Political Psychology SOP 4704 / POS 4931 Lectures PDF

POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY SOP 4704 / POS 4931 Ideology  Information Session about Graduate Programs for UF Undergraduates ❖Combined BA/MA program ❖Master of Arts  Political Science (General)  Political Campaigning  International Relations ❖Combined MA/JD p...

POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY SOP 4704 / POS 4931 Ideology  Information Session about Graduate Programs for UF Undergraduates ❖Combined BA/MA program ❖Master of Arts  Political Science (General)  Political Campaigning  International Relations ❖Combined MA/JD program ❖PhD Information Session about Graduate Programs for UF Undergraduates Wednesday, October 9 6:15 pm to 7:30 pm Anderson 216 Pizza and soft drinks Co-sponsored by Pi Sigma Alpha RSVP in Qualtrics  A central “danger” of this course… Differences between “liberals” and “conservatives” are small and inconsistent, but we’re going to learn about them. This may lead you to believe that they’re larger and more widespread than they are. https://slideplayer.com/slide/8412133/ Danger! Learn about extremes (i.e., political partisans) to learn the basic point Keep in mind (literally), that the vast middle is not like this - for Strongly Strongly Liberal Conservative the most part Always look at the data!!! And now…two weeks of lectures on the “differences” (often without showing you the underlying data) A second central problem with this course… (And, to be fair [to me], the research and data upon which I have built the course) It is far too focused on results and patterns for White people Very often, when I say “liberals” or “conservatives”, the modifier “White” is implied before that…. We will learn some about non-White people, but the setup has the danger of centering White people and making them the norm against which non-White people conform or show a “different” pattern A third issue to be careful of… We need to consistently remind ourselves that we will be going back and forth between talking about “liberal” and “conservative” ideologies and “liberal” and “conservative” politicians/policies (and thereby the Democratic and Republican parties) The overlap between these two is loose and inconsistent [we can come back to this in a couple minutes when we talk about your results on the disgust scale; we will also return to it during the lecture on race/ethnicity] This is NOT an easy task!  What is ideology? Two definitions, two approaches: “any abstract, internally coherent system of belief or meaning” (value-neutral) “propagandistic belief systems that are typically misleading and systematically distorted”; “a motivated, system-serving belief system” (bad) Ideology: The mistaken belief that your beliefs are neither beliefs nor mistaken  What is ideology? Ideology: The mistaken belief that your beliefs are neither beliefs nor mistaken Supposed to be “funny”, but there IS a point, which is that our ideologies often feel “true” and “correct” You’ll hear people on both sides talk about “common sense” solutions. Whose common sense? Based on what understanding of the world? And if I’m correct and we disagree, you must be incorrect (i.e., “blinded by your ideology”)  Who do you vote for vs. Who are you? What is ideology? Content of ideology (belief-system): political In this class, we will be primarily focused on religious political ideology, which is overlapping with political moral orientation... scientific For our purposes, the difference is basically that aesthetic (coolness) “ideology” is a broader concept that is about other? mental organization In a way, if all three of your “tests” lined up, you may have a political ideology. If not, it’s more of a political orientation  Explicit Ideology Left-wing/Liberal Right-wing/Conservative social change, equality tradition, hierarchy – lower on RWA, SDO – higher on RWA, SDO Openness Conscientiousness tolerance of ambiguity and need for certainty and cognitive cog. complexity closure lower system justification higher system justification lower mortality salience higher mortality salience lower threat perceptions higher threat perceptions less need to reduce uncertainty high need to reduce uncertainty and threat and threat  Explicit Ideology - lifestyle Liberals prefer: Conservatives prefer: atheists, poetry, jazz, Asian fraternities/sororities, religious food, street artists, tattoos, people, SUVs, Christians, high foreign films, erotica, big school, fishing, alcohol, cities, recreational drugs, sex, marriage, their childhood, TV, foreign travel idea of having kids, prayer, newspaper subscriptions, their father, sports, brand logos Openness, tolerance, and Conventionalism, tradition, sensation-seeking adherence to social norms  Explicit Ideology – attitudes Liberals prefer: Conservatives prefer: remedying social injustices, big corporations, women gay marriage, welfare, staying at home, the rich, universal health care, marriage, God, politicians, feminists, environmentalists, government, police, military, vegetarians, affirmative