Islamic Tourism: Supply & Demand Lecture Notes PDF

Typology of Islamic Tourism: Fundamentals of Islamic Tourism – Supply & Demand CIT 10303  TOURISM SYSTEM Source: Newsome et al (2001) INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS DEMAND...

Typology of Islamic Tourism: Fundamentals of Islamic Tourism – Supply & Demand CIT 10303  TOURISM SYSTEM Source: Newsome et al (2001) INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS DEMAND Tourists Transfer of money, Economic Markets social contact INTERACTIONS IMPACTS Social Transportation Environmental (outdoor recreational Environmental Attractions 0pportunities) SUPPLY (natural, man-made), hosts, infrastructure and policies Destination FEEDBACK Controls/ strategies/policies  GEOGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS OF A TOURIST SYSTEM Transit region or route Tourist Departing tourists Tourist generating destination region Returning tourists region Transit region or route Demand and Origin Factors: Actual demand - The demand is a function of the country’s Suppressed demand level of economic development Potential demand - It is affected by the growth, distribution and density of the population. Deferred demand - The distribution of population between urban and rural areas Destination and Resource Factors Climate, land surface, culture, history, ethnicity and accessibility of a destination Transit Routes Link origin to destination Flexibility of stopping - Kangaroo Routes  ELEMENTS AT THE DESTINATIONS Desire to travel Attractions Facilities Infrastructure Transportation Hospitality Presence of elements at the destination FORCES SHAPING TOURISM - Time Maintenance TIME Work Leisure  FORCES SHAPING TOURISM - Time Weekdays LEISURE Weekends Vacations  FORCES SHAPING TOURISM - Time Discretionary Time Young, single Family Old age  FORCES SHAPING TOURISM – Income Personal income Taxes Disposable income Personal Discretionary outlays income Consumer Savings Recreation durables e.g. trip to China e.g. coat e.g. video recorder  FORCES SHAPING TOURISM – Family Stage Great Great effect effect Effect of Effect of barrier barrier Little Little effect effect Newly Family Empty Newly Family Empty married stage nester married stage nester Great effect Barriers – difficulties in knowing which activities to get involved and with whom to share participation. Effect of barrier Little effect Newly Family Empty married stage nester  FORCES SHAPING TOURISM – Mobility In ancient times, people did not travel much because travel was time consuming, expensive and dangerous. During Persians and Assyrians, travel was attributed to the expansion of the empire and improvement in the travel infrastructure. In the Roman era, tourism was facilitated by a common coinage, language (Greek and Latin) and legal system. Early international tourism was characterized by the growth of the middle class, altered lifestyles and rapid improvements in transportation services.  BUTLER’S TOURISM LIFE CYCLE Rejuvenation Reduced growth CRITICAL RANGE OF Stagnation ELEMENTS OF CAPACITY Stabilization Consolidation Decline Immediate decline Development Involvement Exploration Source: Butler (1980) Time  Characteristics of a Destination Area According to Life Cycle Stages Stages Descriptions Exploration Small number of adventurous tourists, main attraction is unspoilt nature or cultural features. Poor access and facilities. Environment unchanged. Involvement Local initiatives provide facilities and some advertising ensues. Increasing number of visitors, a tourist season, and public sector involvement follows. Development Large number of tourists and control passes from locals to national or international companies. The destination begins to change appearance (i.e. deterioration of environment). Over-use may begin. Consolidation The destination is now a fully fledged part of the tourist industry. The rate of increase of visitors is reducing. A recognisable recreational business district has emerged. Stagnation Peak visitor numbers have been reached and the destination is unfashionable with environmental, social and economic problems. Major promotional efforts are needed to maintain visitor numbers. Decline Visitors now visit newer, rural resorts as the destination goes into decline. It is dependent on a smaller geographical catchment and repeat visitors. Rejuvenation Here the authorities attempt to ‘relaunch’ the destination by providing new facilities, attracting new markets and re-investing. Source: Butler (1980)  BUTLER’S HYPOTHESIS All destination areas follow several predictable stages. However, the model is neither specific with regard to actual tourist numbers nor to its time horizon. The judgement of where a destination is situated is impossible to make. It is not really a planning tool. But, it enables tourism planners to understand the tourism system.  PLOG’S DESTINATION LIFE CYCLE Psychocentric Allocentric Near Near Psychocentric Mid-Centric Allocentric Hawaii Africa Caribbean Source: Plog (1973)  PLOG’S HYPOTHESIS Destination areas tend to rise and fall in popularity A new exotic destination tends attract the ‘allocentric’ group - the innovators that seek out uncrowded and unique destinations Allocentrics are replaced by the ‘mid-centrics’ when the destination area becomes more widely publicized. - relates to maturity phase of the product life-cycle - destination area has the mass market appeal As time progresses, mid-centrics are replaced by the ‘psychocentrics’ when the destination area loses its appeal. - the final point in the destination area’s life-cycle  PLOG’S HYPOTHESIS Destination areas can ‘carry with them the potential seeds of their own destruction’: - allow themselves to become over-commercialized - forsake the unique appeals which made them popular in the first place There have been several exceptions to this rule: - destination life-cycle can be extended if change is anticipated - steps are taken to adapt to the change With good planning and management: - New areas can be planned to allow for future flexibility - Older tourism areas can be planned for revitalization