F24_130 Exam 2 Practice PDF

1. If a child understands a concept, which stimulus will they look at longer? a. The one that is within their expectation of that concept because of a preference for familiarity. b. The one that violates their expectation of that concept because of a preference for...

1. If a child understands a concept, which stimulus will they look at longer? a. The one that is within their expectation of that concept because of a preference for familiarity. b. The one that violates their expectation of that concept because of a preference for novelty. c. They will show an equal looking time for both stimuli. d. The one that has more complicated features. 2. Researcher A is interested in examining the average age at which children acquire a skill, and Researcher B is interested in investigating whether parents' positive feedback influences children's performance of this skill. Researcher A is interested in ________; Researcher B is interested in _________. a. Group differences; individual differences b. Individual differences; group differences c. Group differences; group differences d. Individual differences; individual differences 3. What paradigm did Dr. Werker use in the head-turning experiment? a. Classical conditioning b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Positive punishment 4. Janet Werker’s head-turning experiments: a. Provided evidence for Piaget’s Constructivist theory b. Used visual paired comparison to test babies’ language development c. Provided evidence that children develop acquired similarity by 12 months of age d. Both B and C 5. Who will be the best at distinguishing between English Ra and La? Who will be the worst? a. Japanese infants at 6 - 8 months; American infants at 6 - 8 months b. American infants at 6 - 8 months; Japanese infants at 6 - 8 months c. American infants at 10 - 12 months; Japanese infants at 10 - 12 months d. Japanese infants at 10 - 12 months; American infants at 10 - 12 months 6. Why is there a weaker magnetic effect for English Ra and La for native Japanese speakers? a. They are genetically unable to distinguish between the two sounds b. There is no need to distinguish between English Ra and La for native Japanese speakers  c. Because native Japanese speakers have acquired similarities between English Ra and La d. Both B and C 7. Body language and intonation of the words are examples of: a. Semantics b. Phonology c. Pragmatics d. Formal communication rules 8. Kay would call all the red round food “apple”, which fast mapping error did Kay make? a. Underextension b. Overextension c. Overregulation d. Mutual exclusivity 9. The nativist perspective is LEAST able to explain this aspect of children’s language acquisition: a. Emergence of grammar and syntax b. Language Acquisition Device c. Benefits of motherese/parentese d. Critical or sensitive periods for language development 10. Which of the following instances is explained by the perceptual narrowing hypothesis? a. A four-year-old is unable to differentiate phonemes used in her non-native language b. Three-month-old is able to differentiate phonemes used in his non-native language c. Four-year-old is better at distinguishing human faces than primate faces d. Both A and C 11. What is the fusiform face area specialized for? a. Faces b. Cars c. Birds d. Things we have a lot of experience with 12. Nadia is taken to the doctor by her parents to get a flu shot. The flu shot hurts her arm and causes her to cry. Now, Nadia cries anytime she sees an adult wearing a white coat. The pain Nadia feels when she gets the shot is: a. A conditioned stimulus b. An unconditioned stimulus c. A conditioned response  d. An unconditioned response 13. (Extra example) Nadia is taken to the doctor by her parents to get a flu shot. The flu shot hurts her arm and causes her to cry. Now, Nadia cries anytime she sees an adult wearing a white coat. An adult wearing a white coat is a. A conditioned stimulus b. An unconditioned stimulus c. A conditioned response d. An unconditioned response 14. Juhi is a math teacher. When her students misbehave, she gives them extra homework so that they don’t do it again. When they behave well, she gives them stickers so that they continue their good behavior. Giving extra homework is an example of ____, and giving stickers is an example of _____. a. Negative punishment; negative reinforcement b. Positive punishment; positive reinforcement c. Negative punishment; positive reinforcement d. Positive punishment; negative reinforcement 15. Kyle thinks that rodents are small furry pets and knows that mice and rats are rodents. Kyle visits his cousin’s house and sees her pet hamster. He learns that hamsters, which are also small and furry, are also rodents. Kyle is experiencing: a. Centration b. Conservation c. Accommodation d. Assimilation 