Exam 1 Micro Quizlet PDF

Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 1. How are mi- -play defense crobes essential -boost immune system to life? -protect from alleries and autoimmune diseases -detoxify -keep us slim 2. infectious dis-...

Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 1. How are mi- -play defense crobes essential -boost immune system to life? -protect from alleries and autoimmune diseases -detoxify -keep us slim 2. infectious dis- disease caused by a microbial or viral infection ease 3. past triumps in smallpox and plague diseases 4. emerging infec- an infectious disease that has become more common in tious disease the last 35 years 5. factors associat- -changing lifestyles ed with emerging -decline of vaccinations disease -resistance to antimicrobial medications -increased travel and immigration 6. bioremediation using organisms to clean up environmental waste 7. producers responsible for half of photosynthesis on earth, provide plants with nitrogen 8. decomposers breakdown cellulose in guts of plant-eating animals 9. Robert Hooke described common bread mold; coined the term cell 10. Antony van ground lenses from glass to view fabric, used lens to peer Leeuwenhoek into a drop of lake water, described wee animalcules and cavorting beasties 11. biogenesis living organisms arise fro preexisting life 12. John Needham flasks with broth than had been boiled and sealed with cork gave rise to microorganisms 13. Louis Pasteur discovered that air has microorganisms 1 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 14. John Tyndall sterilizing broths required different times, realized broths from hay contained heat-resistant microbes 15. Ferdinand Cohn discovered endospores 16. endospores heat-resistant bacteria 17. golden age of mi- led to germ theory of disease crobiology 18. Robert Koch established connection between bacteria and disease 19. Koch's postu- -microorganisms must be present in every case of the lates disease but absent from healthy organisms -suspected microorganissm must be isolated and grown in a pure culture -same disease must result when the isolated microorgan- ism is innoculated into a healthy host -same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host 20. domains bacteria, archaea, eukarya 21. microbial eu- fungi, algae, protozoa karyotes 22. protists algae and protozoa 23. acellular infec- viruses, viroids, prions; not alive tious agents 24. magnification apparent increase in size; occular * objective 25. resolution ability to clearly resolve two objects that are very close together; depends on quality of lenses and wavelength of illuminating light 26. resolving power minimum distance between 2 objects that can still be viewed as two objects 2 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 27. maximum resolv- 0.2 um ing power of bright-field 28. dark-field micro- directs light at an angle, cells appear bright against dark scope background 29. causative agent Treponema pallidum of syphilis 30. phase-contrast breaks light into individual waves, dense material appears microscope darker 31. differential inter- separates light into 2 beams that pass through specimen ference contrast and recombine; gives 3D image microscope 32. fluorescence mi- uses reflected light, not transmitted croscopy 33. scanning laser obtains detailed views of interior of intact cells; stained microscopes with fluorescent dye, marks location 34. electron mi- shorter wavelength = high resolution (100,000x magnifi- croscopy cation) 35. transmission electrons transmitted through specimen; denser = more electron scatter = darker; specimen is sliced into thin sections microscope 36. scanning elec- electrons scan surface of specimen, emitted back to de- tron microscope tector; specimen usually coated with gold 37. atomic force mi- scans probe over sample surface, builds map of topogra- croscopy phy of the specimen 38. heat fixation used with bacteria and archaea, preserves overall mor- phology but not internal structures 39. chemical fixation 3 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 used with larger, more delicate organisms; protects fine substructure and morphology 40. basic dyes positive charge; binds to negative cell structures 41. acidic dyes negative chrage; repelled by negative cell structures 42. common basic methylene blue, malachite green, crystal violet, safranin dyes 43. differential distinguishes one cell type from another stains 44. gram stain fundamental staining procedure to identify bacteria; pos- itive is purple, negative is pink; reflects difference in cell wall structure 45. steps of gram -primary stain (crystal violet) stain -mordant (iodine) -destain (alcohol) -counterstain (safranin) 46. acid-fast stain- used to detect mycobacterium ing 47. steps of acid-fast -primary dye (carbol fuchsin) stain -decolorizer (acid alcohol) -counterstain (methylene blue) 48. capsule stain uses negative stain to see capsule 49. endospore stain malachite green as primary stain, safranin as counter- stain 50. diplococci pairs 51. streptococci chains 52. packets division along 2 or 3 perpendicular planes 4 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 53. staphylococcus division along random planes (clusters) 54. myxobacteria form swarms that glide over moist surfaces as a pack 55. glycan alternating subunits of NAG and NAM, cross-linked by tetrapeptide chain 56. gram positive up to 30 layers of glycan chains; techoic acids extend cell wall through PTG layer; periplasm between membrane and cell wall 57. gram negative thin layer of PTG between cell and outer membranes; cell wall periplasms between membranes; outer membrane com- posed of lipopolysaccharides 58. components of -O-specific polysaccharide LPS -core polysaccharide -lipid A 59. effect of peni- prevents cross-linking of glycan chains cillin 60. effect