Exam1 Study Guide - HSPM 260 PDF

**\** - Exam1 -- 50 questions will be based on Ch.1, 2, 3, 6, and 15. - Make sure to go over PPTs with notes page. - The contents marked with an asterisk in the PPTs are very important for the exam. - Key Takeaway Points or Summary of each chapter will help you understand key poi...

**\** - Exam1 -- 50 questions will be based on Ch.1, 2, 3, 6, and 15. - Make sure to go over PPTs with notes page. - The contents marked with an asterisk in the PPTs are very important for the exam. - Key Takeaway Points or Summary of each chapter will help you understand key points. - The formats of exam1 will be in Multiple Choice and True & False - 70 mins are given to take the exam. **[Chapter 1 (14 questions)]** 1. Tourism definition a. a social, cultural and economic **phenomenon** which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. 2. **Branches of Tourism (World Tourism Organization):** Inbound, Outbound, Domestic, Internal, National, International tourism - You should be able to tell differences by branches of tourism with examples. b. Inbound tourism: Visits to a country by non-residents of that country c. Outbound tourism: visits by the residents of a country to other countries d. Domestic tourism: visits by residents within their own country e. Internal tourism: visits by residents and non-residents within a country f. National tourism: visits by residents of a country to other countries plus visits by residents within their own country g. International tourism: the combination of inbound and outbound tourism 3. Which region and country each receives the most international visitor arrivals? h. Europe 4. 6 Reasons for a systems approach to study tourism i. Interdependency, open system complexity and variety, competitiveness, friction and disharmony, and responsiveness 5. Four parts of the tourism system? j. Destination k. Marketing l. Demand m. Travel 6. Four links in the tourism system? n. Destination product o. Promotion of tourism p. Travel purchase q. Travel mobilities 7. Terminology: Destination, Travel, Tourism, Recreation, Trip, Visitor, r. Destination: a geographic area that attracts visitors s. Travel: the act of moving outside ones usually environment t. Tourism: the activity or phenomenon that occurs when people travel u. Recreation: what happens during an individuals leisure time v. Trip: travel of more than 100 miles from ones home environment w. Visitor: an alternative name for tourist or traveler 8. Name the Five Destination Mix/Products and understand the roles of each product. x. Attractions and events: generate demand for the other 4 elements y. Facilities: serves the need of the visitors z. Infrastructure: necessary to help ensure accessibility of the destination to the visitor and meet the needs of residents a. Transportation: necessary to ensure accessibility of the destination to the visitor and meet the needs of residents b. Service quality and friendliness: delivered to the visitor 9. Elements (examples) of each destination mix 10. Classification of attractions c. Some are built, based on nature, culture, history and heritage 11. Types of events d. Cultural and festivals e. Entertainment services f. Sports events g. MICE and business events h. Weddings and other family events i. Other events 12. Elements of infrastructure j. Utilities k. Services l. Transportation infrastructure m. Other amenities 13. Types of facilities n. Hotels, resorts, and other lodging o. Food and beverages p. Shopping q. Convention and exhibition centers 14. Type of accommodations r. Traditional lodging s. Specialist accommodations t. Recreational accommodations u. Other accommodations 15. Three predominant foodservice concepts v. Traditional w. Outdoor and convenience x. International 16. Other major players in tourism y. DMOs z. Travel trade a. Associations b. Government c. Parks and recreation d. Consumer services 17. *Attractions* often are the main reasons why people visit specific destinations 18. Tourism is [a phenomenon] that requires a systems approach. 19. Tourism is a people business and host-guest relationships are critical to positive visitor experiences. **[Chapter 2 (10 questions)]** 1. Tourism can produce **both positive and negative impacts** on the environment and on the society and culture of a destination area 2. Three components of the "triple-bottom-line": People (Social and Cultural), Planet (Environment) and Profit/Prosperity (Economic) a. People: i. Pros: social interaction, civic pride, heritage preservation ii. Cons: social friction, healthy issues, commodities of heritage b. Planet: iii. Pros: greater appreciation of natural areas and concern for biodiversity iv. Cons: increased resource use and pollution c. Profit: v. Pros: export earnings, benefits through economy and jobs vi. Cons: costs of hosting and higher prices 3. Sustainable tourism development d. Satisfying the present needs without compromising the needs of future generations e. A key to achieving an acceptable balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism 4. Three major economic benefits of tourism f. Increasing income g. Increasing foreign exchange earnings h. Increasing employment 5. Three levels of income generated by tourism i. Direct, indirect and induced 6. Economic leakage definition. When reducing this, it will ensure more money to stay in the destination community 7. Two levels of employment generated by tourism j. Primary/direct employment k. Secondary / indirect employment 8. Tourism is "labor-intensive" and "capital intensive" 9. Three stages in tourism development: Change in cost per job created l. Its high due to the capital costs m. Then its reduced due to the experience and less investment required n. Then increased due to higher land prices and infrastructure necessary 10. 