Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

Exam 1 is a 20-question multiple choice exam. You cannot use your notes or your book while you are taking the exam. You have 40 minutes total to complete the exam. The exam will open today at 10:45, and you will be able to complete it any time between then and Thursday, January 28^th^. Make-up exams...

Exam 1 is a 20-question multiple choice exam. You cannot use your notes or your book while you are taking the exam. You have 40 minutes total to complete the exam. The exam will open today at 10:45, and you will be able to complete it any time between then and Thursday, January 28^th^. Make-up exams are not offered, so make sure to get your exam done in that time frame. The exam will cover material that was presented in lecture and in the book. This means you could get a question that was covered only in lecture but not in the book and vice versa. **Learning Objectives** [Chapter 1] - Why study research methods and data analysis? - What alternatives are there to the scientific method? - How do scientists use empirical reasoning? - How is empirical reasoning used in behavioral research? - How do extra-empirical factors come into play? - What does behavioral research cover? - How does research go from descriptive to relational to experimental? - What are the characteristics of good researchers? [Chapter 2] - What is meant by a cycle of discovery and justification? - What are hypothesis-generating heuristics? - What is the potential role of serendipity? - How can I do a literature search? - What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? - How should I go about defining variables? - What identifies "good" theories and working hypotheses? - What is meant by independent and dependent variable? - What belongs in my research proposal? [Chapter 3] - How do ethical guidelines in research function? - What is an informed-consent agreement, and when is it used? - How are ethics reviews done and acted on? - What are the obstacles to rendering of "full justice"? - How can a relationship of trust be established? - How do scientific quality and ethical quality intertwine? - Is deception in research ever justified? - What is the purpose of debriefing, and how is it done? - How is animal research governed by ethical rules? - What Ethical Responsibilities are there when writing up research? **Practice Questions** 1. Dr. Andrews observes and writes down that there are 30 people in his train car with him: 15 are on their phones, 10 are reading books, and 5 are looking out the window. By observing and writing down information of his surroundings, Dr. Andrews conducted what type of research? a. Descriptive b. Relational c. Experimental d. Logical 2. If Dr. Andrews went on to compare the color of shirt people on his train car were wearing with the activity they were doing, what type of research would he be conducting now? e. Descriptive f. Relational g. Experimental h. Logical 3. When testing a theory, researchers should try and seek out information that disproves their assumptions. This is a process known as: i. Bias j. Confirmation k. Hypothesis-generation l. Falsification 4. Which of the following is an alternative to the scientific method? m. Method of Testing n. Method of Justification o. Method of Authority p. Method of Reasoning 5. The Discover Phase is: q. The process of empirically testing hypotheses derived from a theory. r. The process of combining multiple results to create a theory. s. The process of writing down your results. t. The process by which initial beliefs are created. 6. The birthday problem is an example of which hypothesis generating heuristic? u. Serendipity v. Paradox w. Resolution of Conflicting Results x. Analogical Thinking Use this prompt to answer the following questions: Dr. Ivy knows that previous research in Sports Psychology suggests that a basketball player shooting a free throw is more likely to score if they imagine the ball already going through the net. She wants to see if this idea can be used in every case a player shoots the ball instead of just free throws. She designs an experiment where two groups of participants come in and play a game of basketball. Each group has 10 people total with 5 on a team. For one group of participants she asks them to be constantly envisioning the ball going through the net. For the other group she gives no directions on what to think while they are playing. At the end of the game, Dr. Ivy compares the amount of points scored by the group asked to envision themselves scoring points versus those who were not asked. 