Biology: Ionic & Molecular Compounds and Cell Cycle

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

Transporting blood

Delivering oxygen to cells

Removing waste products from cells

Producing hormones (correct)

What is the primary role of the xylem in plants?

Storing nutrients and supporting the plant

Transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant (correct)

Transporting sugars and hormones throughout the plant

Protecting the plant from external damage

Which organ in the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food with acids and enzymes?

Liver

Stomach (correct)

Intestines

Mouth

What is the correct chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system?

Controlling voluntary and involuntary movements (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the flow of blood in the circulatory system?

Heart → Arteries → Capillaries → Veins → Heart (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?

Muscle tissue (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periderm tissue in plants?

Protecting the plant from external damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to ionic compounds compared to molecular compounds?

Good electrical conductivity (A), Malleable (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Breaks down food into nutrients (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Final preparations for cell division (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses?

Nervous tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organ systems is primarily involved in the movement of fluids throughout the body?

Circulatory System (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to both ionic and molecular compounds?

Exist as solid, liquid, or gas (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the body?

Red blood cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ in the context of multicellular organisms?

A structure made up of different tissues working together (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stem/shoot system in plants?

Moving nutrients throughout the plant (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding vascular tissue in plants and human blood vessels?

Both transport essential substances (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

Alveoli (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ in the digestive system is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients?

Small Intestine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of light is produced as a result of a chemical reaction?

Chemi-luminescence (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes incandescence?

Light produced by heating an object until it glows (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major benefit of LED lighting compared to incandescent bulbs?

LEDs generate light more efficiently (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

Contracts to help move air for breathing (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ionic Compounds

Composed of metal and nonmetal
Crystalline solid
Good electrical conductivity when molten or dissolved
Malleable
Lustrous
High melting point

Molecular Compounds

Composed of nonmetal and nonmetal
Can be solid, liquid, or gas
Can be solid and wax-like
Soft and flexible
Poor electrical conductivity

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

A series of events that leads to cell division
Interphase, includes G1, S, and G2 phase
- G1: Rapid growth and increases the volume of proteins and organelles
- S: DNA is duplicated and is an identical copy
- G2: Cell grows more and does final preparations for cell division
Mitosis, includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
- Prophase: Chromosomes are visible, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers begin to form.
- Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Spindle fibers breakdown, nucleari membrane forms, and chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin.
  - Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides.

Organization of Multicellular Organisms

Cell: Basic unit of life
Tissue: Similar cells that perform a specific function
Organ: Different tissues working together for a specific function
Organ system: Combination of organs working together for complex functions
Organism: Living being relying on coordinated organ systems

Basic Cell Types

Nerve cells (Neurons): Transmit electrical signals
Muscle cells: Contracts and relaxes to produce movement
Red blood cells: Carry oxygen
White blood cells: Part of the immune system

Basic Tissue Types in Humans

Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities
Connective tissue: Supports and binds other tissues
Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses
Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement

Organ Systems

Digestive system: Breaks down food into nutrients.
Circulatory system: Transports blood, nutrients, gas and wastes.
Respiratory system: Facilitates gas exchange.
Musculoskeletal system: Supports the body and enables movement.
Nervous system: Controls and coordinates bodily activities

Circulatory System Details

Blood: Red blood cells (carry oxygen); white blood cells (fight infection); platelets (blood clotting); plasma
Heart: Pumps blood
Veins: Carry blood to the heart
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: Surround body cells for nutrient and oxygen delivery and remove wastes

Respiratory System Details

Lungs: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Trachea/bronchi: Passageways to lungs
Inhalation/exhalation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs facilitating gas exchange

Cellular Respiration

Chemical equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.

Plant Systems

Importance of plants: Provide oxygen, food and habitat.
Specialized cells and tissues:
- Dermal tissue: Protection
- Vascular tissue: Transports water and nutrients
- Ground tissue: Supports the plant and stores nutrients.
Roots: Absorb water and nutrients, anchor plants
Stems/Shoots: Provide support, transport nutrients and conduct photosynthesis

Similarities Between Plant and Human Tissues

Dermal tissue and human skin: Provide protection
Vascular tissue and human blood vessels: Transport essential substances

Optical Phenomena

Apparent depth in water
Fiber optic transmission
Rainbows

Nature of Light

Light has wave and particle properties
Wavelength and frequency

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Different types of electromagnetic waves arranged by wavelengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays)

Diagnostic Uses of EM waves in Medicine

X-rays: Image bones
Other electromagnetic waves: Other types of medical diagnoses

Types of Light

Luminous: Gives off light.
Non-luminous: Doesn't give off light.
Incandescence light: Light resulting from heating causing glow..
Electrical discharge lighting: Light made from the energizing of a gas with high voltage.

Fluorescence

Ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing ultraviolet light
Phosphorescence: Longer emission of light after absorbing radiation
Chemiluminescence: Light emitted as a result of a chemical reaction
Bioluminescence: Light emitted by a living organism
Triboluminescence: Light produced by mechanical stress or fracture

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of ionic and molecular compounds, including their properties and differences. Additionally, delve into the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and learn about the processes that lead to cell division. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in biology.