Exam 2 Quizzes.docx

Components of mechanotransduction include a. Cytoskeletal structures b. Extracellular matrix molecules c. Selected lipid domains/ lipid rafts d. Transmembrane integrins Diseases having abnormal cell mechanics or mechanotransduction as a causative factor include e. Cancer f. Migraine g....

Components of mechanotransduction include a. Cytoskeletal structures b. Extracellular matrix molecules c. Selected lipid domains/ lipid rafts d. Transmembrane integrins Diseases having abnormal cell mechanics or mechanotransduction as a causative factor include e. Cancer f. Migraine g. Chronic back pain h. Hypertension A cell has a small number of lysosomes that are involved in lipid degradations   i. False A cell\'s cytosol is mainly involved in metabolism, transport, protein translation   j. True In the of steady state of **homeostasis** physical and chemical parameters mostly k. Change, mostly oscillating between certain limits The functions of plasma membrane proteins include all of the following, EXCEPT: l. A barrier to passive diffusion of large or charged molecules The following statements about cell\'s cytoskeleton are correct EXCEPT m. It\'s composed of proteoglycans and hyaluronan to create compressive resistance The electrical and mechanical properties of the cell membrane are maintained mainly by n. Combined effect of lipids and proteins Mechanobiology and biomechanics o. Mechanobiology studies mechanical phenomena at molecular level while Biomechanics at macroscopic level In cellular homeostasis, the cell\'s physical and chemical parameters are kept within tight limits: p. That decrease in time as the cell ages q. That refers basically to temperature, oxygen concentration, and blood supply r. That are optimal for cell\'s functions s. That are at the lowest value based on conservation of energy \"Do not let the negative few overrule the positive many\", one of Dr Parker\'s Principles, underlines the power of positive thinking.\ It also gives a recipe: when something negative happens, it\'s better to look for and to find more positives in your life. t. True **Histopathology **is** **the study of changes due to disease in body's tissue(s). u. True **Cytopathology** is** **the study of the changes caused by disease in free cells or small cell blocks v. True **Apoptosis** is the study of the initiating cause of death w. False **Etiology **is the study of the biochemical reactions that provides energy in an organism x. False Choose the best matching explanation from the right column y. Lesion i. The morphological and/or functional disruptive change produced in a tissue or organ as a result of the disease or disease process. z. Homeostasis ii. A steady state of relative equilibrium of internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. a. Metabolism iii. Life-sustaining biochemical reactions in an organism, mostly to provide energy and building blocks from food, and the removal of waste b. Apoptosis iv. Programmed cell death, at the end of its lifespan or due to accumulation of damaged and irreparable internal cellular components c. Necrosis v. Multiple cells death due to severe injury, mostly inducing an inflammatory response d. Inflammation vi. A response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage in order to eliminate the offending agents, tissue becoming red, swollen, hot, and often painful. e. Disease vii. An interruption, cessation or disorder in the function of a body organ or system that is characterized by a recognized etiologic agent, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alteration. f. Pathology viii. The description of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease. Week 2 1. Fibrinoid necrosis would be seen in which of the following scenarios: a. Complex antigen-antibody deposition in the wall of blood vessels 2. Autophagy is a survival mechanism to recycle cell components during periods of starvation b. True 3. Amyloid accumulation seen in Alzheimer\'s Disease is produced by what? c. Defect in protein folding, assembling, and/or transport 4. What accumulates the most in in the lung of most people's living in modern cities that was before common in coal miners d. Cabon 5. Match the term to the definition e. Metaplasia i. A replacement of one differentiated cell type by another cell type f. Hypertrophy ii. An increase in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due to an increase in size of the individual cells within that tissue or organ g. Atrophy iii. A decrease