the en-route phase of flight. The main frequencies for FISE are: 123.275 MHz 123.375 MHz 123.475 MHz 123.55 MHz Meteorological information Aeronautical information (NOTAMs, etc) Relay of communications with ATC (IFR clearances, SVFR authorizations, etc) Ability for pilots to submit PIREPs Does not provide air traffic information. == ** **== Flight Service Stations Located on Class E Control Zones at some airports. Callsign is “ RADIO “. ` ` They can provide 24 hour service and can be in an airport or off-site through an RCO (Remote Communications Outlet), check CFS for operating hours. Provided Services Aerodrome Advisory Service (AAS) Provide information for arrival and departures of uncontrolled aerodromes (weather, ** ** runways, relevant traffic) Operate aerodrome lighting Relay of communications with ATC (IFR clearances, SVFR authorizations, etc) Common FIC and FSS Services Remote Aerodrome Advisory Service (RAAS) Provide information for arrival and departures of via an RCO (whereas AAS is on-site, == == RAAS is remote) Emergency assistance service NOTAM information service Weather observation service (usually through latest METAR if remote) Dial-up Remote Communications Outlet (DRCO) Similar to standard RCO, but has a direct connection to an ATS through a commercial telephone line which can be accessed by a dial up procedure.  Activated by keying the microphone 4 times in the DRCO frequency. Frequencies are published on the CFS. Universal Communications (UNICOM) Private air-to-ground communications facility. Usually employed at low-traffic volume airports where there is no control tower. ** ** Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) Broadcasts weather and airport information. Radio Communication Procedures There is an agreement between the US and Canada, and anyone who holds a valid pilot’s license and a valid radio operator’s license from either country can operate radio equipment in the other. A Restricted Radiotelephone Operator’s Certificate is required to operate the equipment. ** ** Radar Service The clock position given is relative to the aircraft’s track and not the heading. == == ** ** Wake Turbulence Separation Caution should be exercised whenever a flight is conducted anywhere behind and less than 1,000 ft == below a larger aircraft. == Separation: Non-Radar Departures Aircraft behind Aircraft in front Separation Any Heavy 2 minutes  Light Medium Wake Turbulence Advisory Separation: Radar Departures Aircraft behind Aircraft in front Separation Heavy Heavy 4 miles Light Heavy 6 miles Medium Heavy 5 miles Light Medium 4 miles 3.8 Air Traffic Services / Procedures Mandatory Frequency (MF) Pilots must report their position and indicate their intentions while monitoring the MF. ** ** First call should be at least 5 minutes prior to entering. == == Area is usually 5 NM and up to 3,000 ft AAE (unless specified different in the Canada Flight == == == == Supplement). Whenever a Class C or D towered airport closes, it becomes a Class E MF. Aerodrome Traffic Frequency (ATF) At busy uncontrolled airports. Usually 5 NM and up to 3,000 ft AAE. Listed in the CFS. == == == == If there is no ground station, the ATF will be 123.2 MHz !!! ** ** == == ** ** VFR En Route Should monitor 126.7 MHz unless required to be in another frequency. In uncontrolled airspace, you == == must broadcast in this same frequency. ** ** If reporting in another frequency, also broadcast on 126.7 MHz. ** ** VFR Holds When required, VFR flights may be asked to ORBIT over a given location. The aircraft should remain ` ` within 2 NM of said location. == == VFR checkpoints and call-up points are published in the CFS and on VTA charts. ** Left turns are recommended. ** Simultaneous Intersecting Runways Operations (SIRO) Only applied between 2 arrivals or between an arrival and a departure. These oprations are known as LAHSO. Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) May be carried under the following conditions: ** LDA must be published in the CAP and in the CFS. ** ATC should broadcast LAHSO advisories. == 1,000 ft ceiling and 3 SM visibility. == == == Reported braking action no less than good. == == == == No snow, ice, slush, forst, or standing water. Maximum crosswing component for dry raunways is 25 KT and 15 KT for LAHSO. == == When landing on LAHSO, remain 200 ft clear of the intersected runway. 