F24_BXH Study Guide PDF

**[Study Guide -- Fall 2024]** - Valid argument -If the premise is true then the conclusion must be true as well (apply in debates) Premise 1: all humans are immortal Premise 2: Socrates is a human Conclsion: therefore Socrates is immortal - sound argument -factual...

**[Study Guide -- Fall 2024]** - Valid argument -If the premise is true then the conclusion must be true as well (apply in debates) Premise 1: all humans are immortal Premise 2: Socrates is a human Conclsion: therefore Socrates is immortal - sound argument -factually accurate and logically valid. An argument that is both valid and has all the true premises and the conclusion is true (apply when youre trying to establish a conclusion that is reliably true based on facts premise 1: all birds have feathers premise 2: penguins is a bird conclusion: therefore penguins have feathers - Formal fallacies -They are errors. Occurs when the conclusion doesn't logically follow the premise due to flaw in reason -affirming consequent:it its raining , the ground is wet, the ground is wet, so it must be raining. The ground could be wet for other reasons (conclusion doesn't follow premise) -denying the antecedent: it its raining, the ground is wet, its not raining, so the ground isn't wet. The ground couild still be wet for other reasons -False dilemma: youre either with us or against us, youre not with us, so you must be against us. Its ignoring other options, forces a black and white choice - informal fallacies -errors in reasoning, like assumption, misinterpretation, irrelevance, etc -ad hominem: attacking the person and not attacking the argument -straw man: oversimplifying someone's argument to make it easier to attack them -appeal to authority: using authority opinion as evidenced for an argument, even if they aren't an expert of the topic Ex: a famous acter says this diet works miracles, it must be true. -false cause: because one event follows the other, the first caused the second Ex: I wore my lucky socks today, then I won the game, socks must be the reason. -appeal to emotion: using emotion instead of logic to persuade reason Ex: you shoulf donate money, if you don't children will suffer (gaslighting) - Descriptive claims -statements that describes what things are, were, or will be without expressing opinions, values, or prescription - normative claims; types of normative claims -they express judgements, opinions, or values about how things should be rather than how they are. Ex: people should always tell the truth Types: moral claims-judgement abt right or wrong, good or bad,just or unjust -prescriptive claims: what people should or should not do -legal/institutional claims: express what should be the case according to laws. - Instrumental value -Are considered valuable because they lead to outcomes that fulfill deeper instructive values. Also helping to achieve other goals Ex: education helps to have a better career, money helps with financial security, health enables to live a healthy fulfilled life. - intrinsic value -smt that is considered worthwhile or meaningful in and of itself. Smt that means a lot to yourself Ex: love brings emotional value not materialistic. - Eudaimonia - Greek works for flourishing and living a good life. Refers to realizing ones personal excellence, fulfilling ones potential. Just like Aristotle's philosophy :ultimate goal of human life" - Ex: contributing to some else's well being - Aristotle's golden mean -emphathises moderation in life. Lies between 2 extremes, excess and defiency -defiency: avoiding action due to uncertainty, fear -excess: acting recklessly without thinking of consequences -golden rule: facing danger or difficulty with reasoned bravery and precaution - Act utilitarianism - Ex: you have the option to give 100\$ or to keep it, the Act utilitarianism would make u think about how much it would help someone to give them 100\$, and how much it wouldn't be nice if u kept it for yourself. - rule utilitarianism - Expected utility - , actual utility - Paternalism, hard paternalism, soft paternalism - Self-regarding actions, other-regarding actions - Mill's Harm Principle - Bentham's Principle of Utility - Singer's Principle of Equality - Moral agent, moral patient - Sentience - Speciesism - Different sources of duties (obligations) - Principle of non-maleficence - Principle of beneficence - Principle of fidelity - Principle of confidentiality - Negative rights, positive rights - Autonomy according to Kant - Heteronomy according to Kant - Respect according to Kant - Perfect duty, imperfect duty **What is good (what the theory values) and what is right (how we determine if an action is right or wrong) according to:** - Divine Command Theory - Theory of Natural Law - Ethical Egoism - Ethical Altruism - Utilitarianism (act and rule) - Kant's Deontology **Explain:** - The two possible interpretations of the Divine Command Theory and the problem with each interpretation. - The three essential components of utilitarianism and three significant critiques of act utilitarianism. - Singer's view on our obligations to those living in extreme poverty and his argument. - Both versions of the Categorical Imperative and how to apply them. - Why deception is forbidden in Kantian ethics; why coercion is forbidden in Kantian ethics.