in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due first to a decrease in the size of the cells within the tissue or organ, and second, a decrease in cell number h. Hyperplasia iv. An increase in size of a previously normal tissue or organ due to an increase in the number of cells within that tissue or organ i. Dysplasia v. A change in both the growth and differentiation of the tissue with the production of a disordered tissue architecture 6. Mechanisms for intracellular accumulations include all of the following EXCEPT: j. Excessive hormonal stimulation to increase ATP production 7. A 51-year-old man with a long history of alcoholism presents with severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and increased serum amylase. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis superimposed on chronic pancreatitis was made. Which of the following type of necrosis is most probable to be found in the abdomen? k. Fat enzymatic 8. Match the type of cell death to the description provided l. Apoptosis vi. Plasma membrane relative intact covering fragments of the cell vii. Cell size is usually reduced (shrunken) viii. Local inflammation is mostly absent ix. May happen also physiologically, at the end of cell life span m. Necrosis x. Cellular content leaks out xi. Plasma membrane disrupted or ruptured xii. inflammation is often present at the site.  xiii. Cell is usually enlarged (swollen) 9. A progressive decline in cellular function and viability as seen in aging is associated with n. Activation of tumor suppressor genes AND deficiency in chaperones of the heat shock protein family 10. Dr Parker considered that the way we perceive reality is related to our biases and beliefs in a principle that states: \"Seeing is not believing...believing is seeing.\" o. True 11. Physiological apoptosis may happen in any of the following scenarios EXCEPT p. Misfolded proteins 12. Examples of reactive oxygen species (ROS) include all of the following EXCEPT q. Nitric oxide 13. Chemical damage can be induce even by simple, common molecules such as glucose or salt, if they are in hypertonic solutions r. True 14. The type of stressor is important because a cell may be able to adapt to one type of stressor but be irreversibly injured by another. s. True 15. Which of the following events is NOT happening during the initial changes of the ischemia? t. Destruction of the cytoskeleton Week 3 1. What are characteristic of acute inflammation? a. Local signs are prominent, fast onset, and cells are mainly neutrophils 2. Dr Parker stated in \"The Major Premise\" of his Principles that the universal physics laws which he called Universal Intelligence are at the root of everything \"thus maintaining it in existence\" b. False 3. What is the part of the acute inflammatory response that is the movement of cells from outside of the blood vessel to the site of injury? c. Chemotaxis 4. What is the desired outcome of acute inflammation? d. Resolution 5. All of the following are aspects of the vascular response to inflammation except: e. Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells. 6. Inflammation starts in general by recruiting the cells needed to remove the offending agent f. False 7. Abnormal immune reaction can also lead to tissue inflammation g. True 8. Monocytes and lymphocytes are the predominant cell found in acute inflammation. h. False 9. Sentinel cells in inflammation are guarding the openings in the epithelia i. False 10. Chemical mediators of inflammation can be molecules that may have other functions in the body, like serotonin j. True 11. During acute inflammation tissue repair usually happens immediately after the increased vascular permeability phase. k. False 12. Match acute or chronic inflammation with their specific characteristics l. Acute i. Fast onset in minutes ii. Prominent clinical signs iii. Resolution is a common outcome iv. Involved cells are mainly neutrophils m. Chronic v. Involves mostly adaptive immune response vi. Lymphocytes are a major cell component vii. It can last for months viii. Tissue destruction is often progressive and may become severe 13. Major mediators involved in **increased** inflammatory pain are n. Platelet activating factor o. Bradykinin p. Prostaglandins 14. The main cells seen in acute inflammation are: q. Neutrophils 15. A young volleyball player comes in for a cervical adjustment to improve her arm and hand reflexes. You notice one of her fingers is warm and swollen. After inquiring about it you are told that it was injured in a game two days