Sust 101 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

**Economic Geology** - What is a contour map? How do you make one? - Displays the shape and elevation of the land's surface - Plot elevations, draw contour lines - What are the contour rules? - Helps accurately represent the shape and elevation of the terrain -...

**Economic Geology** - What is a contour map? How do you make one? - Displays the shape and elevation of the land's surface - Plot elevations, draw contour lines - What are the contour rules? - Helps accurately represent the shape and elevation of the terrain - What is the difference between surface mining and underground mining? - Surface- removing soil and rock - Underground- digging tunnel or shafts - Define overburden - Layer of soil, rock, and other materials that lie above a mineral deposit or coal seam - Why are depth limits, thickness limits, sulfur limits and stream encroachment limits put in place? - Depth- safety and environment - Thickness- safety - Sulfur- environmental protection - Stream encroachment- protect water bodies - What is the mining ratio? How do you calculate it? - Evaluate the amount of overburden that must be removed - Ratio=overburden volume/ore volume - What is the difference between acres and acre feet? - Acre- used to measure plots of land - 1 acre=43560 ft\^2 - Acre foot- used to measure volume of water - 1 acre-foot=43560 ft\^3 **Earthquakes** - What is a Fault - Fracture between two blocks of rock - What is a Focus - Point inside the Earth where the quake originates - What is an Epicenter - Point directly above the focus - Name 2 methods used to find the epicenter of an earthquake - Triangulation - Time travel graph - Which one is more accurate? - Triangulation - What are the pros and cons of each? - Triangulation - Pro: high accuracy, clear visual representation, widely used - Con: requires multiple stations - Depends on accurate data - Time Travel Graph - Pro: effective with dense networks, quick estimation, useful or initial analysis - Con: interpretation errors, less visual clarity - Know how to find the epicenter of an earthquake using both methods - Triangulation: arrival time differences of P and S waves at three stations (circles), intersection is epicenter - Time Travel: determine distances from multiple stations, draw circles, intersection is epicenter - What are the two types of waves, and how do they differ in - Primary (P) and Secondary (S) - Intensity - P- less damage - S- more damage - Movement - P- faster - S- slower - Which one hits first? - P- first - S- last - How do you identify them on a seismograph? - P- first, fast, small - S- last, slow, big - How can you use a seismograph to determine how far you are from the epicenter of an earthquake? - Measure the time difference between the arrival of P and S waves - Multiple the time difference by velocity difference (2 km/s) - How can you use a seismograph to determine when an earthquake started? - Record arrival of P wave - Measure difference between P and S wave - Calculate distance to epicenter - Find time travel of P wave - Subtract travel time from arrival time **Tap Water** - What is the PH scale? - Used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is - What is its range - Acidic 0-Basic 14 - What is considered acidic? Basic? Neutral? - Acidic: 0-6 - Neutral: 7 - Basic: 8-14 - How does CO2 impact PH - CO2 can increase acidity - Estimate the the PH values of tap water, ocean water and mine water - Tap: 6.5-8.5 - Ocean: 8.0-8.3 - Mine: 2-4 - What turns acid mine drainage red? - Iron - Why is chlorine added to water? - Disinfects - Why is Cu added to water? - From eroded pipes - What is the hardness scale? What elements make water hard? - Used to measure the concentration of calcium and magnesium - High presence of calcium and magnesium - What percentage of the earth is freshwater? - About 2.5% **Ground Water** - What is the difference between surface water and groundwater? - Surface: above ground, easily accessible, quick replenish, higher contamination risk - Groundwater: underground, less accessible, slow replenish, harder to clean - What is a source of groundwater pollution? - Industrial discharge, agricultural activities, landfills, sewage systems, chemical spills, etc - What is the water table? - Upper level of an underground surface where soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water - How can you find its elevation when it is obscured underground? - Observe wells- measure levels - What is hydraulic head? - Measurement used in groundwater hydrology to indicate th total energy per unit of water at a given point - How does it impact groundwater flow? - Guides the direction and rate of water movement within an aquifer - What impacts the elevation of the hydraulic head? - Recharge, extraction - What is the saturated zone? - Area underground where all the pores, cracks, and spaces in the soil or rock are completely filled with water - What is the unsaturated zone? - Layer of soil or rock above the saturated zone where the pores are not completely filled with water - What is a cone of depression? - Cone shaped dip in the water table around a pumping well - How do they form? - Water being pumped from a well - How does it impact the movement of pollutants? - Draws pollutants toward the well - What is a confining layer? - Geological formation that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another - How does it impact the movement of pollutants? - Traps the pollutant under layer - How does it impact the water level of a well when it is drilled below it? - More can be pumped due to pressure