Water Quality and Quantity CHE304 FA2022 PDF

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH CHE 304 1 Water Quality and Quantity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 2 nd 2 Water quality and demand is a Crisis concern in the World called Water- Energy Nexus FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 3 Leading to Water Scarcity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 4 W...

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH CHE 304 1 Water Quality and Quantity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 2 nd 2 Water quality and demand is a Crisis concern in the World called Water- Energy Nexus FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 3 Leading to Water Scarcity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 4 Water Quality and Demand is one Crisis concern in the World Top 10 countries that lack clean water: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ethiopia (60% of total population) Papua New Guinea Chad Uganda Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 6. Mozambique 7. Tanzania 8. Somalia 9. Pakistan ( 31%) 10.Nigeria (29%) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 5 Water Resources and Quality Why is that even possible when other countries can easily have access to clean water? And it is cheap. Hydrology: the science that deals with the occurrence, movement, and distribution of water on the planet. Hydrologic cycle: defined as the pathways for how water moves and is distributed above, on and below the surface of the earth. Pollutants are discharged to water through a ; Point source : stationary location emitting pollutants (ex: pipe to water) Non-point source : diffuse into water such as land runoff and atmosphere dissolve/diffuse into lakes FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 6 Water Resources and Quality FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 7 Surface Water, Groundwater, Watersheds Surface water: freshwater and seawater in streams, rivers, reservoirs , wetlands, bays, estuaries, and oceans (as solid in ice and snow too). Groundwater: water that infiltrates (through sand, soil, clay, rocks-porous structure) the ground surface. It exits below the land surface consists of water and air that fills pores underground. Watershed: division of drainage to a specific point. (mostly in mountains) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 8 Aquifer: is the underground soil or rock through which groundwater travels Separated from atmospheric pressure by an impermeable material FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 9 Estimation of Water Runoff (when there is more water than land ) Rational Method: peak runoff can be estimated as a function of precipitation intensity, land use, and watershed area. 𝑄 = ∑ 𝐶& 𝑖 𝐴& Q is peak runoff flowrate (ft3/s) Cj particular land use of type j (dimensionless) i rainfall intensity (in/hr) Aj area within the watershed for a particular land use type j (acres) Note: 1 acre in/hr is approximately 1 ft3/s FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 10 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 11 Estimation Pollutants Loadings in Water Runoff from Land use High amounts of runoff result in higher flow rates and can cause soil erosion. Majority of pollutants that contribute to surface water quality problems originate within watersheds. Exceptions are pollutants from combustion of coal (like mercury). FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 12 Why Water is Needed at Large Demands ? Up to 60% of the human body is made up of water FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 13 Water is used for Energy and Energy is used for Water – called Energy Water Nexus •Can we solve this problem? - everything in life has trade-offs FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 14 There Are Good and Bad Tradeoffs At the Energy Water Nexus (Quantity) •With sufficiently abundant, clean and affordable energy, our water problems are solved 71 % of earth is water - Long- haul transfer, desalination, deep wells, …. -Biofuels, hydro,…. -96.5% of earth’s water is saltwater (oceans)= 1.386x109 km3, 2.5 % of it is freshwater FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 15 Freshwater Is A Small Part of the Total Supply Where is Earth’s Water? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 16 Water Availability is not Proportional to Population 60% of the world’s population resides in Asia, yet only 36% of the world’s water resources are located there. Total amount of freshwater on Earth is 3.5x107 km3 (35 million km3 ) Globally, 3,800 km3 of water is withdrawn every year, while 2,100 km3 is consumed. Source: Michelcic and Zimmerman FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 17 Demand for water Has grown faster Than Population •Over last 300 years, water withdraws have risen 40x •Over the last 70 years, global population has tripled - water has gone up six folds •These trends are primarily driven by a combination of population growth and economic growth FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 18 Most Water use Countries in the World are Manufacturing/Developed Countries Eight countries (in order of consumption) are responsible for half of the world’s water footprint: 1. China - 362 trillion gallons 2. United