EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE_Gilkey PDF

Infants (1 month - 1 year) Physiological Psychosocial → posterior fontanel closes by 2 → gross motor skills: head lag, lifts head → Erickson: trust v. mistrust months wh...

Infants (1 month - 1 year) Physiological Psychosocial → posterior fontanel closes by 2 → gross motor skills: head lag, lifts head → Erickson: trust v. mistrust months when prone, raises head and shoulders → Kohlberg: none → anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 when prone, rolls back to side, rolls front months to back, rolls back to front, bears full → head molding present, fontanels are weight on feet, sits leaning forward Cognitive palpable supported on hands, sits unassisted, pulls → learn to respond to visual stimuli → reflexes include startling, suckling, to standing, moves from prone to sitting, rooting, grasping, yawning, coughing, cruises or walks with support, sits forms → use cry as a form of communication plantar + palmar grasp, & Babinski standing without assistance, walks with → cry patterns can change to reflect → body position is generally flexed at one held hand different needs rest → first teeth by 6-10 months → progress from reflexive, to simple → movement should involve all 4 repetitive, to imitative activities extremities equally but can be sporadic → nocturnal sleep pattern is established → learn to separate themselves from by 3-4 months other objects in the environment → sleep 14-15 hours a day & 9-11 hours → object permanence where it is learned at night by 4 months that an object still exists when out of → sleep through the night with 1-2 naps view during the day but 12 months → the ability to recognize and use symbols = mental representation  Toddlers (1-3 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → anterior fontanel closes by 18 months → object permanence is fully developed → Erickson: autonomy v. shame/doubt → gross motor skills: walks without help, → remember events that relate to them * develop independence as they try creeps up stairs, assumes standing → can’t understand other viewpoints to do everything for themselves position, jumps in place with both feet, walks up and down stairs, jumps with → symbolize objects and people * separation anxiety continues and both feet, stands on one foot → imitate activities they see could manifest in regression like bed momentarily → by 24 months understand ~ 300 wetting → contribute to self care activities like words and can speak 2-3 word * engages in parallel play but by 3 dressing, feeding, + toilet training phrases will begin to play and communicate with → ability to comprehend speech others outweighs the # of words and phrases → Kohlberg: beginning of punishment spoken and obedience * rules obeyed to avoid punishment  Preschoolers (3-6 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → development occurs at a more → make judgements based on visual → Erickson: initiative v. guilt gradual rate appearances * want to accomplish tasks but when → evolve from a unsteady wide stance → common misconceptions unable to do so feel guilty and think + protruding abdomen to a more graceful, posturally erect, and sturdy * artificialism: everything is made by they misbehaved stance humans → Kohlberg: → males appear larger with more muscle * animism: inanimate objects are 1. punishment and obedience mass alive * rules obeyed to avoid punishment → 3 yo skills: string beads, puts on * imminent justice: universal code 2. Instrumental relativism cloths independently, uses a fork, rides a tricycle, stands on I foot for a few exists that determines law + order * rules obeyed for personal gain seconds, jumps off a bottom step → can classify + begin to question →4 yo skills: catches a large hall, information as well as be aware of serves themselves food or pours liquids cause-and-effect with supervision, holds a writing utensil → understand concepts of past, present, between fingers and thumb →5 yo skill: button some buttons, hops/ and future skips on one foot, throws a ball → known ~ 2100 words, desires and overhead, laces shoes frustrations articulated, desire to know through questioning  School Age Children (6-12 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → coordination continues to improve → see weight and volume as → Erickson: industry v. inferiority and movement becomes more refined unchanging * sense of industry through advances in → females can exceed height & weight → understand simple analogies and learning of males * tasks that increase self worth are → permanent teeth erupt relationships between things and ideas → understand time like days and motivating → visual acuity improves to 20/20 → auditory acuity + sense of touch fully seasons * stress in increased develop → classify more complex information * fears of ridicule by peers and teachers → female puberty begins and includes: → understand various emotions → Kohlberg: budding of breasts, appearance of pubic Up to 10 years old hair, and menarche → become self motivated → solve problems and understand cause 1. punishment and obedience → male puberty begins und includes: enlargement of testicles with changes in and effect * rules obeyed to avoid punishment the scrotum and appearance of pubic → define many words and understand 2. Instrumental relativism hair rules of grammar, words have multiple * rules obeyed for personal gain meanings is understood, increased 10-12 years old ability to connect words into phrases, 1. good boy - nice girl reason about a word's meaning rather * rules obeyed for acceptance and than literal translation, understands approval jokes and riddles 2. Law and order * rules obeyed to maintain social order  