SNC2D Exam Review Answer Key PDF

Propose an investigation related to the scenario described here: You decide to buy your mom a plant for Mother’s Day. You notice that the hydrangea plants have flowers that are blue or pink. The florist tells you that the flower colour changes if the pH of the soil changes....

Propose an investigation related to the scenario described here: You decide to buy your mom a plant for Mother’s Day. You notice that the hydrangea plants have flowers that are blue or pink. The florist tells you that the flower colour changes if the pH of the soil changes. Testable Question: How does the pH of the soil affect the colour of the flowers of a hydrangea pl Hypothesis (prediction and explanation): Example: If the soil pH is lower, then the flowers will become more pink beca reaction between a compound in the flowers and an acid. State 3 Control State the Dependent Variable Examples: Volume of water giv Flower colour Hours of sunlight Concentration of ot SNC2D - Exam Data Sheet (The Following Equations, Constants, and Periodic Table will appear on the exam exactly as they do here) Index of Refraction Table: Optics Equations/Constants: c = 3.00x 108 m/s SNC2D BIOLOGY UNIT REVIEW 1. In the chart below, name each of the parts of the animal cell identified by the lettered labels in the following diagram and briefly describe its function. Name of Cell Part Function of Cell Part 1 Centrioles Coordinating the cytoskeleton and cell movement and division 2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Membrane and lipid (fat) molecule synthesis 3 Mitochondrion Generating chemical energy to drive cell functions 4 Nucleus/nuclear membrane Contains cell’s genetic information and separates it from the cytoplasm 5 Nucleolus Ribosome synthesis 6 Chromatin DNA-protein complex that encodes instructions for cell functions 7 Lysosome/vacuole Lysosomes are large vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down cell food and waste. Vacuoles are large vesicles that mainly store water. 8 Rough endoplasmic reticulum Membrane, lipid, and protein synthesis 9 Vesicles Secrete, uptake, and transport materials within and outside of the cell membrane 10 Golgi apparatus Transporting, modifying, and packaging membrane proteins and lipids 11 Ribosomes Protein synthesis 2. How is a plant cell different from the animal cell pictured above? Identify 3 specific things Plant cells do not contain lysosomes. Many plant cells do not contain centrioles. Plant cell vacuoles are much larger and central. Plants are surrounded in a rigid cell wall. Plant cells contain chloroplasts. 3. What are the phases of the cell cycle (4 phases of mitosis + 3 phases of interphase)? Write them in order. Interphase  G1 Phase (Growth 1) -> Synthesis Phase -> G2 Phase Mitosis Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase 4. Describe three important things that happen during interphase: Cells grow and produce more organelles. DNA is replicated. Cells prepare to undergo mitosis. 5. Sketch a diagram of the 4 phases of mitosis, labelling where appropriate: chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, centrioles, spindle fibres, nucleus/nuclear envelope, chromatin. Phase: Prophase Phase: Metaphase Phase: Anaphase Phase: Telophase 6. Describe the relative length of interphase compared to mitosis. The stages of mitosis take up a small fraction of time in a cell’s cycle. Exact timing varies, but cells typically spend less than 10% of a full cycle undergoing mitosis with at least 90% being interphase. 7. Identify 3 things that can cause cells to become cancer cells. Genetic mutations (e.g. in the BRCA1 gene), environmental carcinogens (e.g. UV radiation), and pathogens (e.g. HPV) can all cause mutations that lead to cancer. 8. Explain how cancer cells are different from normal cells. Use the word “apoptosis” in your answer. Unlike non- cancerous cells, cancer cells do not respond to signals to stop growth and cell division. Normal cells will undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death when a cell has accumulated mutations or divides outside of its typical boundaries. Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis and will continue dividing, invading surrounding tissue. 9. What are stem cells? How are they different from differentiated cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into more than one type of cell. They can replicate indefinitely to produce more stem cells of the same type that can undergo differentiation.  