Lecture 3 - Theories and Behaviour Change Interventions PDF

Lecture 3 Saturday, January 25, 2025 7:41 PM 3.1 - Theories and Behaviour Change Interventions: Personal Responsibility? - Beyond individual behaviours, we need initiatives aimed at promoting good health and preventing illness: health promotion and primary prevent...

Lecture 3 Saturday, January 25, 2025 7:41 PM 3.1 - Theories and Behaviour Change Interventions: Personal Responsibility? - Beyond individual behaviours, we need initiatives aimed at promoting good health and preventing illness: health promotion and primary prevention Popular Theoretical Frameworks: - Attribution theory - Theory of planned behaviour - Self-efficacy theory - Self-perception models - Achievement goals theory - Goal setting theories - Health belief model - Transtheoretical model - Health action process approach The Health Belief Model: - Health behaviour model: belief that a health threat exists and the belief that action will lessen that threat. - Health threat: personal vulnerability and severity of consequences - The HBM suggests that people are more likely to change their health behaviors if they believe they are at risk of getting sick, and if they believe that taking action will help. - Healthcare professionals and public health experts use the HBM to create programs that help people change their health behaviors. Theory of Planned Behaviour: - The theory of planned behaviour assumes that individuals act rationally, according to the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. ○ These factors are not necessarily actively or consciously considered during decision making, but form the backdrop for the decision-making process. - Core components: ○ Attitude towards the behavior: An individual's positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior. ○ Subjective norm: The perceived social pressure to perform the behavior, based on what they believe important others expect of them. ○ Perceived behavioral control: The belief in one's ability to perform the behavior, considering internal and external factors that may facilitate or hinder it. eir n-  considering internal and external factors that may facilitate or hinder it. Social Cognitive Theory: - Social cognitive theory (SCT) is a psychological theory that explains how people learn and behave by observing others and their environment. - “Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources of acti required to manage prospective situations.” - Bandura - What it explains: ○ How people learn: People learn by observing others, especially in social situations. ○ How people behave: People's behavior is influenced by their personal factors, environment, and the actions of others. ○ How motivation works: Motivation is internal and is made up of processes like self- efficacy, goals, and values. - What it's used for: ○ Health behavior: SCT can help people change their health behaviors by using observational learning and self-efficacy. For example, it can help people learn to we masks or get vaccinated. ○ Media influence: SCT can help explain how media influences people's beliefs and actions. ○ Global issues: SCT can help address global issues like climate change, population growth, poverty reduction, and gender equality. Implementation Intentions: - Intentions are more likely to be acted upon if a person has IIs – an ‘if/then’ plan – in place - Desired behaviour – going to the gym – is now part of a specific plan: becomes efficient, immediate, and automatic d ion - ear e.  immediate, and automatic Intention vs. Behaviour: - Intentions are central to health - Health models are better at predicting behaviour than explaining it - Webb and Sheeran (2006): ○ Relationship between intention and behavior is unstable – ranges from about.3 to ○ Whether we are likely to follow-through with intentions depends on a range of factors… Dual Models: - Reflective mode: slow and is based on rules - is accessed intentionally and draws upon knowledge of values and probabilities, along with self-regulation. - Impulsive mode: associations are acquired over many experiences. Connecting Them: - Reflective Threads: ○ Interventions should be designed to promote positive social cognitions ○ Attitudes about costs and benefits are weighed, as is efficacy to respond positively. ○ We likely need to adapt or adjust interventions to match individuals’ stages of behavior change - Impulsive Threads: ○ Intentions often do not lead to behavior. Even with the best of intentions our executive functioning as well as our conditioned responses hold a lot of sway (e.g., habits) ○ Need to find strategies to account for this, such as: § Highlight short-term benefits of health behaviors § Improve executive function, or at least make it so that we don’t need to use i COM-B Framework:.6 How can we ensure. intentions generate action? How can we prompt health behaviour? it!  § Improve executive function, or at least make it so that we don’t need to use i COM-B Framework: - The COM-B model is a behavior change framework that proposes three necessary components for any behavior (B) to occur. ○ Through assessing capability (C), opportunity (O), and motivation (M), leaders, policymakers, and behavioral scientists can understand why a specific behavior occ and how to create targeted interventions that lead to effective change. - Capability refers to an individual’s psychological and physical ability to participate in an activity. - Opportunity refers to external factors that make a behavior possible. - Motivation refers to the conscious and unconscious cognitive processes that direct and inspire change. Motivational Interviewing: - A style of talking with people about health risks that enhances individual’s motivation - Ambivalence is key (uncertainty/hesitation) 1. Establish rapport & elicit change talk (OARS) - Open questions - Affirmations - Reflections - summarize 2. Develop discrepancy to facilitate change talk 3. Offer advice - Change Talk: § Goal - person expresses reason for change ○ Desire - 'I really want to lose weight' it! curs  - summarize 2. Develop discrepancy to facilitate change talk 3. Offer advice - Change Talk: § Goal - person expresses reason for change ○ Desire - 'I really want to lose weight' ○ Ability - 'I have done it before' ○ Reason - 'My kids really want me to' ○ Need - 'I cant live like this' ○ Commitment - 'I can get this under control' 3.2 - Applications Within Health Promotion and Other Relevant Professions: Careers Promoting Health Behaviour via Interventions: - Clinical health psychologist - Behavioural counsellor/therapist ○ Implementing interventions and supporting individuals ○ Training health care professionals - Applied health psychologists ○ Research, conducted with key public agencies ○ Research conducted in industry related to health promotion - Public health (varying roles) ○ Behavioural insights team (UK) - Occupational health psychology Example - Occupational Health Psychology: - Work redesign, training, ergonomic programs, health programs. - What works? ○ Health education ○ Supportive social and physical environments ○ Integration of the worksite program into the organization's benefits, human resources infrastructure, and environmental health and safety initiatives. ○ Links between health promotion and related programs like employee assistance. ○ Screenings followed by counseling and education.