ago and that she was given aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid). Which of the following features of the inflammatory response is most affected by this drug? r. Vasodilation 16. Which of the following mediators of inflammation may induce fever? s. Prostaglandins 17. Substance P t. It's secreted by sensory neurons, Increases chemotaxis, Increases vessel diameter, AND Increases cytokine production 18. Major principle that \"Interference with transmission in the body is always directly or indirectly due to subluxations in the spinal column\" was supported during Dr Parker\'s times by new scientific discoveries including functional MRI, immune staining of viral particle inside the spinal neurons, and mechanoreceptors in dorsal root ganglia. u. False 19. Which of the following type of cells are involved in the recognition of injurious agents in tissues? v. Macrophages AND Dendritic cells 20. What adhesion molecules are expressed by the endothelial cells to attach the leukocytes to the blood vessel wall (endothelium)? w. P-selectin AND E-selectin 21. Hageman factor is a preformed, cell derived mediator x. False 22. The complement molecule, C3b, is a potent chemoattractant and vasodilator. y. False 23. During acute inflammation, histamine-induced increased vascular permeability causes the formation of exudates. Which cell type is the most likely source of the histamine that cause the increased vascular permeability?  z. Mast cells 24. Which of the listed substances is produced by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid and is a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils? a. Leukotriene B4 25. Complement is involved in many inflammatory reactions EXCEPT: b. Vasoconstriction 26. Which class of eicosanoids differs from most of the metabolic products of arachidonic acid by the fact that its members inhibit inflammation? c. Lipoxins 27. Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is **[not]** correct? d. Blood coagulation is the immediate response 28. Willow bark extract, aspirin, and other Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory substances (NSAIDs) act by inhibiting which enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism: e. Cyclooxygenase 29. Cytokines are chemical mediators that are found within the plasma. f. False 30. The balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 manifest at the level of g. Platelet aggregation/ platelet inhibition h. Vasodilation/ vasoconstriction Week 4 1. Macrophages may be classically activated (M1) by all of the following EXCEPT a. Growth factors 2. Angiogenesis requires b. Growth factors AND Extracellular matrix scaffold 3. The metalloproteinases involved in matrix remodeling c. Are influenced by tissue stiffness, AND Need Zn or other metal cofactors 4. What is characteristic of chronic inflammation? d. Necrosis and scar formation are usually present, AND Major involved cells are macrophages and multiple classes of lymphocytes. 5. In Dr Parker\'s principle \"*I will anticipate the good -- even during the bad*\" one may find an analogy with pathology: even when injury happens and inflammation develops, the potential for repair is also there. e. True 6. Factors that impair tissue repair by regeneration include all of the following except: f. Intact connective tissue framework 7. A deep leg wound that is cleaned and sutured heals with the formation of a scar. Which type of enzyme is responsible for proper wound healing?  g. Metalloproteinase 8. A deep leg wound that is cleaned and sutured heals with the formation of a scar. Which nutrient is required for proper collagen deposition? h. Vitamin C 9. What is the type of molecule that provide strength to a repaired (healed)  wound i. Collagen type I 10. What type of inflammation is produced by tuberculosis? j. Chronic granulomatous, caseating inflammation 11. Which of the following stimuli is NOT a nociceptive stimulus in inflammation?  