Exam 2 Terms & Question Library for Marine Ecology PDF

Sea Creatures and Where to Find Them Marine Ecology and Biology Term List & Question Library for Exam 2 **[Term List:]** 1. Stress gradient hypothesis 2. Hysteresis 3. Alternative Stable States 4. Trophic Cascade 5. Paradox of the plankton 6. *Riftia* 7. Chemosynthesis 8. Fringing...

Sea Creatures and Where to Find Them Marine Ecology and Biology Term List & Question Library for Exam 2 **[Term List:]** 1. Stress gradient hypothesis 2. Hysteresis 3. Alternative Stable States 4. Trophic Cascade 5. Paradox of the plankton 6. *Riftia* 7. Chemosynthesis 8. Fringing vs. barrier reef 9. Disturbance 10. Intermediate Disturbance hypothesis 11. Facilitation cascade 12. Foundation species 13. Keystone species 14. *Spartina* 15. *Crassostrea* 16. *Zostera* 17. *Acropora* 18. *Macrocystis* 19. *Rhizophora* 20. Green vs. brown food webs 21. Aerenchyma 22. Lacuna **[Questions:]** 1. Compare and contrast the terms ecosystem services and ecosystem function. Describe 3 ecosystem functions that coral reefs, oyster reefs and salt marshes have in common. For each function mentioned, list a corresponding service. 2. What are the 5 most important biological lessons you learned during the course and why? 3. Describe how incorporation of positive interactions into restoration design of mangrove or salt marsh plants could increase yield of those conservation projects. Give 3 examples for each foundation species. 4. Using graphs and words describe alternative stable states and define hysteresis. Draw and describe 2 graphs of urchin (as stressor) and kelp abundance showing (1) no hysteresis and then (2) large hysteresis in kelp decline-recovery dynamics. 5. Describe and name 3 oceanographic processes that drive massive anchovy fisheries off the west coast of the Americas in the temperate zone. Describe and name the oceanographic process that can shut those processes down and lead to fishery collapse. 6. Define the three types of ecological succession. Which one typifies salt marsh succession and systems represented by alternative stable states? 7. \(A) What is ecological succession? How does this contrast with zonation? (B) Define and contrast the three types of succession as defined by Connell and Slayter and describe an example of each. (C) Design a manipulative experiment to examine the impacts of pioneering plant species on later plant colonizers during succession in mangrove forests. What are your independent variables? What is your response or dependent variables? 8. Define fundamental and realized niche. What role does competition play in the development of these terms? Now use schematic diagrams and words to show how positive interactions should modify the original theory behind the fundamental and realized niches. 9. a\) What is the Coriolis effect? b) How is it generated? c) How would the Coriolis effect impact a giant swarm of krill floating in body of oceanic water moving 500 miles from East to West vs. one moving 500 miles South to North in the Northern Hemisphere? Describe an Ekman spiral and the processes that created it. Why is the Ekman spiral important for the ability of zooplankton to control their movements? 10. Why do salt marshes dominate the intertidal zone on the East Coast of the US, while rocky shores dominate the West Coast? How does this impact the distribution of fiddler crabs? 11. Compare and contrast how acidification, increased nutrient loading, and overfishing might impact coral reefs. 12. Describe in detail what happens when corals bleach in response to temperature stress, and how they could recover. 13. Define trophic cascade and food chain length. How can changes in food chain length affect the outcome of a trophic cascade? Compare and contrast the mechanisms and end results of the trophic cascade in rocky shores as described by Bob Paine and in salt marshes as described by Silliman and Bertness. 14. What is a competitive dominant? Describe 3 forces that can maintain species co-existence in the presence of a competitive dominant. Why do these forces have such effects on increasing diversity? 15. In salt marsh plants and mangroves, why are the upper elevation range limits of plants most often set by competition and their lower elevation range limits set by physical forces, while the opposite pattern occurs for rocky intertidal organisms? 16. \(A) What is the range of food chain links typically found in natural food webs? (B) List three factors that can limit the total number of food chain links in a food web and discuss why they can limit food chain links. (C) Construct a biomass pyramid reflecting relative biomass at each trophic level for the food web of the Serengeti Plains. The opposite/inverse pattern of that Serengeti Plain biomass pyramid is true for open ocean systems. Draw this open ocean biomass pyramid as well. Formulate a hypothesis as to why these biomass pyramids are the inverse of each other. 17. Describe three examples of how positive interactions (e.g. mutualisms, facilitation, indirect and direct, trophic and non-trophic) in the coral reef community are key to its success and persistence in the face of increasing human disturbance. 18. Define density-dependence and density-independence. Using qualitative graphs and words, compare and contrast the density-dependent impacts of hurricanes, predation pressure, and foundation species on mortality for oysters and infaunal clams. 19. What is the average ocean salinity? What are the eight most abundant salts in the ocean? Why is the ocean salty, while lakes are fresh? 20. What is pH and what is the scale on which is measured? How many more H+ are in solution of a pH 4 vs. pH of 7? What is the average pH of the ocean and why is it higher than 7? Use words and chemical equations to describe how increasing C0~2~ in the atmosphere is lowering the pH of the ocean and how that negatively affects skeleton deposition in corals. 21. Describe 4 processes and the mechanism(s) underlying them that determine effectiveness of MPAs. 22. Defend or refute this comment with data/stats and with at least three examples: Sewage pollution is isolated in coastal marine systems and has minimal impacts on marine ecosystems. 23. Compare and contrast how whales facilitate primary production in phytoplankton communities and grunts facilitate primary production on coral reefs. 24. What is the blue water paradox of coral reefs? Give two major mechanisms that solve this paradox -- i.e., explain how to apparently counteracting facts can co-exist. 25. Explain convergent and divergent evolution and give three examples of traits that you've learned so far for each type of evolution. Bonus Questions: 1. Draw your favorite marine organism you learned about in class (2 pts) 2. List its common and scientific name (2pts) 3. Describe three interactions your organism has with other marine species and label them as predation, competition, mutualism, or facilitation (6pts)