Ex Psych Final Notes PDF

Define depression: Experiences of depressive symptoms and clinically diagnosed depression/mood disorders (bipolar) Distinct from negative mood or affect; Describe the prevalence of depression in Canada: Typically, 7% of the population of Canada meets the criteria for clinical depression 15% wil...

Define depression: Experiences of depressive symptoms and clinically diagnosed depression/mood disorders (bipolar) Distinct from negative mood or affect; Describe the prevalence of depression in Canada: Typically, 7% of the population of Canada meets the criteria for clinical depression 15% will meet the criteria for clinical depression at least once during their lifetime. 15% met criteria for clinical depression during COVID-19; Describe the ways to diagnose major depressive disorder for clinical depression: DSM-V, diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Classified using the number of depression episodes. ICD-10, international classification of diseases –10. Classified using severity levels (mild, moderate or severe; Describe the use of the Beck Depression Inventory as a self-administer tool for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder: Determines the likelihood of MDD with the cut off scores (likely or unlikely to have MDD) Not official For screening High reliability validity Very often what is used in research studies; Describe how exercise can be used as prevention for depression: Treatment and prevention are distinct. Prevention ensures that depression does not occur. Exercise to prevent depressive symptoms, the likelihood of developing depression and depression in populations that do not already have depression or are at risk of depression. Treatment for depression. For individuals with symptoms of depression and is looking for treatment to reduce depressive symptoms or the severity of their depression symptoms and alleviate depression; Describe the findings of the study, prevalence of major depressive disorder in adults based on frequency of self-reported physical activity: Observational cross-sectional capacity There is a linear relationship between frequency of physical activity and the prevalence of major depressive disorder Having MDD is associated with 50% odds of not meeting the recommended physical activity levels vs not having MDD; Describe the findings of the systematic review, physical activity and the prevention of depression, a systematic review of prospective studies: Examined whether physical activity is protective against the onset of depression Tracked people over a long period of time and examined if their levels of exercise predict depressive symptoms down the road All participants did not have depression at baseline 25 studies demonstrated that baseline PA was negatively associated with a risk of depression Concluded that promoting PA may serve as a valuable mental health promotion strategy in reducing the risk of depression Findings, how much PA is protective. Didn't come to a clear conclusion as there was mixed findings. Three high-quality studies that measured PA in terms of minutes per week found that engaging in less than 150 minutes of moder-vigorous PA per week was associated with a decreased risk of developing depression. Individuals who engaged in 120 minutes of PA a week were at a 63% reduced risk of developing future depression relative to those who were sedentary. Walking more than 20 minutes and less than 40 minutes a day at an average pace could decrease risk of depression by 6% and 17% respectively. Less than 150, 240, and 420 minutes were associated with a decreased risk of depression. Given the heterogeneity in PA measurement, a clear dose-response relationship between PA and reduced depression is not readily apparent; Describe the findings of the metanalysis, physical activity and incident depression, a meta- analysis of prospective cohort studies: Physical activity and incident depression. People with higher physical activity levels were at reduced risk of incident depression when compared with people with lower physical activity levels in adjusted. Higher intensity was significantly associated with lesser incident depression in all but adjusted odds ratio analysis. Protective effects were found in adults and older persons in all analysis and in children in adjusted odds ratio and relative risk analysis; Describe the findings of the metanalysis, exercise interventions for the prevention of depression, a systematic review of metanalysis: This systematic review aims to give an overview of meta-analyses of randomized trials published from data inception to July 2018 on the effect of exercise interventions on depression and depressive symptoms. Focused on general populations, did not have an exclusion criterion (did not exclude people that have depression) Everyone was measured on one or more scales Nothing was reported on exercise on the onset of depression, and there was no selection criteria that said that participants have to be depression free at baseline. Forest plot, the line the middle line, zero point, suggests no effect on the group, there is no difference between the intervention and control group. Two has no effect, and the other 7 has an effect. If they are to the left, it suggests