Exam 4 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Exam 4 Study Guide [Study Tips:] When studying, focus on lecture notes; read textbook to get more examples/further understanding of topics. It might also be helpful to study with other individuals in the class; your classmates can be a valuable resource for completing the study guide. Organizing yo...

Exam 4 Study Guide [Study Tips:] When studying, focus on lecture notes; read textbook to get more examples/further understanding of topics. It might also be helpful to study with other individuals in the class; your classmates can be a valuable resource for completing the study guide. Organizing yourself into groups to prepare for the exam is encouraged. [Exam Day:] Don't forget to bring a \#2 pencil. - What is the difference between gray matter volume and gray matter density? - When is the volume of gray matter the highest (early childhood, late childhood, early adolescence, or late adolescence)? - What is the difference between white matter and gray matter in the brain? - What happens in the frontal cortex just before puberty? - What happens in the frontal cortex during adolescence? - What connections are strengthened in the brain during adolescence? - What is the limbic system? - Are teens better or worse at identifying emotions (e.g., fear)? - How does sleep change in adolescence? - What is puberty? - What is the difference between puberty and adolescence? - On average, does puberty begin earlier for girls or boys? - What is a puberty rite? - What is the first sign of puberty in girls? - What is a growth spurt? - Does the growth spurt peak earlier for girls or boys? - What physical changes occur in females during puberty (i.e., breasts, uterus, vagina, hips, vocal chords, heart, red blood cells, hair, etc.)? - What physical changes occur in males during puberty (i.e., testicles, penis, vocal chords, hearts, red blood cells, chest, muscles, shoulders, hair, etc.)? - What is leptin and how does it affect puberty? - What does leptin control? - What is the HPA Axis and how does it function in puberty? - What is the HPG Axis and how does it function in puberty? - What are gonads? - Which sex steroid is associated with male traits (testosterone or estrogen)? - Which sex steroid is associated with female traits (testosterone or estrogen)? - Be able to define and give examples of primary sexual characteristics. - Be able to define and give examples of secondary sexual characteristics. - What is spermarche? - What is menarche? - Which begins earlier: spermarche or menarche? - For girls, what are some issues related to maturing early? - For boys, what are some issues related to maturing early? - For boys, what are issues related to maturing late? - What factors affect the age at which an individual begins puberty? - What is the secular trend of puberty? - On average, which racial category enters puberty early? - On average, which racial category enters puberty late? - How does stress affect puberty? - Does body fat affect puberty for females? If so, how? - What outweighs anything else in determining whether adolescents feel good about themselves? - What is the thin ideal? - Define eating disorder. - What are two types of eating disorders discussed in class? - How many teens are affected by eating disorders? - Define Anorexia Nervosa. - What are some common symptoms of Anorexia? - Define Bulimia Nervosa. - What are some symptoms of Bulimia? - What are some characteristics of teens who are at risk for developing an eating disorder? - What effects can parents have when they choose to discuss safe sex with their children? - What is the average age of first intercourse in the US? - What forces predict an earlier transition to intercourse? - What forces predict a later transition to intercourse? - What is the sexual double standard? - What is a sexually transmitted disease? - How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented? - What does early sex correlate with? - Who is G. Stanley Hall? - How did the Great Depression affect our view of adolescence as a life stage? - What are some characteristics of Piaget's formal operational stage? - What is formal operational thought? - What does it mean for an adolescent to reason like "real scientists"? - What does it mean for an adolescent to think abstractly about ideas? - What does it mean for an adolescent to think logically about concepts and hypothetical possibilities? - What is Piaget's Pendulum Problem and what is it used to test? - Do all individuals reach formal operations? - What is adolescent egocentrism? - What was the take-away message from Sarah-Jayne Blakemore's studies on adolescent egocentrism (i.e., the "director"/"no director" task)? - Be able to recognize some of the characteristics of an individual in the formal operational stage. - What is the personal fable? - What is the imaginary audience? - What is the invincibility fable? - What is sociometric status? - How is sociometric status measured? - What are the categories of sociometric status and how are they defined? - What are the two types of unpopular children? - Be able to define and recognize the two types of unpopular children. - How are friends chosen in childhood? In other words, what qualities to children value in friends? - How are friends chosen in adolescence? In other words, what qualities do adolescents value in friends? - What are cliques? - What are crowds? - What is the purpose of crowds? - Know the adolescent developmental progression for connecting in groups. - Be able to give examples of