10. Identify the parts of the microscope on the diagram to the right Letter Name of Part E eyepiece/ocular lens G objective lenses I fine focus knob H coarse focus knob A base K stage B arm D/N light source 11. Define diffusion. Explain when and why diffusion occurs. Diffusion is the passive movement of solute molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration towards an equilibrium. In cells diffusion occurs allowing molecules to be distributed within the cytoplasm, and some small molecules can diffuse across the cell membrane into or out of the cell depending on its surrounding concentration relative to within the cell. 12. Identify the four main tissue types in animals. For each type give 2 examples of functions and organs where those tissues would be found Examples: Tissue Function Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue in the small intestine has a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients Epithelial tissue in the skin has many layers of cells for protection Connective Bone tissue is rigid and strong to support body structure and movement and protect organs tissue Blood tissue transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and immune cells throughout the body Muscular tissue Skeletal muscle tissue allows voluntary movements of the body Smooth muscle tissue controls peristalsis in the digestive tract Nervous tissue Neurons in the brain send and receive signals to process information for memory, learning, etc. Neurons in the spinal cord transport signals to and from the brain, as well as controlling reflexes 13. Identify the four main tissue types in plants and a main function of each. Tissue Function Dermal tissue Leaf and stem dermal tissue protect plants from predators and prevent water loss Vascular tissue Vascular tissue allows water, minerals, and nutrients to be transported longer distances in plants Ground tissue Ground tissue includes cells that conduct photosynthesis and store water and nutrients Meristematic Root and shoot meristems allow plants to continuously grow taller shoot systems and deeper roots tissue  14. Below is a list of organs. Place them in the table below with the correct system to which they belong. A few of the organs may fit into more than one system - write them in all that apply. Heart Lungs Trachea Stomach Liver Bronchi Bronchioles Larynx Esophagus Tongue Pancreas Alveoli Veins Large intestines Arteries Capillaries Pharynx Mouth Rectum Gallbladder Small intestines System Organs Involved (place all that apply from the list above) Respiratory System Larynx, Lungs, Trachea, Pharynx, Mouth, Alveoli, Bronchi, Bronchioles Circulatory System Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins Digestive System Esophagus, Tongue, Pharynx, Stomach, Pancreas, Mouth, Liver, Rectum, Gallbladder, Large intestines, Small intestines 15. The diagram below shows the respiratory system. Use the word bank to identify the structures indicated by each letter. *extension - on a separate sheet of paper write out the function of each part you label Larynx Lung Bronchiole Diaphragm Pharynx Bronchi Alveoli Trachea A Larynx B Lung C Bronchi D Diaphragm E Pharynx F Trachea G Bronchioles H Alveoli 16. The diagram below shows the digestive system. Use the word bank to identify the structures indicated by each number. *extension - on a separate sheet of paper write out the function of each part you label Esophagus Liver Mouth Pancreas Stomach Small intestines Rectum 1 Mouth 2 Liver 3 Pancreas 4 Rectum 5 Esophagus 6 Stomach 7 Small intestines SNC2D CHEMISTRY UNIT REVIEW See the “Exam Data Sheet” as a reference for the periodic table and tables of polyatomic ions and multivalent metals. 1. Define “ionic compound”. Give an example to explain. An ionic compound is made up of a metal element and a nonmetal element (or polyatomic ion). The metal forms a positive ion (cation) when it gives electrons to the nonmetal. The nonmetal forms a negative ion (anion). Example: calcium fluoride (CaF2) 2. Define “molecular compound”. Given an example to explain. A molecular compound is made up of nonmetal elements only that are sharing electrons. Example: sulfur dioxide (SO2) 3. a. List the properties that distinguish acids from bases. Name some common acids and bases. Acids contain hydrogen (i.e. HCl = Hydrochloric acid) and have a sour taste. Many bases contain hydroxide ions (i.e. KOH = Potassium hydroxide) and have a bitter taste. Acids also corrode metals while bases do not. Bases also have a slippery texture. b. How does the colour of phenolphthalein change when it is in a(n): acid_stays clear______; base__turns pink___ 4. Explain how the pH scale works. Describe what numbers include acids and bases, and what number is neutral. pH stands for “the potential of hydrogen” and is a measure of how many (or how concentrated) hydrogen ions there are in a solution. If the pH is below 7 it is acidic, if the pH is above 7 (up to a measure of 14) it is basic. pH 7 is neutral. 