that score for the effect was lower, and since the outcome is depression, we want the scores to the lower. There were no studies to the right, meaning that none of the studies favored the control conditions Conclusion is that the majority suggests that exercise intervention did better in terms of having lower scores of depression. We can generalize this broadly that exercise can be preventative across lifespans; Summarize the findings of the studies on PA and depression: There is ample, consistent, and generally high-quality evidence for the utility of physical activity in protecting against the onset of depression, and preventing depressive symptoms. The specific type, duration and intensity of physical activity requires is less clear Generally, the protective effects seem to increase with greater levels of physical activity, but all types and amounts are beneficial Robust evidence that physical activity is effective in reducing depressive symptoms Any amount is helpful, but more is not better Effective treatment for mild to moderate depression, at minimum, it is non-inferior Clinical guidelines and practice lagging behind; Define the usual treatment used for depression: Medication, psychotherapy, or combination 30% report alleviation of symptoms 2-4 weeks to demonstrate effectiveness, include range of side effects that resolve before mood. It is proposed to promote the use of physical activity before the onset of medication effect Earlier treatment is more effective Many characteristics of depression are contradicted by exercise, for example, low mood, lack of interest in engaging in life, low energy, etc, which makes it difficult to engage in exercise; Describe the findings of the systematic review, effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: Population, any adult population. Intervention, interventions designed to increase PA. Definition of PA ‘any bodily movement produced by the contradiction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase in caloric requirements over resting energy expenditure’ Review is eligible if greater than 75% of the included RCTs involved either usual care, waitlist, nothing an equal attention intervention or a lower/lesser PA intervention. Outcomes, any self-report or clinician-rated assessment of depression, anxiety or psychological distress symptoms Research suggests that exercise may have similar effects as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. PA that includes a meditative component is distinct from PA like aerobic exercise without meditative component because meditation is potentially effective on their own. And then you wouldn’t know if it was the meditation or exercise component. Results from forest plot. The vast majority seem to favour exercise intervention in reducing symptoms of depression. Majority didn’t cross zero, two did. Some studies are more robust, therefore, have a narrow confidence interval; Describe the evidence on ‘dose’ of exercise for depression: All modes, intensities and durations were effective. Any is more effective than none. Majority intensity had stronger effect Longer duration interventions and sessions had weaker effect. More exercise is not necessarily more advantageous in reducing depression; Describe the findings of the study, physical activity and depression, towards understanding antidepressant mechanisms of physical activity: There are multiple mechanisms (biological, psychosocial and social) that work together to support the benefits Some suggests that it contributes to neuroplasticity, reduce physical changes to brain and endocrine systems, improve social support and self efficacy and a mix of all factors. Potential factors are deprived social contact, which implicates the extent to which exercise can support neuroplasticity; How does research findings translate to practice: In many countries, there are guidelines to prescription of exercise Often exercise if offered for mild depression, if not, then medication is offered In Canada, support exercise as first mono treatment; This is the gold standard review of reviews Cooney et al. Review included studies without non-treatment control, with active treatments as comparators (eg, relaxation, meditation, stress management), with exercising groups as comparators (eg, stretching and resistance) and narrow classifications of exercise (exclude tai-chi, yoga) The authors concluded that exercise is moderately more effective than a control intervention for reducing symptoms of depression. Analysis of methodologically robust trials only shows a small effect in favour of exercise. When only high quality trials were included the effect of exercise was small and not statistically significant. When compared to psychological or pharmalogical therapies, exercise appears to be no more effective, through this conclusion is based on a few small trials. The evidence about whether exercise improves quality of life is inconclusive. After re-analyzing in his own inclusion criteria, he found a much bigger effect that favoured exercise; Describe the case of “unprecedented case of the TREAD-UK Trial”: A study into whether physical activity alleviates the symptoms of depression has found there is no benefits; List the advice from the Royal College