Biology: Ionic & Molecular Compounds and Cell Cycle

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

  • Transporting blood
  • Delivering oxygen to cells
  • Removing waste products from cells
  • Producing hormones (correct)

What is the primary role of the xylem in plants?

  • Storing nutrients and supporting the plant
  • Transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant (correct)
  • Transporting sugars and hormones throughout the plant
  • Protecting the plant from external damage

Which organ in the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food with acids and enzymes?

  • Liver
  • Stomach (correct)
  • Intestines
  • Mouth

What is the correct chemical equation for cellular respiration?

<p>C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system?

<p>Controlling voluntary and involuntary movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the flow of blood in the circulatory system?

<p>Heart → Arteries → Capillaries → Veins → Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

<p>Muscle tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periderm tissue in plants?

<p>Protecting the plant from external damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to ionic compounds compared to molecular compounds?

<p>Good electrical conductivity (A), Malleable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

<p>Breaks down food into nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Final preparations for cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses?

<p>Nervous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organ systems is primarily involved in the movement of fluids throughout the body?

<p>Circulatory System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to both ionic and molecular compounds?

<p>Exist as solid, liquid, or gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the body?

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ in the context of multicellular organisms?

<p>A structure made up of different tissues working together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stem/shoot system in plants?

<p>Moving nutrients throughout the plant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding vascular tissue in plants and human blood vessels?

<p>Both transport essential substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ in the digestive system is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients?

<p>Small Intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of light is produced as a result of a chemical reaction?

<p>Chemi-luminescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes incandescence?

<p>Light produced by heating an object until it glows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major benefit of LED lighting compared to incandescent bulbs?

<p>LEDs generate light more efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

<p>Contracts to help move air for breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brain

The main part of the nervous system, responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions.

Spinal Cord

A long, thin bundle of nerve fibers that carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Neurons

Specialized cells that transmit information throughout the nervous system.

Glial Cells

Cells that support and protect neurons, providing insulation and nutrients.

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Gas Exchange

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air in the lungs.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Vascular Tissue

A type of plant tissue responsible for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant.

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Dermal Tissue

A type of plant tissue that protects the plant from the environment.

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Root System Function

The root system anchors the plant in the ground, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil, and stores excess nutrients.

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Stem System Function

The stem supports leaves and flowers, helps move nutrients throughout the plant, and allows for photosynthesis.

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Dermal Tissue Function

Dermal tissue in plants protects the organism, similar to how human skin protects our bodies.

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Vascular Tissue Function

Vascular tissue in plants transports substances, just like blood vessels in humans carry blood.

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Lungs Function

The lungs are responsible for inhaling air, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, and allowing us to breathe.

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Trachea Function

The trachea is the main airway, acting as the passageway for air from the nose or mouth to the lungs.

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Bronchi Function

The bronchi are passageways that direct air into the lungs.

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Alveoli Function

The alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and the bloodstream.

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Ionic Bond

A type of chemical bond formed between a metal and a nonmetal atom, resulting in the transfer of electrons and the formation of ions.

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Crystalline Solid

A solid material composed of repeating units of atoms or molecules arranged in a highly ordered, three-dimensional structure.

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Electrical Conductivity of ionic compounds

The ability of a substance to conduct electricity due to the free movement of charged particles (ions) within its structure.

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Malleability of ionic compounds

A substance's ability to be shaped or hammered into different forms without breaking.

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Lustrous of ionic compounds

The property of a substance that makes it shiny or reflective.

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Melting Point of ionic compounds

The temperature at which a solid substance melts and transforms into a liquid.

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Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two nonmetal atoms.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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Study Notes

Ionic Compounds

  • Composed of metal and nonmetal
  • Crystalline solid
  • Good electrical conductivity when molten or dissolved
  • Malleable
  • Lustrous
  • High melting point

Molecular Compounds

  • Composed of nonmetal and nonmetal
  • Can be solid, liquid, or gas
  • Can be solid and wax-like
  • Soft and flexible
  • Poor electrical conductivity

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  • A series of events that leads to cell division
  • Interphase, includes G1, S, and G2 phase
    • G1: Rapid growth and increases the volume of proteins and organelles
    • S: DNA is duplicated and is an identical copy
    • G2: Cell grows more and does final preparations for cell division
  • Mitosis, includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
    • Prophase: Chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers begin to form.
    • Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase: Spindle fibers breakdown, nucleari membrane forms, and chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin.
      • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides.

Organization of Multicellular Organisms

  • Cell: Basic unit of life
  • Tissue: Similar cells that perform a specific function
  • Organ: Different tissues working together for a specific function
  • Organ system: Combination of organs working together for complex functions
  • Organism: Living being relying on coordinated organ systems

Basic Cell Types

  • Nerve cells (Neurons): Transmit electrical signals
  • Muscle cells: Contracts and relaxes to produce movement
  • Red blood cells: Carry oxygen
  • White blood cells: Part of the immune system

Basic Tissue Types in Humans

  • Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities
  • Connective tissue: Supports and binds other tissues
  • Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses
  • Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement

Organ Systems

  • Digestive system: Breaks down food into nutrients.
  • Circulatory system: Transports blood, nutrients, gas and wastes.
  • Respiratory system: Facilitates gas exchange.
  • Musculoskeletal system: Supports the body and enables movement.
  • Nervous system: Controls and coordinates bodily activities

Circulatory System Details

  • Blood: Red blood cells (carry oxygen); white blood cells (fight infection); platelets (blood clotting); plasma
  • Heart: Pumps blood
  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart
  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries: Surround body cells for nutrient and oxygen delivery and remove wastes

Respiratory System Details

  • Lungs: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Trachea/bronchi: Passageways to lungs
  • Inhalation/exhalation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs
  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs facilitating gas exchange

Cellular Respiration

  • Chemical equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.

Plant Systems

  • Importance of plants: Provide oxygen, food and habitat.
  • Specialized cells and tissues:
    • Dermal tissue: Protection
    • Vascular tissue: Transports water and nutrients
    • Ground tissue: Supports the plant and stores nutrients.
  • Roots: Absorb water and nutrients, anchor plants
  • Stems/Shoots: Provide support, transport nutrients and conduct photosynthesis

Similarities Between Plant and Human Tissues

  • Dermal tissue and human skin: Provide protection
  • Vascular tissue and human blood vessels: Transport essential substances

Optical Phenomena

  • Apparent depth in water
  • Fiber optic transmission
  • Rainbows

Nature of Light

  • Light has wave and particle properties
  • Wavelength and frequency

Electromagnetic Spectrum

  • Different types of electromagnetic waves arranged by wavelengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays)

Diagnostic Uses of EM waves in Medicine

  • X-rays: Image bones
  • Other electromagnetic waves: Other types of medical diagnoses

Types of Light

  • Luminous: Gives off light.
  • Non-luminous: Doesn't give off light.
  • Incandescence light: Light resulting from heating causing glow..
  • Electrical discharge lighting: Light made from the energizing of a gas with high voltage.

Fluorescence

  • Ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing ultraviolet light
  • Phosphorescence: Longer emission of light after absorbing radiation
  • Chemiluminescence: Light emitted as a result of a chemical reaction
  • Bioluminescence: Light emitted by a living organism
  • Triboluminescence: Light produced by mechanical stress or fracture

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