SBI 4U1 Exam Review - Jan 2023 PDF

SBI 4U1 – COURSE REVIEW UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS 1. What is a functional group? 2. What is an isomer? 3. What is a polar molecule? Give an example of a polar molecule. 4. Differentiate between oxidation and reduction 5. Describe the properties of water that are responsible for the...

SBI 4U1 – COURSE REVIEW UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS 1. What is a functional group? 2. What is an isomer? 3. What is a polar molecule? Give an example of a polar molecule. 4. Differentiate between oxidation and reduction 5. Describe the properties of water that are responsible for the following: a) ice floats on water b) a water strider walks on the surface of a pond c) a large body of water maintains a fairly constant temperature despite an increase in air temperature 6. Draw the following functional groups. a) hydroxyl b) amino c) sulfhydryl d) phosphate e) carboxyl f) carbonyl 7. The hydroxyl functional group is found in alcohols The amino functional group is found in amines Complete the rest of the statements below by following the same pattern…. The sulfhydryl functional group is found in _________________ The phosphate functional group is found in _________________ The carboxyl functional group is found in __________________ The carbonyl functional group is found in ________________ and ____________ UNIT 1: ORGANIC MOLECULES 8. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 9. Define the following terms: a) macromolecule b) monomer c) polymer d) dehydration synthesis e) hydrolysis f) anabolic reactions g) catabolic reaction 10. List the four categories of macromolecules. 11. List three functions of carbohydrates. 12. a) List three examples of a monosaccharide. b) Give the molecular formula for each monosaccharide listed in 12a). c) Draw each of the three monosaccharides listed in 12a).  13. a) List three examples of a disaccharide. b) Give the molecular formula for each monosaccharide listed in 13a) b) Name the two monosaccharides which are linked to form each disaccharide listed in part a). c) Draw each of the disaccharides listed in 13a). 14. Name the type of covalent bond that links simple sugars together. a) List four polysaccharides. b) Which polysaccharides are found in animals? Which are found in plants? c) Briefly describe the function of each polysaccharide. 15. List three functions of lipids. 16. Which molecules come together to form a triglyceride? What is the name of the covalent bond that links these molecules? 17. Draw a triglyceride molecule. 18. Compare and contrast a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat. 19. How does the structure of a phospholipid compare to the structure of a triglyceride? 20. Describe the structure of steroids and waxes. 21. List three functions of proteins. 22. What is the monomer unit of a protein? What is the name of the covalent bond that holds these monomers together? 23. Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. 24. Draw a polypeptide consisting of 3 amino acids (choose any 3 amino acids). 25. List the three components that form a nucleotide. 26. What is the name of the covalent bond that links nucleotides. 27. Compare the structure of ribose and deoxyribose. 28. List the five nitrogen bases. Which of these bases is not found in DNA? 29. Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines? 30. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. UNIT 1: ENERGY AND ENZYMES 31. What is the first law of thermodynamics? What is the second law of thermodynamics? 32. What molecule is the “energy currency” of our cells? 33. How does ATP provide energy? 34. Differentiate between a catalyst and an enzyme. 35. What is activation energy? How do enzymes effect activation energy? 36. Briefly explain how temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and pH affect the rate of a reaction. 37. Explain the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. 38. What is a coenzyme? UNIT 1: CELLULAR TRANSPORT 39. What is passive transport? 40. List three types of passive transport and give a definition of each. 41. Explain the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. 42. Explain what would happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution, a hypertonic solution and an isotonic solution. 43. What is active transport? 44. List three types of active transport and give a definition of each. 45. Explain two differences between active and passive transport. UNIT 2: CELLULAR RESPIRATION 46. What is the overall balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration? 47. Review the structure of the mitochondria 48. List the four stages of cellular respiration and where in the cell each stage occurs. 49. Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. 50. Name two coenzymes important to cellular respiration. 51. Review the steps of a) glycolysis b) pyruvate oxidation c) Krebs cycle d) electron transport chain 52. What happens to acetyl-CoA if the cell does not need energy? 53. List the components of the electron transport chain in order of increasing electronegativity. 54. Review the diagram below. Note the “link reaction” refers to pyruvate oxidation.  55. Complete the following by filling in number of each molecule that is produced for ONE molecule of glucose in each stage of aerobic cellular respiration: Glycolysis = ____ ATP Pyruvate Oxidation = ____ ATP ____ NADH ____ NADH ____ FADH2 ____ FADH2 ____ CO2 ____ CO2 Krebs Cycle = ____ ATP Electron Transport Chain= ____ ATP ____ NADH ____ NADH ____ FADH2 ____ FADH2 ____ CO2 ____ CO2 56. Compare ATP production in anaerobic cellular respiration vs. aerobic cellular respiration. 