of Psychiatrists: Physical activity should be Enjoyable, try different PA to find one you enjoy Help you feel more competent, or capable. Give you a sense of control over your life, that you have choices you can make Help you escape for a while from the pressures of life Be shared. The companionship involved can be just as important as the physical activity; Explain the Keyes continuum model: Viewing mental health as multidimensional Takeaway: People fluctuate throughout the day. Prior to this model, it was a continuum and they can only be at one stage. People can be on contradictory stages, they can live with mental illness but have high mental health. Absensce of mental ilness does not mean mental health. They can intersect The y axis, high mental health, and low mental health. On the high mental health side is flourishing, which is positive as the individual feels satisfied, have high levels of subjective wellbeing, and are achieving a high level of mental health. On the low mental health side is languishing, the individual does not feel satisfied with ife, is not connected to the people around them, and they do not feel like they have a purpose in life; How is affect relevant to physical activity: Unpleasant affective state. This includes bad mood, angry emotion (anxiety, sadness, loneliness) negative affect Pleasant affective state. This includes good mood, happy emotion (joy, pride, excitement) Affect is the basic and broadest “valanced” response to stimuli or event (ie, pleasant vs unpleasant). It does not require cognitive processing as it is all evolutionary drive; How is emotion relevant to physical activity: Specific feelings states elicited following a cognitive appraisal of a stimuli or event. (wheel) starts in the middle, least specific, then move to more specific. Acute, brief duration. Onset is often quick, and anger is unlikely to last a long time. Require cognitive appraisal. We make a cognitive connection, and feel a discrepancy of what we desire the outcome to be vs what is happening. Action oriented. Our emotions lead us to pursue an action or behaviour. When we are angry, we want to lash out, or go into ‘attack mode’. Social component. Sometimes it is targeted towards things, other time it is towards people. Our emotions drive behaviour; How is mood relevant to physical activity: Global set of affective states. Feeling negative, bad, low, or depressed Cause can be general and unclear. Less intense, and longer duration. We feel like we are in a worse mood in the winter. Not typically action oriented, it is less relevant in PA compared to emotional states and affects Compare and contrast categorial and dimensional approach to measuring affect: Categorical approach Affective states are distinct, with unique properties and antecedent Specificity of psychological states (eg, pride, guilt, excitement) What emotional responses are being elicited (eg, anxiety) in a specific exercise context or under specific manipulated conditions? Used for understanding pride, how are you displaying and manifesting them, and how it affects your future behaviour Dimensional approach Affective states are interrelated and can be decomposed into 2 underlying dimensions Activation (high vs low) and valence (positive vs negative). For example, anxiety, it is high activation and negative valence. Calm, it is low activation and high activation state What is the likelihood of long-term adherence to exercise based on affective states during exercise? Used for general affective state; Explain state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI): Categorical measure of anxiety Consists of both state and trait items State. Respond to change/environment and things that happen to us at a moment to moment example. Trait. What are you born with. More stable over time. We all have baseline anxiety, which is our trait level of anxiety, and our typical anxiety response; Explain positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Dimensional measure of affect. Describes trait level “generally, how do you feel on average” average the scores from positive and negative items Assesses both positive and negative affect; Compare and contrast general and domain-specific ways to measure affect: General Instrument captures general affect that is not specific to a domain It is beneficial for general measurements, as it is widely available and a variety of instruments can be used. May include irrelevant items that do not respond to exercise manipulation Instruments include, PANAS and STAI Domain specific Instrument specifically tailored for use in the context of exercise Aim to capture the ‘stimulus-properties’ of exercise Instruments include, exercise-induced feeling inventory, subjective exercise experiences scale, and physical activity affect scale Many scholars criticize it, mainly use general; Explain exercise-induced feelings inventory (EFI): General way to measure affect Given to participants in an acute context Items that could be relevant to exercise; Compare and contrast trait and state affect: Trait Instrument captures affect from a dispositional or trait perspective More appropriate for observational exercise research For example, trait anxiety from STAI State Instrument captures affect