4.1 Aircraft and Personal Documents Documents Required for Flight ** A - Airworthiness Certificate ** ** R - Registration Certificate ** ** O - POH ** ** W - Weight and Balance Report ** ** J - Journey Logbook ** ** I - Insurance ** ** L - Personal Licenses ** License Medical  Radio Operator’s Certificate Airworthiness Certificate Lists the serial number, aircraft type, and date of issue. It is valid as long as the aircraft remains airworthy. ** ** For aircraft owners, they must submit an Annual Airworthiness Information Report to TC. Registration Certificate Contains the registration, serial number, owner’s information, and aircraft purpose. It is valid as long as the following don’t change: ** ** Owner Address Purpose Should any of these change, TC must be notified within 7 days. ** ** Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) Must be original or Certified True Copy. ** ** ** ** Weight and Balance Report Lists all current weight amendmets and all standard and optional equipment included to give the Basic Empty Weight. It is valid as long as there are no moderate or major repairs that change the Center of Gravity. ** ** Journey Log When beginning a new log, enough entries relating to the old log must be entered to ensure ** unbroken chronological order. ** ** Old log must be kept for at least 1 year after last entry. ** When to make entries? After every individual flight and ASAP ( use ink! ). == == Mistakes can be corrected by crossing them out with a single line (must still be legible). ** ** Accumulated daily flights, if the operator has an approved Daily Flight Sheet. ** ** Insurance There are 3 sections: ** Public/Third Party Liability - Required to all. ** == == ** Passenger Liability - Required for commercial. ** == == ** Hull Insurance - Optional (damage to aircraft itself). ** Inspections  Based on accumulated airtime. ** ** Commercial aircraft inspections are carried every 25, 50, 100, or 200 hours (depending on manufacturer). Inspection Period Action Required Private Aircraft Inspection Anually Journey Log Entry Compass Swing Annually Journey Log Entry ELT Certification Anually Journey Log Entry 4.2 Aircraft Equipment Requirements Power-Driven Aircraft - DAY VFR == == Use M.A.A.T.E T.O.O.F or M.O.T.O.R.F.A.T.A.M (R for radio) ** ** ** ** ** M - Magnetic Compass ** ** A - Airspeed Indicator ** ** A - Altimeter ** ** T - Timepiece ** ** E - Engine Instruments ** ** T - Tachometer ** ** O - Oil Pressure Gauge ** ** O - Oil Temperature Gauge ** ** F - Fuel Gauge ** Power-Driven Aircraft - NIGHT VFR == == ** DAY VFR plus C.E.L.L G.F.L ** == == ** ** ** C - Turn Coordinator ** ** E - Source of Electrical Energy ** ** L - Position and Anti-Collision (strobe) Lights ** ** L - Lights for Instruments ** ** G - Gyroscopic Direction Indicator ** ** F - Spare Fuses (50% of total, unless breakers are used) ** ** L - Landing Lights (if carrying passengers) ** or P.I.G.L.E.T.S ** ** ** P - Position and Anti-Collision (strong) Lights ** ** I - Illuminating the instruments ** ** G - Gyroscoping Direction Indicator **  ** L - Landing Lights (if carrying passengers) ** ** E - Electrical Energy ** ** T - Turn coordinator ** ** S - Spare Fuses (50% of total, unless breakers are used) ** Seat and Safety Bealts Required for each person on board. A Restraint System may be used when a person is carried for the purpose of parachuting. ** ** == == ** Shoulder Harnesses are required for each front seat or for all flight deck sears if the aircraft has ** one. Flight Control Lock 2 basic conditions: It is incapable of becoming engaged when the aircraft is being operated. ** ** An unmistakable warning is provided. ** ** Deicing / Anti-Icing Equipment is required whenever icing conditions are reported or forecasted along the route of flight. Oxygen Equipment Unpressurized Aircraft Requirements Persons for Whom Oxygen Supply Must Be Period of Fight and Cabin-Pressure-Altitude Available All crew members and 10% of passengers Entire period of flight exceeding 30 minutes at cabin-pressure-altitudes above 10,000 ft ASL == == (but not exceeding 13,000 ft ASL ) == == All persons on board the aircraft Entire period of flight at cabin-pressure altitudes above 13,000 ft ASL == == Pressurized Aircraft Requirements Persons for Whom Oxygen Supply Must Be Period of Fight and Cabin-Pressure-Altitude Available  All crew members and 10% of passengers - Entire period of flight exceeding 30 minutes at cabin-pressure-altitudes above 10,000 ft ASL == == (but not exceeding 13,000 ft ASL ) == == - Entire period of flight at cabin-pressure altitudes above 13,000 ft ASL == == All persons on board the aircraft Entire period of flight