k. Lipoxins, AND Cortisol 12. Indicate which type of cells (labile, stabile, permanent) are characteristic for the following tissues l. Labile i. Skin ii. Mouth iii. Intestinal epithelia m. Stable iv. Kidney v. Blood vessels endothelia n. Permanent vi. Brain vii. Heart muscle viii. Skeletal muscle 13. A mature scar differs from granulation tissue in that it has more o. Collagen 14. Tissue immune cells that contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation are p. Mast cells 15. The major class of lymphocyte involved in activation of macrophages in chronic inflammation is q. T Helper 16. Activated macrophages on the tissue repair path (M2) secrete mainly: r. Growth factors 17. Causes of arteriolosclerosis that adversely effect wound healing are? s. Diabetes mellitus, AND Hypertension 18. Major functions of extracellular matrix (ECM) are t. Interaction with the membrane of the cell by means of integrins or other anchoring proteins; Providing scaffolding for tissue renewal; Storage and presentation of growth factors; AND Controlling or modulating cell activity through its stiffness and transmission of mechanical stimuli 19. Tissue phagocytes include specific cells in different organs. Microglial cells are u. Specific to the brain 20. Tissue phagocytes include specific cells in different organs. Kupffer cells are v. Specific to the liver 21. Factors that impair wound healing include all of the following except: w. Clean edges on a small wound 22. Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in repair via connective tissue deposition x. Hemostatic plug, inflammation, cell proliferation, maturation Week 5 1. Viruses like EBV or CMV cause secondary immunodeficiencies through which mechanism? a. Directly infecting immune cells b. Releasing factors that inhibit lymphocyte maturation and function c. Damaging lymphocyte by increasing ROS production d. Enhancing production of secondary receptors for HIV e. Deficiency in generating ROS due to NADPH gene mutation 2. A young patient presents with recurrent respiratory tract infections after 6 months of age and has a low number of B cells in the blood and lymphoid organs as well as an absence of plasma cells.  What condition is this most likely to be? f. X-linked agammaglobulinemia g. Severe combined immunodeficiency h. Selective IgA deficiency i. DiGeorge syndrome 3. You are seeing a new patient who has a history of mild upper respiratory tract infections.  He also has had diarrhea for most of his life and now at the age of 35 he would like to find out what is happening.  Which of the following best explain his condition?  j. Selective IgA deficiency k. Severe combined Immunodeficiency l. HIV infection m. DiGeorge syndrome 4. What tests are commonly used to investigate a patient with AIDS due to HIV? n. HIV antibody and CD4+ cell count o. HIV antigen and CD8+ cell count p. HIV antibody and B cell count 5. Which is NOT a characteristic of immune senescence q. It refers to sequestration of immune stem cells with age in the bone marrow. r. Adaptive immunity is affected more than innate one s. It is associated with accumulation of oxidative damages t. There is a decline in T-cell functions due to the progressive involution of the thymus 6. Which of the following cells is NOT an antigen presenting cell (APC) u. Platelets v. Macrophages w. Dendritic cells x. Certain classes of B cells 7. Dr Parker\'s Principle that *\"There is no philosophy by which I can do a thing if I think I cannot\" *applies not only to learning a new adjusting technique but also to taking exams or preparing for them. y. True z. False 8. IgE are the antibodies secreted mostly on epithelia a. True b. False 9. IgG are the first antibodies secreted in an infection c. True d. False 10. Helper T cells like Th1 Th2 Th17 express a CD4 receptor e. True f. False Week 6 1. "Do not let the negative few overrule the positive many\", one of Dr Parker\'s Principles, underlines the power of positive thinking. It also gives a recipe: when something negative happens, it\'s better to look for and to find more positives in your life. a. True b. False 2. Chronic rejection occurs what time after the transplant? c. Months or years d. Weeks to months e. Days to weeks f. Hours to days 3. Amyloidosis is mostly the result of deposition of misfolded proteins that are resistant to proteolysis g. True h. False 4. Muscle weakness seen in patients suffering from myasthenia gravis occurs due to i. Antibodies binding to acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction 5. Minutes after a donor kidney is connected to the recipient\'s blood vessels, the transplanted kidney turns blue, becomes flaccid, excretes a few drops of bloody urine and has to be removed.  Histological examination showed immunoglobulin and complement proteins deposited in blood vessel walls. This type of rejection is due primarily to j. Preformed host antibodies that are directed against the donor antigens k. Donor cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are directed against host antigens l. Host cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are director against donor antigens m. Preformed donor antibodies that are directed against host antigens 6. In an immediate hypersensitivity response, cytokines are seen to stimulate IgE production by B-cells, promote mast cell growth and recruit and activate Eosinophils.   