16. Kyle found out that rats, mice, AND hamsters are rodents, and he thinks that rodents are small furry pets. In fact, he saw a small and furry weasel at his friend’s house and called it a rodent, but his mother clarified that a weasel is not a rodent. He now does not think that all small furry pets are rodents. This is an example of: a. Centration b. Conservation c. Accommodation d. Assimilation 17. Which of the following statements about Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is FALSE? a. Children engage in pretend play in the preoperational stage b. Although limited, children are able to engage in some symbolic activities during the sensorimotor stage c. Not everyone can achieve all stages d. It is a discontinuous view of development 18. Which of the following statements about Vygotsky is FALSE? a. Vygotsky thinks individuals acquire knowledge via activities organized by more knowledgeable individuals b. Vygotsky thinks individuals acquire knowledge primarily via self-directed activities c. Vygotsky proposed the zone of proximal development d. Vygotsky views individuals’ development in cognition as a continuous 19. Which of the following is an example of scaffolding? a. Jenna’s father gives her the answers to her math homework. b. Max completes a puzzle by himself. c. Alondra’s mother let Alondra read the easy words and helped her figure out how to pronounce difficult words in a book. d. Claire asks her mother how to make eggs, so her mother gives her a recipe book. 20. In current society, children use note-taking to aid memory, but in pre-literate societies, children use strategies such as tying knots in a string to remember or carrying pebbles to aid memory. This shows the variations in __________. a. Tools of Intellectual Adaptation b. Guided participation c. Mental processing speed d. Acquired distinctiveness 21. Vygotsky would say that, in order for a child to actually learn from others, they must be within the: a. Scaffolding phase b. Pre-operational learning period c. Informational processing phase d. Zone of proximal development 22. According to Vygotsky’s theories, private speech is: a. An example of egocentrism b. Increased the most when a child is doing something easy c. Increased the most when a child is doing something in their zone of proximal development d. An example of centration 23. The information processing theory is a view of ______ a. Continuous development b. Discontinuous development c. Incremental rather than abrupt development d. Both A and C 24. Yesterday, Maria’s teacher showed her how to spell the word “definitely”. When she got home from school, Maria showed her parents how well she could spell this new word. Today, she just can’t remember how to spell it. Maria is having trouble with: a. Attending to a memory so that it moves from sensory to working memory b. Rehearsing the spelling to keep it in her working memory. c. Encoding the spelling from working memory into long-term memory. d. Retrieving the spelling from long-term into working memory. 25. Which of the following is FALSE about processing speed? a. It increases abruptly during a critical period in adolescence b. It is improved by increased myelination in the brain c. It is improved by increased connectivity among brain regions d. A child with a lower processing speed can still outperform an adult in a task if, for example, the child is an expert in something 26. Billy’s mom found out that he sneaked cookies from the pantry whenever she was not home. To stop him from doing this, she threw away the cookies. What type of operant conditioning is this? a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement 27. Julie believes that anything with four legs is a “dog.” When she meets her neighbor's cat and calls her “dog,” her mom corrects her by saying, “That is a cat.” Julie is in… a. accommodation b. disequilibrium c. assimilation d. Equilibrium 28. Which is FALSE for individuals who are at the concrete operational stage of cognitive development? a. they know objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be seen b. they can imagine alternative worlds & reason hypothetically about all possible outcomes of a situation c. they are able to interpret a situation from another person’s point of view d. they can use logical thinking to solve a tangible problem 29. Emma is learning how to count. Dylan, her older brother, shows her how to use an abacus. Emma can count to 10 with the abacus and Dylan’s help and to 5 on her own. Emma’s improvement with help from Dylan is an example of: a. internalization b. stretching c. scaffolding d. assimilation 30. Why did 10-year-old chess experts outperform typical adults in memorizing the placement of chess pieces on a board but not memorizing numbers on a board? a. the 10-year-olds have better working memories b. the 