Psychology Chapter 4 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What qualities do children typically value when choosing friends?

  • Intellect and popularity
  • Physical appearance and social status
  • Age and parental approval
  • Shared interests and trust (correct)

What is the primary purpose of crowds in adolescence?

  • To establish social hierarchies (correct)
  • To promote academic achievement
  • To encourage physical activities
  • To foster family connections

What does hostile attribution bias lead adolescents to believe?

  • That peers are friendly and supportive
  • That ambiguous intentions are negative (correct)
  • That authority figures are reliable
  • That social norms are flexible

What is deviancy training in the context of adolescent friendships?

<p>Encouraging harmful behaviors among peers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the health paradox of adolescence?

<p>Increased physical health with declining mental health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does peer pressure typically influence risk-taking in adolescents?

<p>It can lead to increased risk-taking behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When pre-teens were asked to list their main concerns, which concern ranked highest?

<p>Being in the 'in crowd' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically changes in the interactions between parents and adolescents?

<p>Decreased communication and increased conflict (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus gland in adulthood?

<p>Producing T-cells for the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle fibers in adulthood as one ages?

<p>They are replaced with connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of life is characterized by identity exploration, self-focus, and instability?

<p>Emerging adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is telomeres' primary association with the aging process?

<p>They shorten with each cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the change in fertility over time differ for men compared to women?

<p>Women experience a gradual decline, while men's fertility remains stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dualistic thinking, and how is it commonly perceived?

<p>Classifying ideas as strictly right or wrong (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does identity/role confusion signify in development?

<p>Uncertainty about one's self and social roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the set of societal expectations regarding the timing of life events?

<p>Social clock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between gray matter volume and gray matter density?

<p>Volume refers to the amount of gray matter, while density refers to its concentration in a given area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development is the volume of gray matter typically at its highest?

<p>Early childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the frontal cortex just before puberty?

<p>Increased neuronal pruning begins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about emotional identification in adolescents?

<p>Teens are generally worse at identifying complex emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first physical change signifying puberty in girls?

<p>Breast development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sex steroid is predominantly associated with male traits?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is menarche?

<p>The first menstrual cycle in females (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a puberty rite?

<p>A social ceremony marking the transition to adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of high school graduates typically enroll in college?

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Gottman's 4 Horsemen linked to relationship sabotage?

<p>Criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as role overload?

<p>Having overlapping roles that cause stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can attachment styles change in adulthood?

<p>With relationship experiences and personal growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stimulus-value-role theory describe?

<p>The stages of mate selection based on interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deinstitutionalization of marriage?

<p>The decline of marriage as a social norm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with feelings of love and reward?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a parent who has physical and legal custody of a child?

<p>Custodial parent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the relationship with children typically differ between custodial and non-custodial parents?

<p>Custodial parents are more involved in daily activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group reports the lowest day-to-day levels of happiness?

<p>Women with young children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence begins to decline earlier in life?

<p>Fluid intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decline in cognitive function observed before death?

<p>Terminal drop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals' views on life?

<p>They prioritize emotional satisfaction over other goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During midlife, how do women generally feel about their physical bodies compared to young women?

<p>They feel worse about their bodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which racial category is often considered especially generative?

<p>African American (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of retirement?

<p>Changing to part-time employment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change in the digestive system is commonly observed in old age?

<p>Decreased absorption of nutrients (A), Reduced stomach acid levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dementia is characterized by symptoms resulting from reduced blood flow to the brain?

<p>Vascular dementia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition known as presbycusis primarily associated with?

<p>Loss of ability to hear higher pitches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the skin typically change in old age?

<p>It becomes thinner and less elastic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which visual impairment involves clouding of the lens of the eye?

<p>Cataracts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What changes typically occur in the voice of older adults?

<p>Decreased resonance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chronic mucus hypersecretion often lead to in older adults?

<p>Increased risk of lung infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in older adults?

<p>Hormonal changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that affects the age at which an individual begins puberty?

<p>Genetic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which racial category is reported to typically enter puberty early?

<p>African Americans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the ideal body shape and size that is often perpetuated by society?

<p>Thin ideal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eating disorder is characterized by excessive dieting and fear of gaining weight?

<p>Anorexia Nervosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with Bulimia Nervosa?

<p>Binge eating followed by purging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor most influences the age of first intercourse in adolescents?

<p>Peer influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism?

<p>The belief that one's thoughts and feelings are unique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant effect of parents discussing safe sex with their children?

<p>Increased trust in parental relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between the quality of adolescent friendships and adult health?

<p>Better adolescent friendships lead to more resilient adult health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic typically defines a clique in adolescence?

<p>A group united by a common identity or interest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adolescents typically choose their friends in comparison to children?