Which of the following cells is the source of these cytokines? n. CD4+ T cell o. Neutrophils p. Macrophages q. Dendritic cells 7. Blood transfusion reactions are what type of hypersensitivity? r. Type II s. Type I t. Type IV u. Type III 8. An allograft is between v. two individuals who are not identical twins w. a human and an animal x. identical twins y. an individual who donates to him/ herself 9. Contact dermatitis like poison ivy occurs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ after exposure. z. 12-24 hours a. Immediately b. 1 hour later c. 6-8 hours 10. The tissue damage caused by type III hypersensitivity is mediated by  d. Antigen-antibody complexes e. Activated T lymphocytes f. IgE interaction with mast cells g. Mainly IgG and IgM antibodies 11. There is evidence that autoimmune diseases have higher incidence if there was a lack of infections in childhood h. True i. False 12. Dr Parker\'s principle *\"To attract my Success, Health, and Happiness, I will eliminate fear of the future, worry over the past, and anxiety for the present\" *is still valid even though our fears may have changed since his time j. True k. False 13. External antigens are attached and presented to T-helper (CD4+) cells using which type of molecules? l. ABO system m. HLA III n. MHC I o. MHC II 14. Rheumatoid arthritis develops pannus in the joints that leads to radial deviation of the fingers. p. True q. False 15. An immature pre B-cell that is exposed and strongly recognize a self-antigens may be r. going through receptor editing and tested again s. changed into regulatory B cell t. changed into memory B cell through positive selection u. changed into a phagocyte cell 16. The tissue damage caused by type II hypersensitivity is mediated by v. Mainly antibodies like IgG and IgM w. Antigen-antibody complexes x. IgE interaction with mast cells y. Activated T lymphocytes 17. Which of the following molecules are found on the outside of human red blood cells? z. ABO system a. HLA III b. MHC I c. MHC II 18. Which of the following is not a clinical feature of CREST syndrome d. Erosion of cartilage at joints e. Decreased motility of the esophagus f. Dilation of capillaries in the skin g. Thickening of the skin on the fingers and hand 19. What autoantibody is specific for SLE? h. Smith antigen i. Rheumatoid factor j. Multiple nuclear antigens k. Double-stranded DNA 20. What is a systemic autoimmune disease? l. Systemic sclerosis m. Primary biliary cirrhosis n. Grave's disease o. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Week 7 1. Dr Parker\'s principle that \"Nature will give me what I act like I already have\" describes a connection between thoughts, expectations, and actions. a. True b. False 2. Which of the following is NOT a direct factor in tissue fluid balance? c. Acetylcholine released by visceral/autonomic sensory terminals d. Fluid pressure in the blood vessels e. Capillary permeability f. ECM firmness g. Macromolecules concentration in the capillary vessels 3. Glymphatic system h. helps draining lymphatic fluid from the glomerulus i. helps draining lymphatic fluid from the brain during sleep j. helps draining lymphatic fluid from the gastric mucosa after meals k. helps draining lymphatic fluid from the gonads 4. What is the name for a bruise? l. Purpura m. Ecchymosis n. Petechiae o. Hematoma 5. What produces the nutmeg liver due to passive congestion? p. Chronic RVF q. Chronic LVF r. Acute LVF s. Acute RVF 6. What is the name for the hemorrhage into the skin or mucus membranes that is the size of a pinprick? t. Ecchymosis u. Purpura v. Hematoma w. Petechiae 7. What causes pulmonary edema x. Chronic RVF y. Chronic LVF z. Acute LVF a. Acute RVF 8. What causes pulmonary congestion b. Chronic RVF c. Chronic LVF d. Acute LVF e. Acute RVF 9. The pressure in the interstitial tissue is regulated mostly by f. Content of salt g. Pressure of dissolved gas h. Amounts of globulins i. Extracellular matrix expansion 10. What is the first stage in hemostasis? j. Vasoconstriction k. Coagulation l. Platelet aggregation m. Thrombosis 11. A white infarction usually occurs when there is a block of an end artery. n. True o. False 12. Venous occlusion of a leg deep vein will result in a warm, swollen leg, with pitting edema