Physiology Chapters 6 and 7

Methods of cell-to-cell signaling within a tissue and localized area without involving the bloodstream.

Gap junctions, contact-dependent signaling, and paracrine signaling.

Reception, transduction, response, and termination.

Receptors that transduce signals across the cell membrane.

Ligand-gated ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and integrin receptors.

A small signal causing a much larger response by activating many effector molecules.

A signal transduction pathway involving a G protein, phospholipase C, and intracellular messengers like IP3 and DAG.

Calcium ions carry signals within cells, triggering various responses.

All receptor sites are occupied; no further response possible.

A receptor only binds to certain specific ligands.

Different ligands can compete for the same receptor.

Describes the physiological responses of the body to environmental stressors.

Compare and contrast their signaling mechanisms, speed, target cells and other attributes.

Synthesized in the rough ER, processed in the Golgi apparatus.

Diffuse across cell membranes, bind to intracellular receptors to affect gene expression.

Hormone synthesized from amino acids, with specific transport and receptor mechanisms.

A simple endocrine pathway that includes a stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center, output signal, target, and response.

Hormones released from hypothalamus to regulate other endocrine glands.

The difference in the place of the signal activation in a negative feedback.

When two hormones act together to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.

One hormone can enhance the responsiveness of a target cell to a second hormone.

When one hormone opposes the action of another.

An autoimmune disorder leading to overproduction of thyroid hormone.

Insulating layer around some nerve fibers, increasing speed of signal transmission.

Action potentials jumping between nodes of Ranvier.

Localized changes in membrane potential that vary in size.

Large, rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the axon.

Leakage of ions through the membrane as the signal travels.

An action potential either occurs completely or does not occur at all above a threshold.

Time when another action potential is impossible, regardless of stimulus strength.

Time when a stronger-than-normal stimulus is required to trigger another action potential.

Depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

Action potential arrival, neurotransmitter release, neurotransmitter binding, postsynaptic potential, and neurotransmitter termination.

Neurotransmitters can be degraded, taken up by cells, or diffuse away.

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) are graded potentials.

Tight junctions in brain capillaries forming a barrier for substances in the blood.

12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain or brainstem.

Gap junctions, contact-dependent signaling, and paracrine signaling.

Reception, transduction, response, and termination.

Ligand-gated ion channels, enzyme-linked receptors, GPCRs, and integrin receptors.

A small signal causing a large response by activating many effector molecules.

Signal transduction using G proteins, phospholipase C, IP3 and DAG for cellular signal.

Calcium ions trigger responses within cells.

All receptor sites are occupied; no more signal reception.

A receptor binds only to certain ligands.

Different ligands compete for the same receptor.

Describes physiological responses to stress.

Compare signaling mechanisms, speed, targets.

Synthesized in the rough ER, processed in Golgi.

Steroid hormones cross membranes and affect gene expression.

Hormone from amino acids, specific transport and receptor.

Pathway includes stimulus, sensor, target, etc.

Hormones from the hypothalamus controlling other glands.

Difference in feedback mechanisms in response to hormones.

Two hormones with a greater effect.

One hormone enhances the response of another.

One hormone opposes another.

Autoimmune disorder causing high thyroid hormone.

Insulating layer around nerves, speeding signal.

Action potentials jump along myelinated axons.

Localized changes in membrane potential.

Large, rapid change in membrane potential.

Ions leak out as a signal travels.

Action potential either happens completely or not.

Time when another action potential is impossible.

Stronger stimulus needed to trigger an action potential.

Depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.

Arrival, neurotransmitter release, binding, postsynaptic potential, and termination.

Neurotransmitters degraded, taken up, or diffused.

Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Tight junctions in brain capillaries, limiting blood substance access to the brain.

12 pairs of nerves connecting the brain to the head and neck.

Functions like breathing control (among others).

Thalamus and hypothalamus.

Controls basic functions and regulates hormone system.

Structures that regulate emotions and memory.

Motor, sensory, and association areas.

Different hemispheres specializing in functions.

Declarative and non-declarative (procedural) memories.