<p>By valuing shared interests and emotional support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can self-identifying as a 'jock' have on an adolescent?

<p>Heightened risk for engaging in risky behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between delinquent friendships and good teens?

<p>Delinquent friends influence good teens to engage in bad behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'suicide ideation' refer to?

<p>Thoughts about self-harm or wishing to end one’s life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury?

<p>Experiencing emotional distress and low self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of parents typically has a more detached relationship with their children?

<p>Non-custodial parents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary cause of the decline in fertility rates in developed nations?

<p>Increased birth control options (A), A cultural shift towards family planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common vision impairment among the elderly characterized by damage to the retina?

<p>Macular degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which transitional stage is it common for individuals to experience a re-evaluation of life goals and achievements?

<p>Midlife (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence tends to show more resilience and less decline with age?

<p>Crystallized intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dementia is primarily the result of reduced blood flow to the brain?

<p>Vascular dementia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the observed decline in intellectual function shortly before death?

<p>Terminal drop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In presbycusis, which type of sound do individuals have more difficulty hearing?

<p>Higher pitched sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis primarily associated with in older adults?

<p>Weakening of bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grandparents are likely to be more actively involved with their grandchildren?

<p>Maternal grandparents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do older adults typically view life according to socioemotional selectivity theory?

<p>They prioritize social interactions with close friends and family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do taste buds typically change in old age?

<p>They decrease in number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes is commonly noted in the skin of older adults?

<p>Thinning of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that affects an individual's decision to retire?

<p>Disability status (A), Availability of second careers (C), Employment satisfaction levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally occurs to the immune system as individuals age?

<p>It weakens and is less responsive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the clouding of the lens of the eye?

<p>Cataracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason most emerging adults drop out of school?

<p>Financial difficulties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the feeling of reward in love?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson define as isolation in his theory?

<p>The inability to connect with others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the deinstitutionalization of marriage?

<p>Decreasing birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adult attachment style is characterized by a reluctance to become emotionally close to others?

<p>Avoidant attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love does Sternberg categorize as involving passion, intimacy, and commitment?

<p>Consummate love (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of role conflict experienced by individuals balancing work and family?

<p>Heightened stress levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the stimulus-value-role theory, what is the correct order of the selection phases in mate selection?

<p>Stimulus, Value, Role (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thymus gland as individuals age?

<p>It gradually shrinks and loses function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do telomeres relate to cancer?

<p>Shortened telomeres can lead to uncontrolled cell division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally happens to physical activity levels as individuals progress through adulthood?

<p>There is a noticeable decline in activity levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do women generally reach peak fertility?

<p>In their twenties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines identity achievement in the context of development?

<p>Having explored options and made commitments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of emerging adulthood?

<p>Experiencing identity exploration and instability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does relativistic thinking involve in higher education?

<p>Understanding that knowledge can vary based on context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'social clock'?

<p>A societal expectation for the timing of significant life events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unpopular Children Types

Two categories of children who are not accepted by their peers. One type is aggressive and rejected, the other is withdrawn and rejected.

Adolescent Friendship Qualities

Adolescents value shared interests, mutual trust, and loyalty in their friends, unlike children who might value more immediate qualities.

Clique

A small, exclusive group of friends within a larger group who typically socialize together.

Crowd

A larger group of adolescents with shared social identities or activities (e.g., athletes, academics).

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Peer Pressure

Influence from peers to adopt behaviors, attitudes, or values that align with their group.

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Deviancy Training

Learning antisocial or criminal behaviors from associates. Like a bad influence spreading negativity.

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Hostile Attribution Bias

A tendency to interpret ambiguous actions of others as hostile.

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Adolescent Peer Dilemma

The challenge of balancing peer influence with individual values during adolescence.

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Gray matter volume vs. density

Gray matter volume refers to the amount of gray matter in the brain, while density refers to the concentration of gray matter cells in a given area.

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Peak gray matter volume

Gray matter volume is highest during early childhood and peaks earlier than late childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence.

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White matter vs. gray matter

White matter contains myelinated axons, enabling faster communication between brain regions. Gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites, responsible for processing information.

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Puberty

Puberty is the period of physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to reproduce.

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Spermarche

Spermarche is the first ejaculation of sperm, marking the beginning of male reproductive ability.

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Menarche

Menarche is the first menstrual period, marking the beginning of female reproductive ability.

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Primary sex characteristics

Primary sex characteristics are the structures directly involved in reproduction, such as the testes and ovaries.

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Secondary sex characteristics

Secondary sex characteristics are features not directly involved in reproduction, such as breast development and body hair growth.

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Telomeres and Aging

Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with age, which is linked with cellular aging and potentially impacting health.

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Emerging Adulthood

Life stage characterized by feeling in-between, identity exploration, self-focus, instability, and possibilities. Not a universal stage.