5. Is HCl an acid or a base? Explain how you know. It is an acid as its chemical formula begins with Hydrogen. 6. Is NaOH an acid or a base? Explain how you know. It is a base as it contains a hydroxide ion. 7. How is balancing equations related to the Law of Conservation of Mass? The reason why we need to balance chemical equations is because according to the Law of Conservation of Mass matter cannot be created or destroyed, meaning we can move it around but none is lost or gained in a reaction. Therefore we must have the same number of each atom on each side of a chemical equation. 8. The following table shows how the mass of reactants changes with time during a chemical reaction: Time (s) Mass of reactants (g) Mass of products (g) 0 15 0 5 10 X 10 5 Y The mass of the products must be: a) X= 0, Y=0 b) X= 5, Y= 10 c) X= 2, Y=4 d) X=5, Y=8 Explain how you came up with this answer: The answer is b) because the total mass of all the substances must stay the same (following the Law of Conservation of Mass) therefore the mass of the reactants + products must always equal 15g. 9. What are the most reactive elements? The least reactive elements? The Alkali Metals are the most reactive metals as they all want to give away one electron. The Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals as they all want to gain one electron. The Noble Gases are the least reactive (column 18) as they have full valence shells. 10. Write the formula or name for the following: a. oxygen gas O2 k. PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride b. sulfuric acid H2SO4 l. HNO3 nitric acid c. sodium hydroxide NaOH m. Na2S sodium sulfide d. aluminum sulfide Al2S3 n. I2 iodine e. potassium phosphate K3PO4 o. Na2SO4 sodium sulfate f. lithium oxide Li2O p. PbS lead (II) sulfide g. gold (III) fluoride AuF3 q. CO2 carbon dioxide h. neon gas Ne r. Mg3(PO4)2 magnesium phosphate i. chlorine gas Cl2 s. SiO2 silicon dioxide j. diphosphorus trioxide P2O3 t. BeF2 beryllium fluoride 11. Balance the following equations: a. __2_ Na2O + _2_ Cl2 ___ O2 + _4_ NaCl b. ___ Mg + _2__ AgNO3 ___ Mg(NO3)2 + _2__ Ag 12. Identify the reaction type of the following equations and balance them: Reaction Type a. Synthesis __________________ ___ S8 + _12__ O2 _8__ SO3 b. Single displacement__________ ___ Zn + _2__ HCl ___ H2 + ___ ZnCl2 c. Combustion_________________ ___ CH4 + _2__ O2 ___ CO2 + __2_ H2O d. Double displacement_________ _2__ Fe(NO3)3 + _3_ Ca(OH)2 _3__ Ca(NO3)2 + _2_ Fe(OH)3 e. Decomposition______________ _2__ Al2O3 _4__ Al + _3__ O2 13. For each reaction, identify the reaction type and write a balanced chemical equation. a. Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide.  Type: Neutralization reaction 2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 → 2 H2O + MgCl2 b. Calcium combines with oxygen to produce calcium oxide. Type: Synthesis 2 Ca + O2 → 2 CaO SNC2D CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT REVIEW 1. List and explain 4 different types of evidence to support that climate change is occurring. List Explain Tree core samples Tree rings grow according to regional climate conditions. Core samples can be used to compare annual growing conditions, including temperature, sunlight, and precipitation in an area for thousands of years. Ice core samples Ice core samples contain layers of newly deposited polar ice from annual precipitation that can date back hundreds of thousands of years. These core layers contain gas bubbles with varying concentrations of atmospheric gases and varying proportions of oxygen isotopes in their water molecules that correspond to changes in temperature. Atmospheric changes Direct measurement of atmospheric temperature, gas concentrations, and weather are used as predominant sources of modern climate data. Hydrospheric Amounts of sea ice, sea levels, and ocean pH all give us information about global temperatures changes and changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ecosystem changes Changes to the ranges of some species and the decline or rise in ecosystems’ carrying capacities for others can be connected to changes in the climate. 2. What is the difference between weather and climate? Give an example to explain. Weather describes the conditions in the lower atmosphere on Earth in a specific place at a specific time. Climate describes weather trends in a region over long periods of time. 3. Describe the natural greenhouse effect. Use the word “atmosphere” in your answer. Explain with words and a diagram. Solar radiation enters Earth’s atmosphere, including IR, visible, and UV radiation. Earth’s surface absorbs solar radiation and emits thermal energy in IR waves. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb thermal energy and emit it back into the atmosphere. Thermal energy emitted by gases in the atmosphere keeps Earth warm. 4. What is the anthropogenic greenhouse effect? Anthropogenic climate change refers to climate change caused by human activities that increase the greenhouse effect. These activities typically either cause increased emissions of greenhouse gases, or interfere with natural processes that remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. 5. a) Define the term albedo. Albedo is the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight. It can be measured as the proportion of incoming light reflected. b) Identify 3 surfaces that have a: Inc i. high albedo: snow, ice, clouds S  ii. low albedo: oceans, asphalt, forest 6. How does the increased greenhouse effect impact the following: a) Sea levels: more heat trapped in the atmosphere causes polar ice to melt, making sea levels rise b) Global temperatures: more heat trapped by greenhouse gases lead to rising global temperatures c) Extreme weather events: rising global temperatures lead to more extreme weather events, particularly heat waves, storms, and droughts d) Wildfires: rising global temperatures and more heat waves and droughts cause forest drying which increases the risk and intensity of forest fires 7. With respect to tree rings, what can you infer about the growth and growing season from a: a) wide tree ring: more precipitation, more sunny days, mild frosts b) narrow tree ring: drought, volcanic eruptions, severe frosts 8. a) What is a negative feedback loop with respect to climate change? Give an example to explain. Use a diagram in your answer. Negative climate feedback loops refer to processes that impact climate change, but have results that decrease or stop the original process, having a moderating effect. Example: carbon dioxide dissolving in oceans atmospheric CO2 dissolves into oceans as carbonic acid → ocean pH drops as carbonic acid concentrations increase X ↓ ↑ less CO2 dissolves into oceans ← CO2 is less soluble in oceans with higher carbonic acid concentrations b) What is a positive feedback loop with respect to climate change? Give an example to explain. Use a diagram in your explanation. Positive climate feedback loops refer to processes that result in increased global temperatures, which in turn result in an increase in the original process, having an amplifying effect. This is the case for several processes that increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and lower Earth’s surface albedo. Example: carbon emissions from forest fires forest fires release CO2 into the atmosphere through combustion → atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase ↑ ↓ increased drought, heat waves, and forest drying ← increased global temperatures ← increased greenhouse effect 9. Identify 4 human activities that are contributing to climate change. Be specific and explain how they are causing climate change. Burning fossil fuels for electricity and heat, manufacturing goods (e.g. plastics), transportation, and agriculture all rely on the burning of fossil fuels, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect. Deforestation, agriculture, land clearing, and pollution from resource extraction and manufacturing also disrupt sustainable natural ecosystems like forests and wetlands that sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide, preventing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. 10. List and explain 4 ways that humans can adapt to climate change and/or mitigate its effects. Ideas may include: Upholding traditional Indigenous land stewardship practices Transitioning to renewable energy sources, transportation Reducing consumption and production of carbon-intensive goods Preserving carbon-sequestering ecosystems in urban planning, agriculture, forestry, and resource extraction industries Planting drought-resistant crops Increasing use of urban land for agriculture 11. The diagram to the right of the carbon cycle shows some of the processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere and some that release carbon dioxide. Identify the following on the diagram and explain their significance in the context of climate change: a) Removes carbon from the atmosphere Photosynthesis, formation of fossil fuels b) Returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Cellular respiration, burning of fossil fuels c) Acts as a carbon sink Fossil fuels, forests d) Contributes to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect Burning of fossil fuels SNC2D OPTICS EXAM REVIEW 1. For each of the following mirrors, locate the image using a ray diagram. Describe the location, attitude (orientation), type, and size of the image relative to the object. (LOST, SALT or STOP) Any two of the rays drawn are sufficient to determine