at cabin-pressure- altitudes exceeding 13,000 ft ASL == == The pilot at the controls of an aircraft should use an O2 mask if: Not equipped with a quick-donning mask and is operated at/above FL250. Equipped with a quick-donning mask and is operated above FL410. ELT Required when operating at more than 25 NM away from home base. == == ELTs powered by non-water-activated batteries shall be maintained at intervals not exceeding: ** 12 months in accordance to operational test requirements ** ** ** ** 24 months in accordance to performance test requirements ** ** ** 406 ELT 406 MHz ELT are the new standard, replacing 121.5 MHz ELT (although it still transmits on 121.5 MHz). Testing Testing must be done during the first 5 minutes of any UTC hour. == == ** ** Restricted to duration that does not exceed 5 seconds. == == 406 ELTs must be tested according to manufacturer instructions, they have a self-test function. ELT Positions Setting Meaning OFF Will not activate ARM Will activate in the event of an accident ON Transmitting If in an accident, turn ELT manually to ON if possible, to make sure it goes off. ** ** Unserviceable ELT Aircraft may be operated up to 30 days after ELT becomes unserviceable, if: == ==  The ELT is removed and sent to a maintenance facility. ** ** ** ** A placard is displayed in the cockpit. ** ** Standby Attitude Indicator Required for MTOW of more than 5,700 kg. Flight Data Recorder (FDR) Required for multi-engine turbine-powered aircraft with the ability to carry more than 30 passengers. Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Required for multi-engine turbine-powered aircraft configured for six or more passenger seats. Altitude Alerting System or Device Required for turbo-jet-powered aircraft. 4.3 Aircraft Maintenance An aircraft that has undergone maintenance, must be certified by having its maintenance release == == signed. Elementary Work Does not require a maintenance relase to be signed by an AME. This includes: ** ** Replatinc tires. Cleaning and replacing spark plugs. Replacing fuses. Replacing light bulbs. Checking and refilling tire pressure. You can do your own tasks for elementary work in a private airplane if you feel comfortable, however == == it is advised that you get training from an AME if working for the first time. In a commercial airplane , you must receive training from an AME and must be supervised the first == == ** ** ** ** ** ** ** time doing a procedure. ** Abnormal Occurrences If an aircraft was subjected to any abnormal occurrence, it must be inspected for damage by a ** ** ** ** qualified person. If the inspection does not involve disassembly, it may be performed by the PIC. ** ** ** ** Airworthiness Directives It is essential to comply with ADs. Aircraft owners are responsible to ensure that all the relevant ADs related to engine, props, or equipment are complied with. ** ** 4.4 Technical Records Required Logs Every aircraft owner should have the following logs: Journey Log Separate technical records for: Airframe Engine (each installed) Variable pitch propeller (each installed) When making an entry in a technical record, the person’s name and signature or employee number and date of entry must be entered. When starting a new volume, carry over enough entries to ensure unbroken chronological order. ** ** Journey logs should be retained for at least 1 year. ** ** When an aircraft has been sold and the aircraft travel to a new location, journey and technical logs should be sent by separate means. 4.5 Commercial Maintenance Person Responsible for Maintenance (PRM) Responsible for overseeing maintenance related issues, including control and preservation of technical records. If they leave for more than a 3 day period, the must train and appoint someone to take on their ** ** duties. Maintenance System This system requires 2 documents: Maintenance Policy Manual (MPM) Maintenance Control Manual (MCM) Maintenance Policy Manual Used by the technicians and AMEs who work on the aircraft. It exampls exactly HOW things will be done maintenance wise. == == Maintenance Control Manual The MCM explains WHEN and WHERE all inspections will be completed. == == == == Deferring Jobs The responsibility for deferring a defect rests with the PRM. If in doubt, always refer to maintenance == staff. == MSA Form (Maintenance Schedule Approval Form) Used to record inspection intervals. You can find the intervals and tolerances for each specific item. If the PRM makes a mistake by not keeping the aircraft maintained according to the MSA, the pilot will also be held responsible if they fly overtime. 