4 changes in society influenced by tourism o. Economic structure of a destination area p. Workforce migration q. Economic power r. The value and land ownership pattern 11. Potential positive / negative social, cultural, and environmental impacts of tourism s. Positive vii. Supporting local cultures viii. Improved quality of life for locals ix. Keeping local culture and traditions alive t. Negatives x. Clashing cultures xi. Increased crime xii. Exposure to health risks xiii. Damage to heritage sites 12. Cultural involution u. May halt a local community to modernize its way of living 13. Ensuring sustainability is the responsibility of every stakeholder! **[Chapter 6 (10 questions)]** 1. Sustainable tourism development: Definition (UNWTO) and the principles a. Takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and host communities. i. Improve the quality of life for host ii. Provide high quality experience for visitor iii. Maintain the quality of the environment for everyone 2. 6 types of tourism developments b. Flagship: major attractions or resorts c. Hub: strategically located d. Cluster: combination of developments that are similar e. Circuit and trail f. Event or festival g. Support 3. Hard vs Soft tourism developments h. Hard- mass tourism, example: beach with high string line of hotels along it i. Soft- for individual or small groups of visitors 4. Roles in tourism development j. Private-Sector iv. Invest in, develop, market and operate tourism facilities and services k. Non-profit organizations and NGO (non-government organization) l. Community Role m. Government Roles: Stimulator v. A stimulator or catalyst for development vi. Finding whether projects fit in economic, environmental, social and cultural n. Government financial Incentives: vii. Taxes o. Private Sector Financing 5. Economic feasibility analysis: p. Determine if the developers have sufficient equity to invest in a tourism development project 6. Economic feasibility analysis two main groups q. Developers/investors and lenders 7. Analysis of Individual Project Development opportunity: r. Cost-benefit analysis s. Environmental impact analysis 8. Tourism development is not just physical; people, programs, and packages are also realms for tourism development. 9. Pre-feasibility and economic feasibility should be done on individual tourism development projects 10. Large-scale tourism development projects should be subject to environmental impact analyses. **[Chapter 3 (11 questions)]** 1. Definitions of Tourism multiplier, carrying capacity. a. Multiplier: One dollar in tourism expenditures can be worth two dollars in economic value to other business and the economy b. Carrying capacity: the number of tourists in an area, attraction, or heritage site can accommodate without damaging it. 2. 3 Reasons for government involvement c. Ensure security and political purposes d. To support sustainable development and environment e. To improve the economy 3. 8 Roles of government in tourism f. Policy-setting and tourism destination planning g. Legislation and regulation h. Coordination i. Development simulation and control j. Infrastructure and transportation development k. Operations l. Marketing and research m. Training and education 4. Levels of Tourism organizations -- examples, types, and responsibilities of the followings: n. Global -- i. World tourism organization- UNWTO ii. World travel and tourism council- WTTC iii. World tourism cities federation- WTCF o. Multi-country regional: planning, development, and marketing of tourism iv. COTAL v. CTO vi. ETC vii. PATA viii. SPTO p. National: DMO, NTO vs NTA; Differences between NTA and NTO and example countries of each type ix. DMO- destination management organizations x. National tourism administration (NTA)- policy making and planning 1. Example: Australian trade and investment commission xi. National tourism organization (NTO)- marketing 2. Example: visit Britain and tourism new zealand q. State, provincial, and territorial tourism organizations: xii. The primary role of State, Provincial, and Territorial Tourism Organizations is domestic tourism promotion; BUT they are becoming more involved in international travel promotion and are spending more to attract foreign visitors r. Regional: in which country? xiii. Canada, Australia and the U.K. s. Local; CVB xiv. Convention and visitors bureaus: collect taxes to support local promotional activities t. Other -- Global Airline, Multi-country economic, Development agencies and banks. 5. NGO and Examples u. Non-government organizations xv. Global sustainable tourism council (GSTC) xvi. World wide fund for nature (WWF) **[Chapter 15 (5 questions) ]** 1. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World a. Great pyramids of Egypt b. Haning gardens of Babylon c. Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus d. Statue of Zeus at Olympia e. Colossus of Rhodes in the Harbor at Rhodes f. Great lighthouse in Alexandria Egypt g. Temple Artemis at Ephesus 2. New Wonders of the World h. The great wall of China i. The ancient city of Petra in Jordan j. The stature of Christ the redeemer in Rio de Janeiro k. Machu Pichu in Peru l. The Mayan ruins of chichen Itza in Mexico m. The Colosseum in Rome n. Indias Taj Mahal 3. The earliest motivation for travel was to ***[trade]***. 4. The term ***holiday*** comes from holy days for ***religious observances*** 5. Early tourism o. The Silk Routes: Began in the 2^nd^ century BC p. Post World War II: *The mass tourism phenomenon begun* q. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world that was established in 1872 r. Space Tourism. 6. **Global tourism** s. **in 2016, Europe has the largest share of receipts from international tourism, but Europe the share of international visitor arrivals is decreasing.** t. **Asia Pacific is increasing and it is expected to 30% of sharing by *2030*** u. ***France, USA, and Spain are major countries that* have the most international tourist arrivals.** v. China was reported as the "highest-spending outbound market" in the world. w. **Bangkok is the city with** "the most international visitors", followed by London and Paris (According to MasterCard). x. **[The USA]** was ranked as \#1 conference country in 2016 y. Who are Market Share Leaders in Tourism? z. **Morocco and South Africa** have the most international visitor arrivals in Africa a. Saudi Arabia has the most international visitor arrivals in Middle East b. For many countries domestic tourism is much larger than international tourism and is the "bread and butter" of the tourism sector. c. UNWTO forecasts that there will be **1.8 billion** international tourist arrivals by ***2030*** (UNWTO 2011).