Adolescents (12-20 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → gain the final 20% - 25% of height → able to think through more than 2 → Erickson: identity v. role confusion → acne categories of variables concurrently * try different roles and experiences → female: stop growing 2-2.5 years → capable of evaluating quality of their to develop a sense of personal identity after menarche, grow 2-8 inches and and come to view themselves as unique gain 7-25 kg own thinking → maintain attention for longer periods individuals * mature sexually in the following order: appearance of breast buds, → highly imaginative & idealistic * become a part of a peer group that growth of pubic hair, axillary hair → more capable of using formal logic to greatly influences behavior growth, onset of menstruation make decisions → Kohlberg: → male: stop growing at around 18-20 1. Social contract years , grow 4-12 inches and gain 7- → think beyond current circumstances → understand how actions of an * rules challenged if they impinge on 30 kg * mature sexually in the following individual affect others the rights of others order: increase in the size of the testes → can think in abstract possibilities and 2. Universal ethical and scrotum, appearance of pubic hair, hypothetical situations * individuals formulate and apply penile enlargement, growth of axillary their own rules based on ethical hair, facial hair growth, change in voice → communicate in one way with peers and another with adults principles  Young Adults (20-35 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → growth concluded around age 20 → optimal time for both formal and → Erickson: intimacy v. isolation → physical senses peak informal education * take on more adult commitments → cardiac output and efficiency peak → critical thinking skills improve and responsibilities → muscles function optimally at ages * occupational choices relate to high 25 - 30 → memory peaks in 20's → ability for creative thought increases goals/dreams and exploration/ → time for childbearing is optimal → pregnancy related changes occur → values/norms of friends are relevant experimentation → decision making skills are flexible → Kohlberg: with increased openness to change 1. Social contract * rules challenged if they impinge on the rights of others 2. Universal ethical * individuals formulate and apply their own rules based on ethical principles  Middle Adults (35-65 years) Physiological Cognitive Psychosocial → decreases in the following: skin → reaction time and speed of → Erickson: generativity v. stagnation turgor and moisture, subcutaneous fat, performance slow slightly * use life as an opportunity for melanin in hair (graying), hair, visual → memory is intact creativity and productivity acuity especially near vision, auditory * have concern for others acuity especially high-pitched sounds, → crystallized intelligence remains (stored intelligence) * consider parenting an important task sense of taste, skeletal muscle mass, height, calcium/bone density,blood → fluid intelligence (how to learn and * contribute to the well-being of the vessel elasticity, respiratory vital process new information) declines next generation capacity, large intestine muscle tone, slightly * strive to do well in one’s own gastric secretions, glomerular filtration environment rate, estrogen/testosterone, glucose * adjust to changes in physical tolerance appearance and abilities → Kohlberg: 1. Social contract * rules challenged if they impinge on the rights of others 2. Universal ethical * individuals formulate and apply their own rules based on ethical principles  Older Adults (65 years and older) Physiological Cognitive → decreases in the following: skin → thickening of fingernails and toenails → some decline in speed of the turgor, subcutaneous fat, connective → increased blood pressure cognitive function v. Cognitive ability tissue, thinning und graying hair as well as sparse distribution, chest wall → increased dental problems → slowed neurotransmission, vascular movement, vital capacity, and cilia, → atrophy of breast tissue in females circulation impairment, disease states, cardiac output, peripheral circulation, → prostate hypertrophy in males poor nutrition, and structural brain reaction time, touch, smell, and taste → increased production of changes can result in the following sensations, visual acuity, ability for eyes autoantibodies with increased cognitive disorders: to adjust from light to dark, ability to hear high pitched sounds, spatial autoimmune response 1. Delirium: acute, temporary, and can awareness, production of saliva, have a physiological source like digestive enzymes, intestinal motility, infection height, muscle strength and tone, 2. Dementia: chronic, progressive, and decalcification of bones, degeneration possibly has an unknown cause of joints, bladder capacity, estrogen or testosterone induction, triiodothyronine, (Alzheimer’s or vascular dementia) sensitivity of tissue cells to insulin, 3. Depression: chronic, acute, or production of antibodies by B cells, core gradual onset; is often due to a loss body temperature, T - cell function, of a loved one, feelings of isolation, stress response, response to or chronic disease immunizations  Older Adults Continued (65 years and older) Psychosocial → Erickson: integrity v. despair * adjust to lifestyle changes related to retirement * adapt to changes in family structure * adapt to changes in living environment * deal with multiple loses * face death → Kohlberg: 1. Social contract * rules challenged if they impinge on the rights of others 2. Universal ethical * individuals formulate and apply their own rules based on ethical principles