5.1 Commercial Flight Operations To operate a Commercial Air Service, an Air Operator Certificate is required. ** ** == == Types of Commercial or Business Aviation Air Taxi Single-engine aircraft. Multi-engine aircraft (not jet) with less than 19,000 lb MTOW and 9 passenger seats or less. ** ** == == == == Aerial Work This is a commercial air service other than air transport or flight training service, such as: ** ** Aerial application Banner towing Forest fire Photography Mapping Commuter ** Multi-engine aircraft with less than 19,000 lb MTOW and 10-19 passengers. ** == == == == ** Turbo-jet aircraft with less than 50,000 lb ZFW and 19 passengers or less. ** == == == == Airline ** Multi-engine aircraft with more than 19,000 lb MTOW. ** == == Aircraft with 20 or more passengers. == == Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) All air operators must have an Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC). ** ** This lists the type of services and specific operations performed Company Operations Manual (COM) All air operators must have a Company Operations Manual. ** ** Has instructions and information to specifying how al personnel should perform their duties. ** ** Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) May also be referred to as the POH. ** Required to be onboard the aircraft. ** Maintenance Control Manual (MCM) Required by all air operators: Includes maintenance and inspection schedule. 5.2 Flight and Duty Time Limitation Monitoring System Air operators must establish a system to monitor crew member’s flight time, duty time and rest periods. Flight Time Limitations Private Operations ** 1,200 hours in 12 consecutive months. ** ** ** ** ** ** 300 hours in 90 consecutive days. ** ** ** ** ** ** 120 hours in 30 consecutive days. ** ** ** ** ** For single-pilot IFR, 8 hours in 24 consecutive hours. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Commercial Operations ** 1,000 hours in 365 consecutive days. ** ** ** ** ** ** 300 hours in 90 consecutive days. ** ** ** ** ** ** 112 hours in 28 consecutive days. ** ** ** For single-pilot operations, 8 hours in 24 consecutive hours. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Flight Duty Period Begins at the earliest of the following, and ends at engines off: Crewmember reports for a flight. Crewmember carries out any duties assigned by the airoperator. Crewmember reports for positioning. Crewmember reports as a crewmember on standby. Limitations Private Operators ** 14 consecutive hours in a period of 24 consecutive hours. ** ** ** ** 15 consecutive hours in a period of 24 consecutive hours if the rest period before the flight is ** ** ** ** at least 24 hours or if the flight duty for the crewmember in the 30 consecutive days does not ** exceed 70 hours. ** ** Commercial Operators The maximum duty period is from 9 to 13 hours, depending ont he time of the day the pilot will report ** ** ** ** for duty. Minimum Rest Period Means a time period during which a crewmember is free from all duties and is uninterrupted (including 8 hours of consecutive sleep in a suitable accommodation and with time to travel to and from said accommodation). An air operator should provide a flight crewmember with the following rest periods at the end of a ** ** duty period: ** At home base: ** Either 12 hours or 11 + time to travel to and from the place to rest or ** ** 10 hours in suitable accommodation provided by the air operator ** Away from base: ** 10 hours in suitable accommodation Unforeseen Operational Circumstances Such as unforecasted adverse weather or an equipment malfunction that is beyond the operator’s control. Private Operators Flight duty period may be extended by up to 3 hours, if: ** ** The minimum rest period is extended by bthe amount of time that is at least equal to the ** ** ** length of the extension. ** The PIC considers it safe. ** ** Commercial Operators If the unforeseen circumstance occurs within 60 minutes of the beginning of the flight duty period, ** ** the flight duty period may be extended by: ** 1 hour for single-pilot operations. ** ** ** ** 2 hours if the crew is not augmented. ** ** ** ** 3 hours if the crew is augmented and there is 1 scheduled flight. ** ** ** ** ** ** 2 hours if the crew is augmented and there are 2 or 3 scheduled flights. ** ** ** ** ** 5.3 Type Ratings Blanket Type Ratings It is a rating that entitles a pilot to fly any aircraft described. For