p. True q. False 13. Neurons are very susceptible to the effect of decreased blood flow because they do not have the ability to adapt. r. True s. False 14. Abrupt exposure to cold after active vasodilatation will increase capillary permeability potentially leading to chronic inflammation and immune reactions by increasing intercellular spaces. t. True u. False 15. A 72 year-old man who was hospitalized 3 weeks ago for a cerebral infarct (stroke) is attempting to walk for the first time. Within minutes, he has sudden onset of dyspnea and dies. An autopsy is performed and a big saddle thrombus was discovered on the bifurcation of pulmonary artery. Which factor contributed most to this finding? v. Atherosclerosis w. Bronchopneumonia x. Factor V mutation y. Venous stasis 16. Normal state of endothelial cells is associated with all of the following EXCEPT z. Production of NO a. secretion of thrombomodulin and heparin-like factors b. exposure of collagen and tissue factor c. smooth blood flow and high shear stress 17. What produces a localized edema? d. Septicemia e. Acute inflammation f. Cardiac failure g. Hypoproteinemia 18. What causes pulmonary congestion? h. Chronic RVF i. Acute RVF j. Acute LVF k. Chronic LVF 19. Where would an arterial obstruction produce a red infarction? l. Brain m. Liver n. Fingers o. Prostate p. Lungs q. Spleen 20. When an individual experiences chest pain, they should rest and not go out and exercise in order to? r. Increase tissue susceptibility to ischemia s. Decrease tissue metabolic rate t. Increase the rate of development of the occlusion u. Test the integrity of the collateral circulation 21. During initial phase of ischemia v. fibroblasts are recruited and activated w. There is a depletion of ATP and failure of Na/K ATP pump x. there are membrane fragments that deposits extracellularly y. There is an influx of glycogen Week 8 1. After extended space travel, a new phenomenon appeared: more and more men and few women were able to perceive ultraviolet (UV) radiation as a new color. No adverse effects were noted. Extended investigation discovered a mutation on X chromosome in an uncoded area that produced a new RECESIVE gene (named *UV223*). A young female discovered that even though she doesn't see UV radiation as a color, she is a carrier of the *UV223*. To maximize the chances of her children to see the new color, she looked for men who also have the gene. And she found one who had it. Based on classical (mendelian) transmission of the gene, answer the following questions about the possible children of this family. (1/4 = 25%, 1/2 = 2/4 = 50%, 3/4 = 75%, 2/2=4/4 = 100%) a. The probability of [a girl to inherit] the gene is: i. 0% (none) ii. 25% iii. 50% iv. 75% v. 100% (all) b. The probability of a *girl to see UV* as a color is vi. 0% (none) vii. 25% viii. 50% ix. 75% x. 100% (all) c. The probability of a boy to inherit the gene (and see the new color) is: xi. 0% (none) xii. 25% xiii. 50% xiv. 75% xv. 100% (all) 2. A continuation of the above setup, with the following ADDITIONAL information: During a detailed consult it was revealed that due to a severe gastric ulcer the young man is following a strong antacid treatment for more than an year which altered his methylation processes and lead to imprinting of the area of *UV223*. Think about this new context, recalculate the above probabilities in case they have changed, and answer the following questions based on all the information presented. d. Does imprinting affect the expression of the UV223 genes? xvi. Yes xvii. No, because there are no epigenetic factors connecting methylation to imprinting xviii. No, because imprinting it's possible only during intrauterine growth. There is no genetic imprinting in humans. xix. No, because only female can suffer from it xx. No, because imprinting changes the color of banding of the chromosome. e. The probability of a girl to see UV as a color is xxi. 0% (none) xxii. 25% xxiii. 50% xxiv. 75% xxv. 100% (all) f. The probability of a girl to inherit the *UV223 gene *is xxvi. 0% (none) xxvii. 25% xxviii. 50% xxix. 75% xxx. 100% (all) g. The probability of a boy to inherit the gene (and see the new color) is: xxxi. 0% (none) xxxii. 25% xxxiii. 50% xxxiv. 75% xxxv. 100% (all) h. Assuming the imprinting is reversible, and the antacid treatment is stopped, what time would you counsel the couple to wait for the effects (if any) to be seen in all the sperm-cells? xxxvi. More than 4 months xxxvii. No reason to wait. Epigenetics doesn't affect sperm-cells xxxviii. Change the partner. No changes are possible xxxix. 