in the moment More appropriate for experimental exercise research, in labs For example, exercise-induced feeling inventory; Describe activation-deactivation adjective checklist: Dimensional measure Commonly used in exercise literature, specifically lab based Uses a range of 20 affective states that are distinct in their activation and their valence Active, both positive valence affective states and high activation (physiological arousal) Maps on the circumplex model; Explain the circumplex model: Used to understand affective response to exercise Addresses limitations of past experiences in the way we measure affect Provides us with two dimensions of characterizing (high activation, low valence) Using the activation deactivation checklist, assess state level affect, and how they are feeling in response to the items, and then map onto the circumplex model ; Explain “affective responses to graded treadmill task” on the circumplex model: Every 2 minutes of the 20 minute task, they were assessed with their affective feeling state. Plotted their responses on the circumplex model to show their changes in affective state Pre, low activation, high valence Post 0, high activation, higher valence Post 10, low activation, higher valence Post 20, lower activation, lower valence (similar valence to post 0), but still feeling more positive than pre. When plotting every 2 minutes, we can see the changes throughout As the participants begin exercising, their activation is increasing and valence is decreasing. As the participants continued, we can see the exhaustion, going into negative valence. Right after the end, cool 1, affective state moves right back to positive valence. This effect is immediate, post-exercise, for durations of exercise up to 35 minutes, and in the low to moderate exercise dose; Explain the dual-mode model: Affective responses to exercise are influenced by the continuous interplay or cortically mediated cognitive processes (such as self efficacy, self presentational concerns, goals, attributions – cortically mediated cognitive processes) and ascending interoceptive cues (such as ventilation, acidosis, core temperatures = ascending interoceptive cues, experience of physiological states) These factors varies as a function of exercise intensity Cognitive processes peak at moderate to vigorous intensity levels. Interoceptive, physiological state, take over when we are reaching higher intensities that we can’t maintain Large degree in heterogeneity, lots of individual differences in response As exercise intensity increases and valence increases, we see the most differences between people as some may be more self efficacious than others, or due to past experiences of pushing past limits At high intensity, we tend to respond the same, which is negatively ; List the five propositions of the dual-mode model: 1, there are positive affective responses during and for a short period of time following bouts of physical activity of mild intensity and short duration. 2, affective responses during moderately vigorous exercise are characterized by marked intra-individual variability, with some individuals reporting positive and some reporting negative changes. These variabilities are informed by cognitive factors and are more pronounced as intensity of exercise increases, up to a severe intensity or unmanageable challenge. 3, responses immediately following moderately vigorous exercise are almost uniformly positive, regardless of whether the responses during exercise were positive or negative (rebound effects) 4, affective responses during strenuous exercise unify into a negative trend as the intensity of exercise approaches each individual’s functional limits. The VT and RCP are both thought to be important markers of this transition. 5, there is a homogenous positive shift in affective valence immediately following strenous exercise. This is similar to the rebound effect, through this is theorized to have a different mechanism. There may be some influence of “relief” involved in the cessation of more strenuous intensities that contributes to this rebound effect; What kind of exercise is ideal for positive affect: Low intensity, 3-5 days per week, done for 30-35 minutes, for a duration of 10-12 weeks and minimizing negative affect during exercise Affective experiences during exercise is one of the biggest drivers in exercise adherence; Explain the HIIT debate: Comparing affective valence based on exercise intensity As participants progress, they feel and report the best, but at vigorous, they feel the worst. Interval training is better; What are the different types of digital tools: Pedometer, smart watches, smart phones, smart wearables (built into items and clothing), VR sets, AI; Digital PA intervention research findings: Lanranjo et al. (2021) Digital interventions increase PA, the effect is positive. When digital interventions was introduced, the group walked 1800 more steps. Moderate effect and is statistically and clinically significant (anything above 1000 steps is). Observation: b1 and b2 zones are the most effective. Limitation is that the duration of the studies, which was 3- 6 months. Yang et al. (2022). Apps with gamification features. Moderate effect, 1800 more steps. Gamification