example, if a private or commercial pilot gets their single-engine license, they will get the following blanket type rating automatically: ` ALL SINGLE PILOT NON-HIGH PERFORMANCE, SINGLE-ENGINE LAND AEROPLANES ` Individual Type Ratings Required for an aircraft not included in a Blanket Type Rating. ** ** Examples: Two pilots Minimum Flight Crew (MFC) High-performance Aeroplane MFC of one pilot with Vne of 250 kt or greater or Vso of 80 kt or greater ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Minimum Flight Crew Aircraft with 2 pilots MFC: ** ** PIC must have ATPL and type rating ** ** ** ** SIC must have at least CPL and type rating ** ** ** ** 5.4 Aerial Work Commercial air services other than air transport services or flight training services. ** ** == No passengers , only crewmembers. == ** ** Operating Instructors Employees and personnel must follow the procedures for their specific duties in the Company Operations Manual (COM). Each crewmember must have their own copy of the COM, or it must be available in the aircraft. Single-Pilot IFR To fly single-pilot IFR, the following items are required: Autopilot Headset with mic Chart holder equipped with light Also, the pilot must have logged: 1,000 hours total time 100 hours multi-engine 50 hours IMC (or sim) and 50 hours on type Pilot Proficiency Check (PPC) Validity Aerial work PPC is good to the first day of the 25th month. It may be extended 60 days and may be renewed within 90 days of the expiry date and keep the same renewal date. Training Program All aerial work operators must have a training program that is approved by TC. It will include: Company indoctrination training  Upgrading training Training in the work to be conducted Aicraft type rating Emergency procedures training, etc. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Required to be used in a MFC of 2 or more. == == They describe how the crew interacts with the airplane and how it is to be flown. ** Must be on board. ** Carriage of People No one who is not a flight crewmember should be carried on board unless: They are essential during the flight. The operator is authorized for parachute descents and the person is parachutist. Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions If icing conditions exist or are forecast to exist along the route of flight, the PIC may discontinue the flight if safety may be affected. 5.5 Air Taxi Operations These are commercial flight operations in: Single-engine aircraft Multi-engine aircraft (non turbo-jet) with less than 19,000 lbs MTOW and less than 9 ** ** == == ** ** == passenger seats. == Single-engine Aircraft with Passengers IFR and VFR night are not allowed unless the air operator complies with Commercial Air Service ** ** Standards. Not allowed to carry more than 9 passengers. ** ** Aircraft Operating over Water Not allowed to fly beyond the point where land could be reached in the event of an engine failure, ** unless authorized to do so in the AOC. ** Simulated Emergencies ** NO simulated emergencies with passengers on board. ** ** ** VFR Obstacle Clearance Must be, at night, 1,000 ft above highest obstacle within 3 miles. ** ** == == During the day, 300 ft from any obstacle or ground. ** ** == == VFR Minima Uncontrolled Airspace At less than 1,000 ft AGL , you must have at least 2 SM visibility (or less if authorized to do so and == == == == complies withh the Commercial Air Service Standards). 5.6 Safety Management System Its purpose is to identify safety hazards and prevent accidents. It is proactive. ** ** It relies on positive corporate culture and reporting safety concerns must be encouraged with non- ** ** ** punitive policies. ** 1:10:30:600 Rule For every 600 reported incidents with no injury or damage: ** 30 incidents involve property damage. ** ** ** ** 10 accidents involve serious injury. ** ** ** ** 1 major or fatal injury. ** ** ** Risk Assessment It is taken for each hazard, and is calculated with the following formula: ` Risk = Probability x Severity of Worst Case Scenario ` Probability and Severity go from 1 to 5. Results: ** 1-3: Negligible **  ** 4-6: Low ** ** 8-10: Moderate ** ** 12-16: High ** ** 20-25: Catastrophic ** 5.7 CADORS CADORS stands for Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System. ** ** It is a system to provide initial information on occurrences involiving Canadian aircraft. When is a CADORS made? When anything unusual happens, such as a flight plan being closed, a student getting lots, a mejor ** * *** accident, etc.