their state, most Americans, action the U.S. flag Social change and System justification, support egalitarianism of status quo  Implicit Ideology Liberal preferences Conservative preferences low-status groups high-status groups – gay people, dark-skin, black – straight people, light-skin, white people, black children, Arab- people, white children, non- Muslims, Jews, fat people, Arabs, non-Jews, thin people, old people, disabled people young people, abled people  Implicit Ideology – political differences in non-political attitudes Apple – Microsoft Letterman – Leno Vegetables - Meat Cats - Dogs Books - Television Wrinkles - Plastic Surgery Nerds - Jocks Emotions - Reasons Jazz - Teen Pop Helpers - Leaders 50 Cent - Britney Spears Denzel - Tom Cruise Note: This data is from the early 2000s, when these were relevant pairs! Where does ideology come from? 1. Conventional view – learned from parents explicitly – direct teaching of values, opinions implicitly – picked up over time 2. Nature view – inherited from parents twin studies, political ID highly heritable (>50% variance explained by genetic factors) ideology as temperament or personality We tend to think of our political ideology as being chosen based on “studying the issues” (or following parents/friends/partners/etc.). It may be, however, that we have genetically-based personality styles that lead us to a more conservative or liberal ideology NICHD Study of Early Child Care: Interviews with 708 children and family members at 1-month old and follow-up at age 18 Where does ideology come from? 1. Conservative shift threatening events like 9/11 mortality salience manipulations having kids (threat as mediator) 2. Liberal shift foreign travel education perspective-taking jobs (judges, academics) tolerance of ambiguity required  Moral Foundations Hypothesis Idea of theory is that human morality is based on a number of core constructs (metaphor is of “taste receptors”) What’s important for us is that reliance on these constructs differs by political orientation 1. Care/harm Liberals 2. Fairness/cheating 3. Loyalty/betrayal Conservatives 4. Authority/subversion 5. Sanctity/degradation (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2009, JPSP)  Moral Foundations Hypothesis Liberals use only the top 2, and are most focused on 1. Care/harm issues of whether someone has been harmed 2. Fairness/cheating 3. Loyalty/betrayal Conservatives use all 5 (or 6) 4. Authority/subversion foundations when thinking about morality 5. Sanctity/degradation This one was added later to 6. Liberty/Oppression describe libertarians (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2009, JPSP)  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Harm very relevant somewhat relevant slightly relevant not very relevant not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care very relevant somewhat relevant slightly relevant not very relevant Whether or not someone cared for someone weak or vulnerable not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care very relevant Fairness somewhat relevant slightly relevant not very relevant Whether or not some people were treated differently from others not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care very relevant Fairness somewhat relevant slightly Loyalty relevant not very relevant Whether or not someone showed a lack of loyalty not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care very relevant Fairness somewhat relevant slightly Loyalty relevant Authority not very relevant Whether or not someone conformed to the traditions of society not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care very relevant Fairness somewhat relevant slightly Loyalty relevant Authority not very Sanctity relevant Whether or not someone did something disgusting not at all relevant  Moral Relevance YourMorals.org participants (n=194,661) extremely relevant Care Liberals: Only Care/Fairness matter very relevant Fairness C/F: More relevant for liberals somewhat than conservatives relevant Conservatives: All five are equally slightly Loyalty relevant relevant Authority not very Sanctity L/A/S: More relevant for relevant conservatives than liberals not at all relevant  USA (n = 85,572) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  UK (n = 2,728) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  Canada (n = 4,309) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  Australia (n = 1,616) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP) Western Europe (n = 4,128) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP) Eastern Europe (n = 733) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  Africa (n = 153) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP) Latin America (n = 1,200) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  Middle East (n = 593) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  South Asia (n = 394) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  East Asia (n = 953) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  