the location of the image a. Size: Larger Attitude: Inverted Location: In front of the mirror, behind C Type: Real b. Size: Larger Attitude: Upright Location: Behind the mirror Type: Virtual c. Size: Same Attitude: Inverted Location: At C Type: Real d. Size: Smaller Attitude: Upright Location: Behind the mirror Type: Virtual 2. For each of the following lenses, locate the image using a ray diagram. Describe the location, attitude (orientation), type, and size of the image relative to the object. (LOST, SALT or STOP) Any two of the rays drawn are sufficient to determine the location of the image Size: Smaller  a. Attitude: Upright Location: Between F and the lens Type: Virtual b. Size: smaller Attitude: Inverted Location: Beyond F Type: Real c. Size: Larger Attitude: Upright Location: In front of lens, behind F’ Type: Virtual d. Size: Same (approximately) Attitude: Inverted Location: At/near 2F Type: Real 3. Draw the image of the arrow in the plane mirror. 4. Explain what happens when light interacts with each of the following types of objects - use the words transmit, absorb and reflect. Give an example of each type of object. transparent Transparent objects allow light to transmit through them, reflecting and absorbing very little and refracting uniformly. Light transmits through transparent glass windows. translucent Translucent objects allow light to transmit through them, but do not refract the light uniformly leading to some scattering. They absorb more light than transparent objects. Frosted glass allows light to transmit through, but clear images cannot be seen through it. opaque A Opaque objects do not allow light to transmit through them. They either reflect or absorb most light A that hits them. ’ Mirrors and black asphalt are both opaque, but one reflects light while the other absorbs it. 5. a) List the following waves from longest to shortest wavelength: microwaves, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, radio waves, gamma rays, visible light. Longest - radio waves, microwaves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, gamma rays - Shortest b) Give an application/use for any two of the types of electromagnetic waves above. Examples: radio communications, microwave ovens, light microscopes, fluorescent lighting, x-ray imaging 6. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? As the wavelength of a wave of electromagnetic radiation increases, its frequency decreases. 7. Describe one use for each of the three types of mirrors learned about in this unit (plane, convex and concave). Plane mirrors: most household mirrors for seeing images the same size as objects on your person or around corners Convex mirrors: passenger side-view and safety/corner mirrors for seeing a wider field of view with a diminished (smaller) image Concave mirrors: magnifying mirrors for applying makeup, dentist’s tools for seeing images larger than the original object 8. Give one application of each of the two types of lenses - converging (convex) and diverging (concave). Converging lenses: magnifying glasses Diverging lenses: door peepholes 9. What is total internal reflection? Explain how/when this may occur.  Total internal reflection occurs when light moves from a more optically dense material towards a less optically dense one and is completely reflected back into the first medium. This happens at angles of incidence greater than the critical angle where light would have an angle of refraction of greater than 90° and instead does not refract at all. 10. Calculate what the speed of light is in ruby (refer to the “Exam Data Sheet” for n and c values). Show your work. 11. The diagram to the right shows light passing from one medium into another. Refer to the diagram to help you answer the questions below: a. Describe how light travels in each medium - compare them based on the speed of light. Light travels slower in Medium 2 than in Medium 1 as light refracts towards the normal when moving from Medium 1 to 2. b. Which medium is more optically dense? Explain how you know. Medium 2 is more optically dense than in Medium 1 as light refracts towards the normal when moving from Medium 1 to 2. c. Use Snell’s law to calculate the index of refraction in medium #1 if medium #2 is light flint glass (refer to the chart on the “Exam Data Sheet) 12. You are admiring your new bling, which has a cubic zirconia stone (zircon). If the angle of incidence from the air into the zircon is 10º, what is the angle of refraction in the zircon? Give a full solution. Diagram: 13. If light passes from air at a 48° angle, to glass refracting at 28°, is the glass crown glass or light flint glass (which would have a higher index of refraction, refer to chart on the “Exam Data Sheet”)? Diagram: light flint glass