had twice the effect of walking. Boosts effectiveness. Limitation is the length of the study, which was an average of 7 weeks; Do digital PA interventions work: It does, but we only have evidence for short term (3 months), and we don’t know the effects in the long term Moderate effect, translates to 1800 steps per day Gamification elements (rewards) are two times more effective (up to an increase of 3600 steps), most common is rewards. We don’t know which behavioural change works best (COM-B model) We know that the most common is goals and planning and monitoring (self monitoring and feedback on beha3viour) We also don’t know if different cultures respond to this differently. Research was mainly done on men. We don’t know if this will work on women. Women are less active then men, and there is a PA imbalance and research PA imbalance; Explain self determination theory with digital interventions mountain example: Range from i just won’t, my doctor told me to, i will get free stuff, i will feel guilty if i don’t, it gives me energy, and at the very top, pure intrinsic, i love exercise; Explain the app behaviour change scale, the “abacus” scale: It is a scale used to assess the potential of apps to promote behaviour change. Each app receives a mark out of 20, and the mark will be used as comparison to different apps; Explain the carrot app and it’s advantages over competitors: Daily and weekly goals If you reach the goals, then you get extra points. There is also a collaborative element to it, where you achieve goals together (opposite of competitive) Small team goals. Carrot app users who joined the collaborative element increased their steps by 100s steps Attrition for carrot. 50% are active and long term users (25 weeks to 50+ weeks) Adaptive goals. In addition to the 10% change average steps goal, every 30 days, the app recalculates the average steps, and make a new personalized goal. It has been shown that the adaptive group improved more than the non-adaptive group. Nudge theory. Present bias, we have a tendency to prefer cost and benefit that we can experience now at the expense of the cost and experience in the future. The scale in the carrot app is tipped with the incentive of scene points. As little as 10 cents a day will influence app users. Reward removal. When rewards were taken away from users in Ontario. And not in BC or NF, daily step count in Ontario dropped significantly. And these rewards were 1 scene point, which is equals to 4 cents. Long term effects is that carrot increases PA over two years; What are unanticipated consequences (negative side effects) of digital health interventions: Socioeconomic factor. Instead of bridging equality, it is widening the PA inequality Obsessive behaviours, closing rings Privacy and data security breach Screen time, and negative mental health effects. Going to check apps, and then end up going on other apps, and increasing screen time. Setting goals that are unrealistic Miscalculated and inaccurate information being passed on as true; Define self concept: How we think and feel about ourselves, our attributes and our abilities Traits beliefs, roles, identities, and descriptions Important to our psychological and physical well-being; Define identity: Unique and distinctive self-descriptions situated in the context of a particular role Integral component of self-concept Developed through similar evaluative and comparative processes to self concept Identity salience leads to behavioural choices that are in accordance with the expectations attached to that identity. We can hold conflicting roles, and our identity can change over time Social comparison theory, which is integral to conceptions we have of ourselves, the innate drive that we have Evaluation of self is important, and it is built up on our traits or characteristics, based on how we sit in our proximity or who we are exposed to; Describe the self-concept model: It is hierarchical of self, and it is multi-dimensional. Self concept is at the top of the hierarchy, and it becomes more specific as you move down. This is based on childhood development Social self concept of non academic self concept. It is how we view ourselves as friends and significant others. Emotional self concept of non academic self concept, is how we view our affective experiences, are we easy going, are we optimistic and our emotional states Physical self concept of non academic self concept is our physical ability and our physical appearance (and conditioning self perceptions and strength perceptions). This includes our motor skills, our sport competence, perception of body appearance. Academic self concept, the way that we view ourselves in different subjects. High self esteem is equivalent to high or positive concepts of our physical self. We will react in a way that aligns with our positive perceptions of ourself; Define self-esteem: The evaluative or affective consequences of one’s self concept The extent to which one feels positive or negative about one’s self-concept Contingent on positive evaluations of self. To have high self esteem, we need to be evaluating ourselves positively. When we are threatened by negative reflections of ourselves, it can be very harmful to the image and evaluation