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Postformal Thought

A way of thinking about issues that is more flexible and realistic than formal operational thought; acknowledges multiple perspectives and contradictions.

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Social Clock

Societal expectations about when major life events (marriage, career) should occur. Being 'on time' or 'off time' influences individual experiences.

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Identity Achievement

Stage of identity development where individuals have explored different options and committed to a sense of self.

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Identity/Role Confusion

A stage of identity development where the individual may struggle to define themselves amidst multiple goals and roles.

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Dualistic Thinking

A way of thinking where things are seen as either right or wrong, good or bad, no in-between; common in adolescents.

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Relativistic Thinking

A way of thinking that recognizes multiple perspectives and values as valid and considers issues from different viewpoints.

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Adult Attachment Styles

Different ways individuals relate to others in close relationships, stemming from childhood experiences.

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Deinstitutionalization of Marriage

Weakening of traditional norms and expectations surrounding marriage.

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory

Love is a combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

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Gottman's Four Horsemen

Four negative communication patterns that predict relationship downfall: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Group of genes involved in immune system function, influencing mate selection.

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Homogamy

Tendency to marry someone similar to oneself in terms of social background, beliefs and/or values.

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Role Overload

Feeling overwhelmed by the pressures and demands of many roles.

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Osteoarthritis

A common joint disorder causing pain, stiffness, and swelling due to wear and tear on joint cartilage.

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Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures.

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Presbyopia

A condition where the eye's lens loses its ability to focus on near objects, resulting in difficulty reading.

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Cataracts

Clouding of the natural lens of the eye, causing blurred vision.

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Glaucoma

A condition causing damage to the optic nerve, potentially leading to blindness.

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Macular Degeneration

A condition damaging the central part of the retina (macula), leading to blurred or distorted central vision.

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Presbycusis

Age-related hearing loss, typically affecting higher-pitched sounds first.

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Dementia

A general term for a decline in mental abilities severe enough to interfere with daily life, often including memory loss, language problems, and changes in personality and behavior.

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Custodial vs. Non-Custodial Parents

Custodial parents have primary responsibility for their children, while non-custodial parents have less frequent contact and may contribute financially.

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Fertility Rates Below Replacement

Fertility rates below the replacement rate mean that a population is not producing enough children to sustain its current size.

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Happiness Levels by Parenthood Stage

Empty-nest women report the highest levels of happiness compared to childless women and women with young children.

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Midlife

The period of life between the ages of 40 and 65, often characterized by significant changes and transitions.

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What is the Big Five?

The Big Five is a framework for understanding personality traits, encompassing five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to reason abstractly and solve problems, typically peaks in early adulthood and declines earlier in life.

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Generativity

A desire to make a positive impact on the next generation, to leave something behind that benefits others.

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Retirement

The transition from a paid working career to a period of non-employment, usually associated with later life.

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Secular Trend of Puberty

The tendency for the age of puberty to decline across generations.

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Stress and Puberty

Stress can lead to earlier puberty, especially for females.

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Body Fat and Puberty (Females)

Higher body fat percentage can trigger earlier puberty in girls.

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Thin Ideal

The societal pressure to be thin, often promoted by media images and fashion.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake and distorted body image.

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Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging.

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Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage of cognitive development where individuals can think abstractly, hypothetically, and logically.

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Adolescent Egocentrism

The tendency for adolescents to be overly focused on themselves and their own thoughts and feelings.

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Muscle Fiber Replacement

In adulthood, muscle fibers are gradually replaced by fat and connective tissue, leading to a decrease in muscle mass and strength.

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Heart Changes in Adulthood

The heart muscle thickens and becomes less flexible with age, making it harder to pump blood efficiently. The heart valves may also stiffen.

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Lungs Changes in Adulthood

The lungs lose elasticity, making it harder to breathe deeply. The airways can also become narrower, making it harder for oxygen to get in and carbon dioxide to get out.

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Chronic vs. Acute Stress

Chronic stress is prolonged, ongoing stress, while acute stress is short-term and intense. Chronic stress is more harmful to brain and body health.

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Thymus and Aging

The thymus is a gland that produces immune cells. It shrinks with age, leading to a decline in immune function.

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BMI Definition

BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

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Emerging Adulthood Characteristics

Emerging adulthood is a period of transition between adolescence and adulthood, marked by feelings of being in-between, exploration of identity, self-focus, instability, and possibilities. It is not a universal life stage.

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College Enrollment Rate

The percentage of high school graduates who enroll in college immediately after graduation.

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College Completion Rate

The percentage of students who enroll in college and successfully earn a four-year degree within a reasonable timeframe.

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What are the main reasons emerging adults drop out of college?

