Science Exam Study Sheet PDF

Unit 1 - Chemistry ​ Atomic structure- the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. ​ Bohr rutherford diagram- ​ Atomic number=number of protons ​ Number of proton...

Unit 1 - Chemistry ​ Atomic structure- the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. ​ Bohr rutherford diagram- ​ Atomic number=number of protons ​ Number of protons=number of electrons ​ Number of neutrons=atomic mass-atomic number ​ Lewis dot diagram- find the number of valence electrons. The number of valence electrons=group number. Chlorine is group number 17, drop the 1, so 7 dots around Cl. ​ Ionic compounds: ions are transferred between metals and non metals. ​ Molecular compounds: when electrons are shared between 2 or more nonmetals. ​ Law of Conservation of Mass: mass cannot be created or destroyed. ​ Corrosion: the gradual breaking down of material due to a chemical reaction in the environment. ​ Acid Precipitation: a chemical reaction when sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. [burning fossil fuels and cars] ​ Naming and writing chemical formulas (ionic, polyatomic, multivalent, molecular.) ​ Balancing chemical equations ​ Identifying types of chemical equations - synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, combustion, neutralization ​ Valence electrons = group number ​ Electrons gained or loss=how many to add or remove to get a full outer shell, look at the charge of the ion, if it’s positive electrons are lost, if it’s negative electrons are gained ​ Ion bohr rutherford diagram - make the uttermost shell full then in brackets put how many ions you added or removed (if removed put +1 on brackets, if added put -1 in brackets) ​ A+B—>AB - Synthesis ​ AB—>A+B - Decomposition ​ A+BC—>C+BA - Single Displacement ​ AB+CD—>AD+CB - Double Displacement ​ Complete combustion - has a lot of oxygen and only makes carbon dioxide and water ​ Incomplete combustion - lacks oxygen and makes carbon monoxide and soot. Carbon Monoxide is bad for the environment.  Unit 2 - Optics ​ Electromagnetic radiation - a type of energy that travels in waves and has both electric and magnetic fields ​ Electromagnetic spectrum - radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays. ​ Luminous objects emit their own light (sun, stars, light bulbs, fireflies) ​ Non-luminous objects reflect light from other sources (the moon, planets, mirrors, diamonds.) ​ Images in plane mirrors - SALT, ray diagram (using equal perpendicular lines) ​ Index of refraction n=refractive index, c=speed of light in a vacuum (3x10^8 m/s), v=velocity. n=c/v and v=c/n ​ Image in converging mirror (concave) [straight then down through Focal point, through C, through F then parallel to the principal axis] ​ Image in Diverging Lens [straight across then invisible dotted line from F, goes down to F’ then parallel] ​ Image in Converging Lens [straight across then down through F, down to F’ the parallel underneath the principal access, up through O (optic center) then straight from there. ​ Laws of reflection: same of other side but reflected (flipped) ​ Refraction of light: line straight through the middle and slightly shifted downward. ​ Refraction phenomena (mirage, when light bends as it passes through different layers of air with different temperatures.) ​ What medium is more optically dense? - the one with the larger refractive index  Unit 3 - Biology ​ The cell theory - cells are the basic unit of all life, all living things are made up of cells, all cells come from other cells. ​ Prokaryotic cells - small and simple ​ Eukaryotic cells - large and complex ​ 3 stages of the cell cycle - Interphase -, Mitosis, Cytokinesis ​ 4 phases of mitosis - PMAT: prophase the DNA in the chromosomes become more visible, metaphase - chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, anaphase - sister chromatids separate, telophase - cytoplasm divides ​ Stem cells - embryonic [beginning] and adult stem [older] cells ​ Specialized cells - cells that have a specific function, red blood cells, white blood cells, skin cells ​ Types of tumors - Benign Tumors [non-cancerous, harmless], Malignant Tumors [cancerous, can grow uncontrollably if untreated, blood and lymph systems], Precancerous Tumors [they can become cancerous, cells that divide rapidly] ​ 4 types of tissue - Epithelial [skin, covers the body], Connective [binds other tissue together, blood, bone, lymph], Muscle [moves the skeleton], Nervous [carry messages to different parts of the body] ​ Arteries - carry blood away from the heart ​ Veins - carry blood to the heart ​ Circulatory system - look at sheet we did in class ​ Respiratory system - look at sheet we did in class ​ Interaction of systems - Digesting food requires teamwork between the digestive system and several other organ systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, and muscular systems. When you eat a meal, the organs of the digestive system need more blood to perform their digestive functions  Unit 4 - Climate Change ​ Weather - the temperature of a specific place, temp can change season to season, weather includes temperature, precipitation, clouds, and wind. ​ Climate - an average of the weather conditions over a specific amount of time, climate is what we get, weather is what we expect. ​ Evidence of climate change - rising temperatures, declining sea ice, tropical storm risk is higher due to warming weather. ​ Greenhouse Gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour. Methane absorbs the most heat. ​ Natural Greenhouse Effect - keeping the Earth warm enough to support life ​ Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect - human activities increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the increase GHGs, leads to global warming. ​ What can you do to reduce your carbon footprint? Walk and take public transportation, turn off lights when your not using them, eat more vegetables and less meat (especially beef)