1-2 days xl. 1-2 weeks xli. 1-2 months 3. Dr Parker principles that *\"Thought plus action equals feeling\"* and \"*My feelings attract my life to me\" *were his way of advising us that our attitude and feelings towards how we act (or learn) are the main force that creates the results. i. True j. False 4. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for an inflammatory reaction:  k. Repair, Regulation, Recognition l. Recognition, Regulation, Removal m. Recruitment, Recognition. Repair n. Recruitment, Removal, Regulation 5. Epigenetic factors can alter the chromatin and its expression without changing the DNA sequence o. True p. False 6. Mechanical tension can alter DNA expression in certain cells like fibroblasts or endothelial cells, changing their behavior q. True r. False 7. Compensatory mechanisms in shock try to maintain cerebral and cardiac blood flow and blood pressure by inducing peripheral vasodilatation s. True t. False 8. What is the word for the physical expression of your DNA? u. Genotype v. Recessive w. Phenotype x. Dominant 9. Which of the following statements are true of Cytogenetic disorders? y. Monosomies of sex chromosomes are typically incompatible with life z. Trisomies of sex chromosomes are usually incompatible with life a. Monosomies of autosomal chromosomes are usually incompatible with life b. Trisomies of autosomal chromosomes are usually incompatible with life. 10. What is the most survivable of the autosomal chromosomal defects? c. Turner's syndrome d. Edward's syndrome e. Patau's syndrome f. Down's syndrome 11. You have an 18 year-old come to your clinic complaining of back pain.  You see that the patient is tall with long arms and fingers, has cataracts as well as a heart murmur.  Where is the defect that leads to these signs and symptoms g. Glycogen storage h. Hemoglobin molecule i. Fibrillin molecule j. RBC cytoskeleton 12. Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by an alteration to enzyme structure and function k. Phenylketonuria l. Sickle cell anemia  m. Huntington Disease n. Cystic Fibrosis 13. A patient has Neurofibrosis 1.  What is the type of problem that caused this? o. Within sequence coding for an enzyme p. Within sequence coding for a structural protein q. Disease of growth control proteins r. Within sequence coding for a functional protein 14. What is a condition produced by a mutation that produces an abnormal cytoskeleton? s. Hereditary spherocytosis t. Di George's syndrome u. Phenylketonuria v. Marfan's syndrome 15. 29-year-old women has a history of frequent nose bleeds and increased menstrual flow. On physical examination, petechiae and purpura are present on the skin.  Laboratory studies show a decrease in von Willebrand factor activity. The patient most likely has a derangement of which step in hemostasis? w. Vasoconstriction x. Platelet adhesion y. Prothrombin generation z. Platelet aggregation 16. Dr Parker\'s Principle that *\"There is no philosophy by which I can do a thing if I think I cannot\" *applies not only to learning a new adjusting technique but also to taking exams or preparing for them. a. True b. False 17. How does hypovolemia cause shock? c. Causes peripheral vasodilation d. Produces obstruction to blood flow e. Decreases venous return f. Causes cardiogenic issues 18. What disease is caused by deletion of a whole triplet so there is loss of one amino acid in the final protein? g. Thalassemia h. Cystic fibrosis i. Huntington's disease j. Sickle cell anemia 19. Which of the following are x-linked disorder that arise as a result of trinucleotide repeats? k. Hereditary Spherocytosis l. Agammaglobulinemia m. Hemophilia A n. Fragile X 20. A patient has an anaphylactic reaction after getting an injection of penicillin. They had said that they had not had a previous reaction after being given an injection of penicillin.  That is correct because the first injection sensitized the patient but had no reaction. o. True p. False 21. Proper correction of tissue tone after an injury will improve healing through epigenetic mechanisms q. True r. False 22. Having an extra chromosome or being short one chromosome (monosomies and trisomies) are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. s. Polyploidy t. An inversion u. Aneuploidy v. A Robertsonian translocation  23. C-reactive protein (CRP), one of the most measured acute phase proteins, acts mostly as  w. Opsonin x. Thrombin inhibitor y. Iron binding protein z. Plasmin inhibitor