PHSL 370 2024 Exam 2 Review Questions PDF

**PHSL 370 2024 Exam 2 Review Questions** **Chapter 6** Describe 3 forms of local communication used in the body and give a physiological example of each one. (3 marks) Describe the 5 steps which most signal pathways consist of. (3 marks) Describe the 4 categories of membrane receptors. (4 marks...

**PHSL 370 2024 Exam 2 Review Questions** **Chapter 6** Describe 3 forms of local communication used in the body and give a physiological example of each one. (3 marks) Describe the 5 steps which most signal pathways consist of. (3 marks) Describe the 4 categories of membrane receptors. (4 marks) What is signal amplification and what is the physiological significance of this process? (2 marks) Describe the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-phospholipase C signal transduction pathway. (5 marks) How does calcium function as an intracellular messenger? (4 marks) Explain the terms "saturation", "specificity" and "competition" in relation to receptors. (3 marks) Describe Cannon's 4 postulates. (4 marks) Compare and contrast the endocrine and nervous system. (5 marks) **Chapter 7** Describe how peptide hormones are synthesized and processed. Give an example of a peptide hormone. (5 marks) (see Fig. 7.3) Describe how steroid hormones reach and act upon their target cells. Give an example of a steroid hormone. (4 marks) (see Fig. 7.5) Give an example of an amine hormone. Describe how it is released from the parent cell, how it is transported in the blood, the location of its receptor, and its response to receptor-ligand binding. (4 marks) (see Table 7.1) Give an example of a simple endocrine reflex. (hint: see Fig. 7.7a) (3 marks) List 2 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and follow their pathway down to the final target tissue. (hint: Fig. 7.9) (4 marks) What is the difference between long-loop and short-loop negative feedback? Give an example. (3 marks) Describe "synergism", "permissiveness" and "antagonism" with respects to hormones. Give an example of each. (3 marks) What is Graves' disease? Which hormone levels are high and which hormone levels are low in Graves' disease? What are symptoms of Graves' disease? (3 marks) **Chapter 8** What is the myelin sheath, what cells are responsible for producing it (in both divisions of the nervous system) and what is its physiological importance? (include a discussion of saltatory conduction) (4 marks) What are the differences between a graded potential and an action potential? (2 marks) Why do graded potentials lose strength as they move through the cytoplasm? (1 mark) What is meant that an action potential is "all-or-nothing"? Why is threshold potential important in eliciting an action potential? (2 marks) Define absolute refractory period and relative refractory period. (2 marks) What are the steps of an action potential? Include the flow of ions through channels at various times. (6 marks) Describe the steps that take place at a chemical synapse. (4 marks) List 3 ways neurotransmitter action can be terminated. (3 marks) What is the difference between an IPSP and an EPSP? (2 marks) **Chapter 9** Describe the formation of the blood-brain barrier and its functional significance. (2 marks) Know the 12 cranial nerves. (most likely a matching question) What are the functions of the different areas in the brain stem? (4 marks) What makes up the diencephalon? (2 marks) What are the functions of the hypothalamus? (reminder: include how the hypothalamus accomplishes the specific function) (various marks) What makes up the limbic system and what does each part do? (3 marks) What are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex? (include which lobes they are found in -- see Fig. 9.13) (5 marks) What does cerebral lateralization mean? (1 mark) Describe 2 types of long-term memory. (4 marks)