Exam 2 study guide.pdf

BIOL 1001 FA’23 (Abramovich) Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 (Cells & organelles) • Cell theory – what is it? Describe the 3 principles. • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells (what are the similarities? What are the differences?) • Why cells cannot be huge (the importance of the SA:Volume ratio in setti...

BIOL 1001 FA’23 (Abramovich) Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 (Cells & organelles) • Cell theory – what is it? Describe the 3 principles. • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells (what are the similarities? What are the differences?) • Why cells cannot be huge (the importance of the SA:Volume ratio in setting the upper limit for cell size) • Explain why different cells in the same organism (with the same DNA) can look and function in a unique way • Genome vs. proteome • Organelles (understand the general function (of each of the ones discussed in lecture) in the cell, be able to recognize them structurally, and also know how they are related to one another) o Nucleus (nuclear envelope, chromosomes), nucleolus, ribosome (technically not an organelle) (free vs. bound), ER (smooth and rough), Golgi, Lysosomes, semiautonomous organelles: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts • Describe the steps in protein synthesis and secretion via the endomembrane system and protein sorting • Functions of the cytoskeleton (all 3 components). • Describe endosymbiotic theory, and know some of the key evidences that support this. Chapter 5 (Membrane structure & transport) • Explain the term “fluid mosaic” in terms of membrane structure • Describe the following features and structural components of the plasma membrane o Selective permeability, amphipathic phospholipids, fluidity (role of cholesterol, composition of fatty acids in phospholipid, impact of temperature) • What kind of molecules can/cannot diffuse freely across the plasma membrane? • Different types/functions of membrane proteins (think big picture here) • Describe simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport (primary/secondary) and give examples of each, for example, draw them out! • Iso-, hyper- and hypotonic solutions: define and describe in terms of solute concentration and be able to determine the net direction of osmosis if presented with a scenario Chapter 9 (Cell communication) • Big picture of cell signaling: why do cells need to signal? How do cells communicate with one another? • Different types of signaling: direct contact vs. short distance vs. long distance • Describe the 3 stages involved in signaling • Importance of ligand-receptor binding (nature of interaction and specificity) • Give examples of different cellular responses that might occur in response to a signal • What is a signal transduction cascade? • Understand kinase vs. phosphatase – why are these important? What do they do? • Types of receptors (transmembrane vs intracellular, enzyme-linked receptors, GPCR, ligand-gated ion channels) and where you might find them in a cell • The role of second messengers (e.g. cAMP) in cell signaling Chapter 6 (Intro to energy, enzymes & metabolism) • Types of energy: potential and kinetic, applied to biological molecules • Two laws of thermodynamics, applied to biological systems • Free energy (∆G) – why are we interested in this? BIOL 1001 FA’23 (Abramovich) • • • • • • • • • Exam 2 Study Guide Endergonic vs exergonic reactions – what’s the difference? How do we determine whether a reaction is endergonic or exergonic? Reaction coupling in cells What is an enzyme, and how does it impact chemical reactions? How do enzymes work (give examples) Metabolism – what is it? Catabolism and anabolism – what do these terms refer to? Examples? Which is exergonic and which is endergonic? ATP structure and function. Explain how ATP breakdown or synthesis is coupled to other reactions in the cell Activation energy and how enzymes can lower this (in what ways?) Enzyme regulation (competitive vs non-competitive inhibitors, allosteric regulation) Recycling of molecules (e.g. proteins and the proteasome) and organelles (autophagy) Chapter 7 (Cellular respiration) • Overall reaction of cell respiration and where each step occurs within the cell • Oxidative phosphorylation vs. substrate level phosphorylation – differences in yield? When do we see each? • Glycolysis: Where ATP is used/formed, overall products • Pyruvate oxidation and pyruvate dehydrogenase • Citric Acid Cycle: primary yields • Electron transport chain: membrane proteins & electron carriers, role of O2 • Chemiosmosis, ATP synthase – how does this work (hint: explain H+ gradient at the mitochondrial inner membrane) • Control points of cell respiration, connection of glycolysis/Citric Acid cycle to other metabolic pathways • Lipid & protein metabolism - how do they relate to carbohydrate metabolism? • Anaerobic respiration and fermentation – when are these used? How do they compare to aerobic respiration?