Common reasons include financial constraints, difficulty balancing work and school, personal challenges, and a lack of clear career goals.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's psychosocial stage of development in early adulthood, where individuals grapple with forming meaningful relationships and connections or facing a sense of loneliness and isolation.

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Stimulus-Value-Role Theory

A theory of mate selection that proposes three stages: initial attraction based on physical cues, value-based compatibility, and role compatibility as the relationship progresses.

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What are 'deviancy training' and 'hostile attribution bias' in adolescence?

Deviancy training is where teens learn negative or illegal behavior from their friends. Hostile attribution bias is when they interpret ambiguous actions as hostile, often leading to more conflict.

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What is the 'Adolescent Peer Dilemma'? How is it solved?

It's the need to balance the influence of peers with personal values. It's solved by finding friends who share those values, finding a balance of conformity and individuality, and using critical thinking.

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What are the top priorities for middle schoolers?

According to research, middle schoolers prioritize having friends above being in the 'in crowd', being a scholar, or being nice. This shows the strong importance of social connections.

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How does peer pressure affect risk-taking in adolescence?

Peer pressure can encourage adolescents to engage in risky behaviors, especially when friends are present. This is often due to wanting to fit in or impress peers.

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What is the 'health paradox of adolescence'?

Despite being physically at their peak, adolescents have higher rates of risky behavior and mental health issues, leading to poorer health outcomes. This seems paradoxical because they should be their healthiest.

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What is suicide ideation?

It's thinking about or planning to take one's own life. It's a serious sign of distress and requires immediate attention.

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What are some risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)?

NSSI is hurting oneself without intending to die. Risk factors include depression, anxiety, trauma, and difficulty managing emotions. It's a way of coping with distress.

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How do interactions with parents change during adolescence?

As teens mature, they become more independent and spend less time with parents. Bickering increases, focusing mostly on everyday routines and chores. This is normal despite the tension.

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The Big Five

A framework for understanding personality traits, encompassing five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).

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Study Notes

Exam 4 Study Guide

  • Study effectively by focusing on lecture notes and textbook examples. Group study is encouraged.
  • Bring a #2 pencil to the exam.

Gray Matter and White Matter

  • Gray matter volume is highest in early childhood.
  • Gray matter density differs from gray matter volume.
  • White matter and gray matter are different components of the brain.
  • The frontal cortex changes before and during puberty and adolescence.
  • Connections in the brain strengthen during adolescence.
  • The limbic system is relevant to the brain.
  • Teenagers might have variations in identifying emotions.
  • Sleep patterns change during adolescence.

Puberty

  • Puberty is distinct from adolescence.
  • Puberty generally begins earlier in girls.
  • Puberty rites are practices associated with puberty.
  • The first sign of puberty in girls is typically different from boys.
  • A growth spurt is associated with puberty.
  • Growth spurt timing varies by gender.
  • Puberty brings physical changes in girls (breast, uterus, vagina, hips, vocal chords etc.) and boys (testicles, penis, vocal chords, etc.)
  • Leptin affects puberty.
  • The HPA Axis and HPG Axis are involved in puberty processes.
  • Gonads are associated with hormones.
  • Sex steroids—testosterone and estrogen—are relevant for puberty.
  • Primary sex characteristics are related to reproductive organs.
  • Secondary sex characteristics are related to physical features (like hair).
  • Spermarche is the beginning of sperm production.
  • Menarche is the beginning of menstruation.

Additional Topics

  • Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are discussed.
  • Eating disorders are affected by various factors (social, psychological, etc).
  • Average age of first intercourse in the US.
  • Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be prevented.
  • Piaget's formal operational stage is linked to adolescent development.
  • Adolescents' concepts of their self and others affect how they interact with each other.
  • Adolescent egocentrism is a developmental phase.
  • Research on adolescent development (e.g., Blakemore's research).
  • Developmental stages in the social world, like friendships and groups (e.g., cliques and crowds).
  • Deviancy training is part of this social development.
  • Adolescent friendships, peer pressures and norms impact overall health.

Later Development

  • Suicide ideation and non-suicidal self-injury rates in adolescents.
  • Risk factors in teens dealing with non-suicidal self-injury.
  • Adult development and factors affecting it in adulthood (e.g., changes in the brain, heart, lungs, etc.)
  • Relationships with children, families and social clocks.
  • Different types of romantic relationships (Sternberg's Triangular Theory)
  • Factors associated with divorce (e.g., heterogamy, custodial parents)
  • Changes in fertility rates and relationships to social factors or changes in demographics.
  • Biological changes across adulthood (e.g., dental health, bone health, sensory changes, etc.).

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Exam 4 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Description

Prepare for Exam 4 with this comprehensive study guide focused on gray matter, white matter, and puberty. The guide emphasizes effective study techniques and key concepts crucial for understanding adolescent brain development and physical changes during puberty.

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