crowds. - What does self-identifying as a jock put an adolescent at risk for? - How does knowing the crowd of the teen relate to predicted feelings of depression? - Do delinquent friends influence good teens to do bad things **[or]** do teens choose to select friends who are deviant because their interests are aligned with their own? - What is deviancy training? - What is hostile attribution bias? - What is a gang? - How are quality of adolescent friendship, acquiescence to peer norms, and adult health quality related? - What is Joseph Allen's explanation for why adult health is related to adolescent friendship and acquiescence to peer norms? - What is the adolescent peer dilemma and how is it solved (e.g., see slide labeled "Adolescent Dilemma")? - When researchers asked middle schoolers to list their priorities, pre-teens ranked which of the following as their top concern: being in the "in crowd", being a scholar, being nice, having friends - What is peer pressure? - How does peer pressure relate to risk-taking? - On average, do adolescents delay gratification or prefer immediate gratification? - What is the health paradox of adolescence? - What is the experience-sampling technique and what has it shown us about adolescent emotions? - Does happiness increase or decrease on average in adolescence? - How does happiness change over time (in adolescence) for males and females? - What is suicide ideation? - What is the rate of non-suicidal self-injury? - Is depression more prevalent for men or women during adolescence? - What are some risk factors of teens who use non-suicidal self-injury? - What is adolescence-limited turmoil? - What is a life-course difficulty? - What qualities promote thriving in adolescence? - How do interactions with parents change in adolescence? - What do teens and parents typically bicker about? - Does brain volume shrink or expand in early adulthood? - When does height peak? - What causes a decrease in strength in later adulthood? - In adulthood, what are muscle fibers replaced with? - How does the heart change in adulthood? - How do the lungs change in adulthood? - When do women reach levels of peak fertility? - How does the change in fertility over time differ for men and women? - What are telomeres and how are they associated with aging? - How are telomeres related to cancer? - What activities and lifestyle patterns are associated with longer telomeres? - How are telomeres related to stress? - Which is worse for your brain and body: chronic or acute stress? - What is the thymus and what does it do? - How does the thymus change over time and how does that affect the individual? - What is BMI and how is it measured? - Does physical activity increase or decrease throughout adulthood? - Is emerging adulthood a universal life stage? - Is emerging adulthood a characteristic of the developed or developing world? - Know and understand characteristics and qualities of emerging adulthood as a life stage (i.e., feeling in between, identity exploration, self-focused, instability, and possibilities). - What is a "role"? - What are factors that allow emerging adults to prolong decisions on careers and marriage? - What is postformal thought? - What is dualistic thinking? - What is relativistic thinking? - How is relativistic thinking associated with higher education? - What is dialectical thought? - What is a thesis? - What is an antithesis? - What is a synthesis? - Be able to give examples of a thesis, antithesis and synthesis. - How does postformal thought change the way individuals think about themselves? - When does personality change the most during the lifetime? - What is cohabitation? - What is the social clock? - Be able to identify if someone is on-time and off-time with respect to the social clock. - What does it mean for an individual to be on or off time with respect to the social clock? - What is identity? - What is identity/role confusion? - What is moratorium? - What is foreclosure? - What is identity achievement? - Is there a standard pattern for identity achievement? - Is the search for identity a universal developmental task? - What is ethnic identity? - How does ethic identity relate to creative thinking? - What are the four gender role identities? - Be able to identify the four gender role identities. - Do the majority of high school students expect to go to college? - What percentage of high school graduates enroll in college? - What percentage of those who enroll in college finish their four-year degree by their mid-twenties? - Why do most emerging adults drop out of school? - What are the shifts occurring in the US career landscape? - What is the US approach to a college education? - Do individuals in the US work longer hours or shorter hours now compared to other generations? - How has flexibility in the US workplace affected working hours? - What is flow? - When does flow occur? - What factors create an ideal job situation? - What is role overload? - What is role conflict? - What is family-work conflict? - According to Erikson what is intimacy? - According to Erikson what is isolation? - What are the three main neurotransmitters associated with love? - How does dopamine affect you in love? - How does adrenaline affect you in love? - How does serotonin affect you in love? - What are pheromones? - What is bilateral symmetry and how is it related to attraction? - Are we attracted to individuals with more similar or more dissimilar immune systems? - What is Major Histocompatibility Complex? - What is the stimulus-value-role theory? - Understand the