of breaks NAG-NAM bond lysozyme 61. mycoplasma causes mild pneumonia; no cell wall; variable shape 62. pseudomurein molecule similar to PTG in archaea 63. capsule distinct gelatinous layer 64. slime layer irregular diffuse layer 65. lophotrichous tuft of flagella at one pole 66. amphitrichous flagella at both poles 67. peritrichous flagella all over 68. tuft of flagella at both ends 5 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 amphilophotric- hous 69. components of filament, hook, basal body flagella 70. how bacteria proton motive force power flagella 71. how archaea ATP power flagella 72. ccw motion causes forward motion (run) 73. cw motion disrupts run, causing cell to stop and tumble 74. fimbriae pili that allow attachment to surfaces 75. sporulation bacteria sense starvation and form endospore 76. spore coat excludes damaging molecules 77. cortex maintains the core's dehydrated state to protect it from heat 78. core wall contains proteins that protects the DNA from damage 79. germination triggered by exposure to heat or certain chemicals 80. methods of bac- binary fission, budding teria and archaea reproduction 81. characteristics -composed of several species of biofilm -channels for nutrients and waste -cells are phenotypically different than planktonic cells 82. benefits of -protection from toxic compounds biofilm -increased horizontal gene transfer 83. 6 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 how are biofilms -slow penetration hard to treat -resistant phenotype -altered microenvironment -persisters 84. Janthinobacteri- motile gram-negative bacterium found in a variety of en- um lividum vironments; used as a probiotic to treat fungal pathogens 85. violacein secondary metabolite produced in the presence of quo- rum sensing molecules in high density populations 86. mutualism fungus provides protection, minerals; bacteria provide or- ganic nutrients 87. syntrophy waste of one organism feeds another 88. pure culture population of cells derived from a single cell; allows study of characteristics and function of a single species 89. batch culture nutrients not renewed, wastes not removed; yields char- acteristic growth curve 90. continuous cul- nutrients added and wastes removed; maintains microbes ture at exponential phase of growth 91. lag phase number of cells doesn't increase; begin synthesizing en- zymes required for growth 92. exponential/log cells divide at constant rate; most susceptible to antibi- phase otics; enter late log phase when nutrient become limiting 93. stationary phase nutrient levels too low to sustain growth; total numbers remain constant 94. death phase decrease in viable cell count 95. phase of pro- remaining 1% of cells; gradual decrease longed decline 96. position in colony on plate affects nutrient availability 7 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 growth in broth vs. agar plate 97. psychrophile -5 to 15 (white nose syndrome) 98. psychotroph 15 to 30 (food spoilage) 99. mesophile 25 to 45 (humans) 100. thermophiles 45 to 70 (hot springs) 101. hyperther- 70 to 110 (archaea, deep sea vents) mophiles 102. thioglycolate used to determine oxygen requirements of a microorgan- broth ism 103. obligate aerobes can't grow without O2 104. obligate anaer- requires absence of oxygen obes 105. facultative anaer- prefers oxygen, uses fermentation without it obes 106. microaerophiles requires low oxygen 107. aerotolerant indifferent to oxygen, only use fermentation anaerobes 108. superoxide dis- inactivates superoxide by converting to oxygen and H2O2 mutase 109. catalase convert H2O2 to O2 and H2O 110. neutrophiles pH 5-8, most microbes 111. acidophiles below pH 5.5 112. alkalophiles above pH 8.5 8 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 113. halotolerant withstand up to 10% salinity (staphylococcus) 114. halophiles require high salt concentrations 115. barotolerant adversely affected by high pressure, but not as severely as nontolerant 116. barophilic require or grow more rapidly in the presence of increased (peizophilic) pressure 117. major elements chemical elements that make up cell components 118. heterotrophs use organic carbon 119. autotrophs use inorganic carbon 120. photoautotrophs use energy from sunlight to make organic compounds from CO2 (primary producers) 121. primary produc- support other organisms by fixing inorganic carbon to ers organic carbon 122. photo- use energy from sunlight, but cannot use CO2 as energy heterotrophs source; obtain carbon from organic compounts 123. chemolithoau- use inorganic compounds for energy; obtain carbon from totrophs CO2 124. chemoorganoheterotrophs use organic compounds fro both energy and carbon 125. complex media exact chemical composition is not known; each batch is slightly different (blood agar, peptone) 126. chemically-de- composed of exact amounts of pure chemicals; used for fined media specific research experiments 127. selective media inhibits growth of certain organisms, permits growth of others (MacConkey agar) 128. differential me- dia 9 / 10  Exam 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4fiad2 causes color change to identify bacteria based on pheno- typic differences (MacConkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, blood agar) 129. beta hemolysis clear zone (streptococcus pyogenes) 130. alpha hemolysis small partial cleared zone (streptococcus pneumoniae) 131. capnophiles require increased CO2 132. enrichment cul- used to isolate organism that consitutes small fraction of tures mixed population 133. direct cell counts total numbers (living plus dead) 134. hemacytometer allows direct microscope count 135. membrane filtra- used for samples that contain few cells tion 136. propidium iodide red, enters only bacteria with damaged membranes 137. SYTO9 green, enters all bacteria 138. obligate aerobes 10 / 10