10-year-olds have better selective attention c. the 10-year-olds have more content knowledge d. All of the above 31. Which of the following describes the difference between acquired distinctiveness and acquired similarity? a. Acquired distinctiveness is learning to treat similar sounds as the same, while acquired similarity involves differentiating between familiar sounds. b. Acquired distinctiveness involves developing sensitivity to important sounds in one’s language, while acquired similarity involves perceiving certain sounds as identical due to a lack of exposure. c. Acquired distinctiveness and acquired similarity are both about learning new sounds from other languages. d. Acquired distinctiveness is learning all sounds equally well, while acquired similarity involves selectively ignoring certain sounds. 32. What is an example of overextension in language development? a. A child using the word "dog" to refer only to their pet dog and no other dogs. b. A child saying "two mouses" instead of "two mice." c. A child uses the word "car" to refer to all moving vehicles, like buses, trucks, and airplanes. d. A child saying "candy" to refer only to chocolate. 33. Which of the following is an example of overregularization in language development? a. A child calls all four-legged animals “dogs.” b. A child says “two foots” instead of “two feet.” c. A child refers to their father as “daddy” and other men as “daddy” as well. d. A child only uses the word “cookie” to refer to chocolate chip cookies. 34. Sam is learning new words and sees his mom hand him a chocolate candy bar. She says, "Here's some candy!" Later, Sam only uses the word “candy” to refer to chocolate bars, ignoring other types of candy like lollipops or gummies. Which language concept does this scenario illustrate? a. Overextension b. Fast mapping c. Underextension d. Overregularization 35. During class, a student asks the teacher if they can “bathroom go.” The teacher understands the request but corrects the student’s sentence to “Can I go to the bathroom?” Which aspect of language does this correction help the student learn? a. Morphology b. Syntax  c. Semantics d. Pragmatics 36. Maria normally has to do chores after school. One day, Maria got an A on her test, so her mom let her skip her chores that day in order to encourage Maria to continue doing well on her tests. This is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment 37. Tim asks his mom to cut his sandwich in half. When she asks why, he says, “Because then it’s 2 sandwiches, so there’s more!”. Tim is probably in the ____________ stage because he is displaying ___________. a. Preoperational; centration b. Sensorimotor; conservation c. Preoperational; egocentrism d. Sensorimotor; centration 38. Which of the following research questions concerns individual differences rather than group differences? a. How do children develop a magnet effect for phonemes in their native language? b. Do cultural differences affect children’s reading ability? c. Why do some 4-month-olds have better perceptual completion than others? d. When do most children acquire theory of mind? 39. 5-year-old Mark is learning to count. His teacher tells him that he will be able to count faster if he does it in his head rather than by counting using his fingers. However, when Mark tries counting in his head, he doesn’t perform as well as when he uses his fingers. This best illustrates the concept of: a. Centration, from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development b. Tools of intellectual adaptation, from sociocultural theory c. Holistic development, from dynamic systems theory d. Utilization deficiency, from information processing theory 40. Anisa is a preschool teacher who wants to use Piaget’s theory of cognitive development to help children develop. Which strategy should she use? a. Giving children unstructured time to explore their environment b. Rewarding children with praise when they display theory of mind c. Allowing children to switch between different memory strategies d. None of these strategies are aligned with Piaget’s theory 41. 2-year-old Annie says, “want cookie.” Annie is exemplifying:  a. The holophrastic period b. Telegraphic speech c. The prelinguistic period d. Both A and C 42. Acquired similarity best exemplifies synaptic ____ and experience-_____ development: a. Overproduction; expectant b. Pruning; expectant c. Pruning; dependent d. Overproduction; dependent 43. A community of deaf children who have never been taught sign language has been observed spontaneously developing their own complex sign language that shares many characteristics with established languages over time. This is: a. Evidence for the nativist perspective b. Evidence for the empiricist perspective c. An example of experience-dependent development d. None of the above