steps of the stimulus-value-role theory (i.e., Murstein's Structured Three-Phase Mate Selection Theory). - What is the theory of homogamy? - What is the ideal-self and how is it related to mate selection? - Be able to identify the adult attachment styles. - Can attachment styles change in adulthood? If so, how? - How has marriage changed in our modern times? - What is the deinstitutionalization of marriage? - What are some causes of the deinstitutionalization of marriage? - What is Sternberg's Triangular Theory? - Be able to identify the following romantic relationship: passion, intimacy, commitment, romantic love, companionate marriage, purely sexual marriages, and consummate love. - What are Gottman's 4 Horsemen (i.e., ways of interacting that sabotage your relationship with your partner)? - Be able to identify criticism. - Be able to identify contempt. - Be able to identify defensiveness. - Be able to identify stonewalling. - What is the most cited cause for divorce? - What factors before marriage make divorce more likely? - What factors during marriage make divorce more likely? - What is heterogamy? - What is a custodial parent? - In general, how does relationship with children differ for custodial vs. non-custodial parents? - Are fertility rates below the population replacement rates in developed nations? - Are fertility rates below the population replacement rates in developing nations? - Why are there changes in fertility rates in developed nations? - Comparing childless women, women with young children, and empty-nest women, which group reports the lowest day-to-day levels of happiness? - Do today's mothers spend more or less time with their children compared to previous generations? - Do fathers spend more time with their sons or daughters? - How does the play of fathers differ from the play of mothers? - What is midlife? - What is the Big Five? - Know the components of the Big Five. - Be able to identify and define each of the "Big Five." - Do we get more mature and happier as we age? - Is there greater or less emotional stability as we age? - What did we learn from the Seattle Longitudinal Study? - What is crystalized intelligence? - What is fluid intelligence? - Which type of intelligence (crystalized or fluid) begins to decline earlier in life? Why? - What is terminal drop? - What is generativity? - What is stagnation? - Which racial category is especially generative? Why? - Are women or men more active as grandparents? - Are maternal grandparents or paternal grandparents more involved with grandchildren? - Do women in middle-age feel worse or better about their physical bodies compared to young women? - What are physical changes in males during midlife? - What is menopause? - What are the symptoms of menopause? - Define old age. - Who are young-old individuals? - Who are old-old individuals? - How does the definition of young-old and old-old explain the contradictory stereotypes individuals have about later life? - How is the US population changing (with respect to age)? Why? - What is socioemotional selectivity theory? And how does it affect the way older individuals view life? - What is retirement? - What is Social Security? - What is a pension plan? - How were pensions affected during the Great Recession? - What factors affect whether an individual decides to retire or not? - What is age discrimination? - Is age discrimination legal? - How can life as a retiree be positive? - How can life as a retiree be negative? - What is intergenerational equality? - How do the bones and joints change in old age? - What is osteoarthritis? - What is osteoporosis? - What is chronic mucus hypersecretion? - How do dental problems change in old age? - How does the digestive system change in old age? - What are essential tremors? - How does the skin change in old age? - How does the potential for falls change in old age? - How does gait change in old age? - How does the hair change in old age? - How does eyesight change in old age? - What is presbyopia? - How is the lens related to change in eyesight during old age? - What are common vision impairments among the elderly? - What are cataracts? - What is glaucoma? - What is macular degeneration? - How does the heart change in old age? - How does the immune system change in old age? - How does lung capacity change in old age? - How does the voice change in old age? - How does pain change in old age? - How does hearing change in old age? - Are men or women more likely to suffer from hearing loss? - What is presbycusis? - In presbycusis, can individuals more easily hear lower pitch or higher pitched sounds? - What causes presbycusis? - What is the cochlea and where is it located? - What are hair cells and where are they located? - What is elderspeak? - What is the best way to prevent hearing loss? - How does sleep change in old age? - How do taste buds change in old age? - How does urinary incontinence change in old age? - How does mobility change in old age? - How does caution change in old age? - How does depression change in old age? - How does fear change in old age? - How does becoming set in one's ways change in old age? - How does memory loss change in old age? - How do mental disorders change in old age? - Are memory abilities worse in older adults compared to younger adults? - What is dementia? - What are the two types of dementia? - What is vascular dementia? - What is Alzheimer's disease? - How many people are affected by Alzheimer's? - What causes Alzheimer's? - Where does Alzheimer's begin (i.e., what part of the brain)?