Southeast Asia (n = 645) Care Fairness Loyalty Authority Sanctity (Graham, Nosek, Haidt, Iyer, Koleva, & Ditto, 2011, JPSP)  extremely relevant The relationship between the Authority and Purity foundations does not correlate as strongly with political orientation for Black people as it does for White people not at all relevant Davis et al., (2016). The moral foundations hypothesis does not replicate well in Black samples. Reemolap failed to care for someone who was weak and vulnerable Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019 Reemolap failed to care for someone who was weak and vulnerable Reemolap made someone suffer emotionally Reemolap was cruel Reemolap treated some people differently than others Reemolap acted unfairly Reemolap denied someone his or her rights Reemolap showed a lack of respect for authority  Reemolap showed a lack of respect for authority Reemolap betrayed his group Reemolap showed a lack of loyalty Reemolap failed to conform to the traditions of society Reemolap violated standards of purity and decency Reemolap did something disgusting  Care/Fairness Loyalty/Authority/Purity Reemolap…. Failed to care for someone who was weak Showed a lack of respect for authority and vulnerable Betrayed his group Made someone suffer emotionally Showed a lack of loyalty Was cruel Failed to conform to the traditions of Treated some people differently than others society Acted unfairly Violated standards of purity and decency Denied someone his or her rights Did something disgusting How bad/negative/unlikeable/unpleasant is Reemolap? (-3 = Very unpleasant to +3 = Very Pleasant) Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019  > 1) CF transgressions lead to more dislike overall than do LAP transgressions Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019 1) CF transgressions lead to more dislike overall than do LAP transgressions 2) Even conservative participants dislike the CF transgressor more than LAP transgressor Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019 1) CF transgressions lead to more dislike overall than do LAP transgressions 2) Even conservative participants dislike the CF transgressor more than LAP transgressor 3) When Reemolap makes CF transgressions, liberals dislike him more than do conservatives Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019 1) CF transgressions lead to more dislike overall than do LAP transgressions 2) Even conservative participants dislike the CF transgressor more than LAP transgressor 3) When Reemolap makes CF transgressions, liberals dislike him more than do conservatives 4) When Reemolap makes LAP transgressions, conservatives dislike him more than do liberals Smith, Ratliff, Redford, & Graham, 2019 POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY SOP 4704 / POS 4931 Political Orientation “Bad” things about the following lecture ❖ Presented data will…  Treat gender in a binary way  Treat race and ethnicity as real differences ◼ (Difficult concept here of socially constructed, but also real)  And ignore most within-race differences  Focus overmuch on the importance of White people  Treat Hispanic/Latinx and Asian American as monoliths  Party Demographics There is a gender difference BUT, it doesn’t make sense to assume men are Republicans or that women are Democrats It’s also important to keep in mind rates of voting! https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/04/09/partisanship-by-gender-sexual-orientation-marital-and-parental-status/  They are fairly consistent over time, There are racial/ethnic differences although Asian Americans show more a more variable pattern  Educational Attainment and Voting Gap is decreasing among Black More educational attainment is becoming voters with college degree correlated with the Democratic party overall Gap increasing among White voters with lowest educational attainment Merges “no college” with “some college” +12 R +9D +2D + 35 D Biggest difference in party affiliation is among women who have graduate college That difference has been growing steadily for 20 years (White) men with lower educational attainment have been moving to GOP since 2008 (White) men with higher educational attainment have been slowly shifting from Republican to Democratic over past 25 years  Think about these maps from the perspective of historical and current positions on both enfranchisement and disenfranchisement (i.e., who can vote legally AND how easy is it in practice) 2016 U.S Presidential Election (Trump-Clinton) Voter Turnout by Gender https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/voters/gender-differences-voter-turnout#GGN Voter Turnout by Age Voter Turnout by Race/Ethnicity Reminder about language of survey and (unknown) impacts on survey quality  2016 Election ? Cities, coastlines, rivers (places where people and ideas mix) 2020 Election Left-right Distinction ❖ Composed of two elements (e.g., Jost, Federico, & Napier, 2009)  Advocating versus resisting social change (as opposed to tradition)  Rejecting versus accepting inequality ❖ Single left/right item does most of the work ❖ Not a lot of evidence for the “economic vs. social” distinction  One-dimensional model of political orientation -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 This does predict behavior fairly well; in brief, it’s the “best worst” tool we have That does not, on its own, mean it’s “real” Or that it’s the best way of operationalizing political ideology Or that it operationalizes political ideology equally well for all people Hakeem Jefferson’s work r =.66 r =.09 Jefferson, in press Liberal/Conservative Differences Disgust Sensitivity (Inbar, Pizarro, Iyer, & Haidt, 2012) Especially strong relationship for fears of contamination “You take a sip of soda, and then realize that you drank from the glass “I would never let any part that an acquaintance of yours had of my body touch the toilet been drinking from” seat in a public washroom” In a wide variety of different ways, conservatives see the world as a more threatening, negative place Hibbing, Smith, & Alford (2014) ❖ Genetic piece to political orientation  Twin studies show small, but significant relationship (r between.2 and.4) on issues (e.g., support for the death penalty) and voting behavior ❖ Also a socialization piece  Parents’ political orientation also explains small, but significant piece (r between.1 and.3) ❖ These authors’ approach is to understand something between genes and parents (i.e., nature and nurture) – specifically, how do people react (psychologically and physiologically) to stimuli Press “E” if Italic Press “I” if Not P Press “E” if Italic Press “I” if Not H Press “E” if Italic Press “I” if Not H Press “E” if Italic Press “I” if Not H Conservatives are slower to respond and make more errors when threatening pictures “flank” the central stimuli, because they are more distracting Eye tracking Evidence from eye tracking shows conservatives spend more time looking at negative stimuli Also rate negative stimuli more negatively Dot Probe Task You will see a series of two images side-by-side. Your task is to press the SPACE BAR as soon as a dot appears on one of the images. Carraro, Castelli, & Macchiella (2011) Slower at Positive and Faster at Negative Why? No difference Conservatives are slower to see the dot on positive images and faster on negative images Learning (attitude formation) Fazio & Shook (2009) “Bean Fest” ❖ Participants learn about all different types of beans that can give them points (or make them lose points) ❖ Liberals try many more beans than conservatives; conservatives find some good beans and stay with those ❖ Afterwards, conservatives are better than liberals at remembering which beans were negative; but also misremember many good beans as being negative Startle reflex ❖Conservatives have a larger startle reflex to unpleasant sounds (Oxley et al., 2008) Higher support for these positions = larger blinks  Health Care September 24th, 2024 Soniy Alamdari, Cadence Busbee, Casey Gabriel, Neelam Hari, Benjamin Laufer, Ashley Nelson, Sammie Smith, and Jennifer Vigness Definition of Health Care for Discussion (Soniy Alamdari) - Healthcare, being such a broad and close topic to many people, has many political elements that people argue strongly for. - For the purposes of this presentation, we will focus on: - Private vs universal vs hybrid healthcare systems? - These are also important issues related to healthcare, considering it is an all-encompassing issue: - Vaccines (ex: mandates vs right to choose) - Medicare and Medicaid (ex: expand or limit the programs?) - Abortion - Euthanasia - Regulation of pharmaceutical companies (ex: should the government be able to negotiate pricing for drugs?) - Sex education in schools - For people that prefer private healthcare, they argue that due to competition between companies, people pay less for insurance in a private system. They also argue that wait times are lower, quality is higher, and doctors/hospitals are paid more which increases quality of physicians and facilities. - For those that prefer universal healthcare, they argue healthcare is a universal right and lower income individuals should be able to afford healthcare. It also decreases administration costs and improves health of the wider nation. Brief History (Cadence Busbee) - Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s Health Care Insurance Act of 1883 is commonly noted as the first health care system to be instituted by government. This was initially created for blue collar workers exclusively. - Calls for a unified health service in the Uk led to the establishment of National Health Service in 1944, which is still used in some form today. - A world health assembly in 1948 called for an international organization for health and disease protection, which came to be the World Health Organization (WHO). - A rise in chronic diseases called into question how we should balance public and private healthcare, as these were becoming a leading cause of healthcare costs. - The United States’ Social Security Act of 1936 did not initially