7. What hypothesis generating heuristic did Dr. Ivy employ? y. Case study z. Analogical Thinking a. Progress b. Resolution of Conflicting results 8. What is the dependent variable in this study? c. Envisioning the ball going through the net d. The number of points scored e. The number of people on a team f. The type of ball they were using 9. What is the independent variable in this study? g. Envisioning the ball going through the net h. The number of points scored i. The number of people on a team j. The type of ball they were using 10. Before the participants played their game of basketball, Dr. Ivy told them everything they need to know about the study and had them sign a form saying they agree to take part in the study. What is this process known as? k. Ethicality l. Informed Consent m. Debriefing n. The Process of Science 11. Which of these guidelines was not included in the Belmont report? o. Benevolence p. Justice q. Truth r. Autonomy 12. Deception is used in psychology: s. Whenever the researcher wants t. Only when it is active deception u. Only when it is passive deception v. Only if the researcher has found no other way to conduct their experiment without deception 13. A theory is: w. An organized set of explanatory propositions connected by logical arguments and by explicit and implicit prior assumptions x. A conjectural statement or supposition y. Any behavior that is viewed in the natural world over an extended period of time z. A set of assumptions made by an individual with little knowledge backing them up 14. When writing up her paper on the research she practiced, Dr. Ivy writes the statement: "If basketball players constantly envision the ball going through the hoop, then they will score more points than if they had not envisioned the ball going through the hoop." This statement is a(n): a. Theory b. Hypothesis c. Deceptive argument d. Biased statement **Answers** **Practice Questions** 1. Dr. Andrews observes and writes down that there are 30 people in his train car with him: 15 are on their phones, 10 are reading books, and 5 are looking out the window. By observing and writing down information of his surroundings, Dr. Andrews conducted what type of research? a. Descriptive b. Relational c. Experimental d. Logical 2. If Dr. Andrews went on to compare the color of shirt people on his train car were wearing with the activity they were doing, what type of research would he be conducting now? e. Descriptive f. Relational g. Experimental h. Logical 3. When testing a theory, researchers should try and seek out information that disproves their assumptions. This is a process known as: i. Bias j. Confirmation k. Hypothesis-generation l. Falsification 4. Which of the following is an alternative to the scientific method? m. Method of Testing n. Method of Justification o. Method of Authority p. Method of Reasoning 5. The Discover Phase is: q. The process of empirically testing hypotheses derived from a theory. r. The process of combining multiple results to create a theory. s. The process of writing down your results. t. The process by which initial beliefs are created. 6. The birthday problem is an example of which hypothesis generating heuristic? u. Serendipity v. Paradox w. Resolution of Conflicting Results x. Analogical Thinking Use this prompt to answer the following questions: Dr. Ivy knows that previous research in Sports Psychology suggests that a basketball player shooting a free throw is more likely to score if they imagine the ball already going through the net. She wants to see if this idea can be used in every case a player shoots the ball instead of just free throws. She designs an experiment where two groups of participants come in and play a game of basketball. Each group has 10 people total with 5 on a team. For one group of participants she asks them to be constantly envisioning the ball going through the net. For the other group she gives no directions on what to think while they are playing. At the end of the game, Dr. Ivy compares the amount of points scored by the group asked to envision themselves scoring points versus those who were not asked. 7. What hypothesis generating heuristic did Dr. Ivy employ? y. Case study z. Analogical Thinking a. Progress b. Resolution of Conflicting results 8. What is the dependent variable in this study? c. Envisioning the ball going through the net d. The number of points scored e. The number of people on a team f. The type of ball they were using 9. What is the independent variable in this study? g. Envisioning the ball going through the net h. The number of points scored i. The number of people on a team j. The type of ball they were using 10. Before the participants played their game of basketball, Dr. Ivy told them everything they need to know about the study and had them sign a form saying they agree to take part in the study. What is this process known as? k. Ethicality l. Informed Consent m. Debriefing n. The Process of Science 11. Which of these guidelines was not included in the Belmont report? o. Benevolence p. Justice q. Truth r. Autonomy 12. Deception is used in psychology: s. Whenever the researcher wants t. Only when it is active deception u. Only when it is passive deception v. Only if the researcher has found no other way to conduct their experiment without deception 13. A theory is: w. An organized set of explanatory propositions connected by logical arguments and by explicit and implicit prior assumptions x. A conjectural statement or supposition y. Any behavior that is viewed in the natural world over an extended period of time z. A set of assumptions made by an individual with little knowledge backing them up 14. When writing up her paper on the research she practiced, Dr. Ivy writes the statement: "If basketball players constantly envision the ball going through the hoop, then they will score more points than if they had not envisioned the ball going through the hoop." This statement is a(n): a. Theory b. Hypothesis c. Deceptive argument d. Biased statement