States – 216 trillion gallons 3. Brazil – 95 trillion gallons 4. Russia – 71 trillion gallons 5. Mexico – 53 trillion gallons 6. India – 30 trillion gallons 7. England – 20 trillion gallons 8. France – 20 trillion gallons FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Water footprint: determines the water required to support human activities 19 This does not mean Some of those countries are Developed – per capita shows how affluent a countries is •With a population of 1.1 billion people, India uses the least amount of water per person /(per capita) of all countries on the previous list. •With a population of 300 million people, the United States uses the most water per person/(per capita) of all countries on the previous list. Source: Express LLC FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 20 Economic Growth Drives Increase in Per Capita Demand for Water •Affluent people eat more meat (which leads to water consumption ) •Affluent people consume more electricity (which uses water ) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH The average American family uses more than 300 gallons of water per day at home. 70% of this use occurs indoor. Source: EPA 21 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 22 Water Withdraw in the World is mainly for Agriculture (70% ) ~2% ~9% ~19% ~70% FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 23 Water Withdraw in the US By Sector – largest use is for Production of Electricity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 24 Water Withdraws in Kuwait By Sector •We consume more than we produce so refineries make-up for excess •We have to burn fossil fuels, petroleum to get the extra water that we need produced About 90% Kuwait potable water production is from seawater desalination. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Even though agriculture < 0.4% of Kuwait’s GDP, it consumes a large amount 44% 54% 2% 2015 25 Water Consumption in Kuwait amongst the highest in the World – consumption averaging 445 L/day = 1135.6 gallons/day [3.7 more than US] FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 26 Water in Kuwait Kuwait’s water supply consists of distilled. sea-water and is “Soft.” Yet very saline. -Brackish water (salt content < 10,000 mg/L) or, -Seawater (salinity range 30,000 - 44,000 mg/L) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 27 Kuwait water distribution system comprises of two networks; one for Brackish water and the other for freshwater – each system has its own underground reservoirs, pumping stations and elevated towers. Source: MEW, 2019 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 28 Freshwater (drinkable water) Production, and Gross per Capita Water Consumption in Kuwait FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 29 Brackish Groundwater Production, and Gross per Capita Water Consumption in Kuwait MCM = million standard cubic meter [=] 106 cm3 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 30 reached as high Most of Kuwait’s Water is Groundwater Kuwait – 503 L/day/capita in 2002 using Desalination for Extraction •Groundwater produced by Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) and Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) currently provide 9% of Kuwait’s annual water supply. •Still supply is struggling to meet the high demand as our population increase FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 31 Source: MEW, 2019 Brackish Groundwater Consumption in Kuwait FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 32 Water Stress: is a measure of water use as a function of supply Consumption >>>supply FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 33 Strains on Water Supplies and the aging water treatment systems + Increasing water demand and Population Results in water stress worldwide Leading to:in near future Water Scarcity (Global Security Problem) •Higher water prices to ensure continued access to reliable and safe supply •Increase summer watering restrictions to manage shortages •Seasonal loss of recreational areas like lakes and rivers when the human demand for water conflict with environmental needs •Expensive water treatments projects to transport and store freshwater when local demand overcomes available capacity FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 34 There Are Good and Bad Tradeoffs At the Energy Water Nexus (Quality) •Energy affects water quality (good and bad) - Energy is used to treat (clean, move, heat,..) - Energy pollutes water (thermal, chemical,..) •Water affects energy quality (good and bad) - Improved efficiency at power plants (thermoelectric, solar PV, …) -Improved recovery for oil and gas production - Degraded performance in heat waves FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 35 Some Technologies are more/less Water Intensive •More Water Intensive - Nuclear - Solar CSP •Less Water Intensive - Natural Gas Combined Cycle - Wind - Solar PV FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 36 We Are Moving Towards More Water-Intensive Energy (Especially For Transportation Fuels) •Unconventional fossil fuels (2-4x worse ) •Natural Gas (better to 1-2x worse) •Electricity (better to 2-3x worse ) - Good with wind/solar PV, worse with nuclear •Hydrogen (1-500x worse ) - Good with wind/solar PV, worse with nuclear •Biofuels (1-1000x worse ) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 37 We Are Moving Towards More Water-Intensive Energy •Stricter water/wastewater treatment standards •Deep aquifer production (we have two main aquifers the Dammam Formation, Ahmadi and clastic Kuwait Group [MioPliocene] ) •Desalination -Middle East , London, San Diego, TX (notice countries for have dry or cool weathers) •Long-haul pipelines and inter-basin transfer - China, India, Texas FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 38 Droughts are a large factor of water stress especially in the United States – Global Climate Change is a main contributor of that FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 39 Hydropower Suffers with Drought FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 40 “Las Vegas Running Out of Water Means Dimming Los Angeles Lights” FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 41 The Hoover Dam: 50% chance that water levels could drop below the outlet pipes as early as 15 years from now The largest Dam in California California and Texas withdraw the most groundwater. California and Florida withdraw the most freshwater. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 42 CA drought is affecting the power grid in multiple ways FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 43 The 2012 Indian Blackout Affected 600 Million People and Was Triggered Partly by Drought 1)Increased power demand from irrigation 2)Decreased power generation at dams FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 44 Power Plants aren’t the only energy producers facing scarcity… FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 45 Drought Hurts the Ability to Ship Energy By Inland Waterways FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 46 Disasters are also an Enormous factor to Energy/ Water loss – Iraqi Invasion 1990 August 2, 1990 around 2am – January 16, 1991 Around 5 million barrels (790,000 m3) of oil lost in Kuwait during the 7 months = Cost total of $1.5 billion FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 47 Aftermath of Iraqi Invasion Took until 6th of November, 1991 to stop the fires in Kuwait. Took 30 years to recover the soil damage, KOC established a Soil Remediation Group that was trained to recover oil from the soil. It was established in 2012– paused for 20 years. Now a new project is launched to recover the remainder of the polluted soil initiated in 2021. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Source: KOC 48 Types of Contaminated Soil Wet Oil Lakes: areas covered with oily liquid and highly weathered oil. Oil piles: Oil-contaminated soil collected as mounds. Dry Oil Lakes: areas covered with a thin and moderately hard dry black tar layer overlying hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Tarcrete: areas covered with a thin tar like solid layer without underlying hydrocarbon- contaminated soil Source: KOC FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 49 FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH Initiated and activated on 2021 Source: KOC Source: KOC 50 Still, almost all water used in US is recycled back similarly many countries in the world Recap : •Surface water (streams , rivers, lakes, reservoirs) •Most Domestic and Industrial users obtain water from surface water and groundwater. •Most of the water is reused water (reclaimed water) especially if obtained from desalination plants. •Reclaimed water is mostly used for domestic use, agriculture, landscaping, and recharging groundwater. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 51 Community Water Supplies in the United States •Community water system (CWS), supplies drinking water that serves the same people year round. •Non-community water system (NCWS), serves the public but does not serves the same people on a year round basis. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 52 Public Water Supplies in the United States •Public water supply (PWS), supplies drinking water that serves at least 25 people or have a minimum or 15 residences. •Public water supply for every state strongly depends on population (for example California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois) account for 40% of the total withdraws from PWS. These states account for 38% of the U.S population. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 53 Water Supplies and Reuse in the United States •States that include water reuse and reclamation in their water systems are Florida, California, Arizona and Georgia due to their high population and extensive water usage. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 54 13% of US energy consumption is for heating + treating + moving water = large amount of wastewater C is converted into some products C à products Rate of decrease of C reactant is, *[,] *. = −𝑘[𝐶]1 •Zero order reaction (n=0) 𝐶 = 𝐶 2 − 𝑘𝑡 or in kinetics as cc=cco-kt •First order reaction (n=1) 𝐶 = 𝐶 2 𝑒 56. or as cc=ccoekt FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 55 Then how water is treated and how extra Energy to Reclaim/Reuse Water ( Wastewater Treatment is performed ) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 56 Farah M. Al Duweesh Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering [email protected] FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 57