address health care in detail, but its 1965 amendments established Medicare and Medicaid - Medicare was established for individuals age 65 or older. - Medicaid was established to provide support for low-income individuals or families. - In 1986, U.S. Congress passed the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), which ensured that in emergency situations, hospitals are required to treat patients regardless of their ability or inability to pay. - The Affordable Care Act (ACA), signed into U.S. law in 2010, aimed at expanding healthcare coverage, reducing the costs, and improving the quality of healthcare - In 2015, the U.S. began to focus more on preventative care, giving mandated coverage for preventative services without a copayment required. This lead to more screenings and vaccines, improving overall public health. - Around 2016, concerns surrounding the ACA were raised as premiums went up, calling into question how sustainable it was. - Attempts to repeal or change the ACA were short-lived or failed to make their way through congress. - Under Trump’s administration, more short-term plans became available, with the intention being to provide cheaper health care alternatives. Unfortunately, these often offered less comprehensive coverage. - COVID-19 led to emergency expansion of vaccine distribution and telehealth services. - The debate over the ACA remains, as a solution has not yet been reached.  Health Care Across the World (Casey Gabriel) There is great variation in healthcare systems globally, but the major systems include: Beveridge Model - Bismarck Model - insurance National Health Insurance - Out-of-Pocket Model - Healthcare is financed by system where healthcare is Universal insurance individuals pay for their the government through tax usually financed through programs where private medical expenses directly payments payroll deductions practitioners are paid Does not aim for Majority of hospitals & Mandatory participation through government-run universal coverage clinics are public Insurance plans are not insurance Most common in Most providers are profit driven Tax-funded developing nations and government agents Must cover all citizens Privatized care rural areas within: Universal coverage ○ Cannot deny claims Combines elements of ○ India Free access Care is typically both Beveridge and ○ China William Beveridge & privatized Bismarck ○ South America NHS Creator Nye Bevan “Sickness Funds” ○ Some areas in Countries: United States Countries: Countries: Canada United Kingdom Germany Taiwan Spain Japan South Korea Sweden Belgium US Medicare Denmark France US VA Health System Many US insurances Florida compared to rest of U.S. (Neelam Hari) Florida’s Rank: ○ Florida ranks 36th amongst all the states when it comes to healthcare. With Georgia coming in 44th and Texas coming in 48th. Massachusetts, Hawaii and New Hampshire are the top three states. The trend: higher population growth leads to terrible healthcare especially in these states with the highest private insurance rates. Access + Affordability: ○ In Florida, there were 2,690,698 uninsured nonelderly individuals in 2018; the uninsured rate was 16.3%, higher than the uninsured rate for the U.S. overall. ○ Florida has the highest average premium for residents with family health insurance coverage through an employer ($7,258 annually). Florida has the 2nd highest average premium for plus-one health insurance coverage with close to 5000 annually. Michigan residents pay the lowest annual premium for both plus-one health insurance coverage ($3,475.67) and family health insurance coverage ($4,703) through an employer. The Pandemic: ○ Exacerbated existing challenges, leading to increased demand for healthcare services and highlighted access disparities. State of current political debate (Ben Laufer) Liberal Stances Single-payer health care system Lowering prescription drug costs Ensuring reproductive rights/health Protect the ACA Increasing access/ addressing disparities Conservative Stances Universal healthcare would burden middle class Universal healthcare would lower quality of care Market-based solutions Restrictions on Medicaid Securing choices and flexibility for citizens Discussion (Jennifer Vigness & Sammie Smith) 1. What point, if any, should the government be allowed to intervene in an American’s health? (e.g. vaccine, price regulation, etc). 2. If something is a more personal decision rather than public issue does the government have a right to control it? (e.g. insurance mandates, euthanasia, etc.) 3. Do you think health care campaigns like sex education should exist in schools? Why or why not? 1. How can we improve affordability and access of healthcare to people who need it without burdening other groups? Is there a way to do this or is it one or the other? 2. How do liberal and conservative stances on healthcare inform different policy decisions on abortion? 3. Which model (Beveridge, Bismarck, National Health Insurance, and Out-of-Pocket) do you think is the most effective overall and why?