57. What is the product of fermentation in humans? What is the product of fermentation in yeast cells? UNIT 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS 58. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 59. What is the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place? 60. Review the structure of the chloroplast. 61. Which colour of light is best for promoting photosynthesis? 62. Light travels in packets of electromagnetic radiation known as ___________. 63. List the main photosynthetic pigment in most organisms. List the accessory pigments. 64. What is a photosystem? Name the photosystems found in the chloroplast. 65. What are the reactants and products of the light reactions? 66. What are the reactants and products of the Calvin cycle? 67. Review the steps of the light reactions. 68. Review the steps of the Calvin cycle. 69. Where is the chloroplast do the light reactions occur? Where does the Calvin cycle occur? UNIT 3: MOLECULAR GENETICS 70. When unwound, a DNA molecule resembles a ladder. Which molecules make up the sides of the ladder? Which molecules make up the rungs of the ladder? 71. In a DNA molecule, adenine bonds to ___________ with _____ hydrogen bonds and cytosine bonds to ______________ with ____ hydrogen bonds. 72. DNA is often described as a _______________ because it is made of two strands that are wound around one another. 73. The two DNA strands are described as ______________ because they run in opposite directions to one another. The end of a single strand that has the phosphate group is called the _____ end. The other end is called the _____ end. 74. Differentiate between conservative and semi-conservative modes of replication. Which mode is used by DNA? 75. Outline all the steps involved in DNA replication. Be sure to review which enzymes are involved. 76. Where in the cell does DNA replication take place? 77. During the replication of DNA why is there a “leading strand” and a “lagging strand”? 78. Differentiate between proofreading repair, mismatch repair and excision repair 79. Complete the diagram of DNA replication on the following page. UNIT 3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 80. Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins? 81. Define the following: a. transcription d) anti-sense strand b. translation e) codon c) sense strand F) anti-codon 82. Where in the cell does transcription occur? Where does translation occur? 83. List the three types of tRNA involved in protein synthesis, and describe their roles. 84. Outline the steps involved in transcription. Use the diagram below to help you. 85. List three modifications that are made to the newly formed mRNA transcript before it leaves the nucleus. 86. Outline the steps involved in translation. Use the diagram below to help you.  85. Outline the steps involved in translation. Use the diagram below to help you. 86. Below is a segment of the DNA anti-sense strand: 5’ TACTTCGGTACACCCATC 3’ Write the sequence of the: a. DNA sense strand b. mRNA strand c. tRNA anticodon strand d. the polypeptide UNIT 3: BIOTECHNOLOGY 87. Define the following terms: a) biotechnology b) genetic engineering c) transgenic organism d) vectors e) recombinant DNA f) restriction enzymes 88. List two types of vectors. 89. Explain how a plasmid is used to make recombinant DNA. 90. What is gel electrophoresis? 91. In gel electrophoresis, how does the size of fragments effect their movement in the gel? 92. What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction? 93. Review gel analysis problems. UNIT 4: THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 94. What is homeostasis? 95. Differentiate between positive and negative feedback and give an example of each. 96. What is thermoregulation? List three mechanisms that are used to cool down the body. List three mechanisms that are used to heat up the body. 97. Give three examples of nitrogenous waste. Which form is generally excreted by mammals? 98. Review the structures of the excretory system. 99. Blood enters the kidney through a branch of the aorta called the ______ artery. This artery branches into the afferent ___________. Each afferent arteriole leads to a network of capillaries known as the ______________. This is where filtration takes place. Blood under high pressure moves through the walls of the glomerulus and into the ________________. Dissolved solutes can pass through the walls of the glomerulus but ____________ and ___________ cannot because they are too large. Blood leaves the glomerulus via the ___________ arterioles and enters the capillaries in the medulla known as the ___________ capillaries. 100. List the three stages of urine formation. Describe what occurs during each stage. 101. Review the nephron/urine formation diagram we drew together in class. UNIT 4: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 102. What is a hormone? 103. Review the diagram that shows all the glands in the endocrine system (and their location in the body) 104. Differentiate between steroid hormones and peptide hormones (differentiate in terms of structure and how they communicate with the cell) 105. Which gland is sometimes referred to as the master gland? 106. Explain the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary. 107. Name the part of the brain that maintains homeostasis by regulating factors such are heart rate, body temperature, water balance, etc. (Hint: it works closely with the pituitary gland)