of ourself. Individuals with high self esteem often performs better in life (better socially, mentally, physically, etc); Explain the pitfall of self esteem: We tend to see high narcissism in high self esteem individuals It is based on evaluation of competence and self worth. Self worth is not a problem if one’s self esteem is based on being a human who is intrinsically worthy of respect. In modern western culture, self esteem is often based on how the self is different from others, how much one stands out or is special; Define self-compassion: New way of thinking of self, with the benefits of self esteem without the pitfalls. Kind, carding and non-judgemental attitude towards the self Unconditional positive self regard Response to negative self evaluation Mindful, state of being aware of our physiological states and our environment, living in the present moment versus overidentification, letting our thoughts and minds take over and spiralling. Common humanity, similar to relatedness, we rely on social connection, it is helpful for us to know that we are not alone and isolated; How are evaluations of the self related to exercise: Exercise is historically considered the most important psychological outcome Meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on adults’ global self esteem found consistent but small effects “it appears that the benefits of exercise for GSE are overstated in the literature” Evaluations such as high self esteem is related to the behaviours that we engage in, and the behavioural outcomes that is related to health. Self compassion is used when we experience exercise failure. When we experience a set back, it is detrimental to self esteem, but if we use self compassion, we understand that we are human and it is okay if we don’t reach that goal in this particular moment; Explain the outcomes of the research on “the effect of exercise on self-esteem": Frequency, intensity, duration, type, and length of program were not significant moderators. Increases in self esteem were 2x larger when physical fitness improved, this can be explained by the reason that when we see positive feedback, that you are improving, your self esteem increases. In children and adolescents, we see similar findings favouring self esteem improvements. Strong association when exercise is done in physical education settings, this is because children spend most of their day in education settings. The benefits of self esteem was not significantly altered by intensity, frquency, length of intervention. Can argue that self esteem is important in development year, and becomes less and less important later on in life; Explain the self esteem exercise model: When engaging in PA, it leads to self efficacy in the task, and the improvement of that task leads us to feeling more competent in the task, which makes us feel competent in our self, and leads to improvement and better self esteem. The idea that we can contribute to self esteem or perception of self by improving or working on specific aspects of the self This model explains that we move from specific evaluation to more global evaluation. Competency as a whole “globally” contributes to the broader sense of self; Compare and contrast subjective and objective changes: Objective changes in fitness may not be necessary for self-esteem to improve Subjective perceptions (eg, physical competence) are likely more critical. It is how confident or competent you feel. It can sometimes align with objective. Subjective experience is your own interpretation, and that is what matters most. If our perception improves, it improves. When we align with social ideas, we see noticeable changes in social feedback that we get; Self compassion vs self esteem: Both ways of relating to the self Self esteem is contingent on positive evaluation of the self Self compassion, we don’t need positive experiences, we can respond in kindness and care even if we didn’t perform as well as we’d like. It is more supportive of mental health. Self compassion outperforms self esteem in every test; Explain “the relationship between physical activity and self compassion”: Model demonstrated a significant effect size on the overall relationship between PA and SC with significant heterogeneity. Self compassion is helpful in all health promoting behaviours. Engaging in PA can support self compassion, and being self compassionate can promote PA behaviour; Explain the relationship between self compassion and exercise: Linked to intrinsic motivation, external and introjected motivation Self-compassion predicts sustained exercise behaviour Promotes exercise goal re-engagement after an exercise setback Physical activity may increase self compassion. If we take a more self-compassionate approach, we can handle setbacks without them derailing us, which is critical in maintenance and overcoming setbacks and failures If we take a negative approach, we are less likely to engage in the behaviour the next time around; Explain the outcomes of the research on “physical activity and physical self concept in youth”: Most important predictor to global self concept Most important in development stages of life Found that perceived competence was most strongly associated with physical activity, followed by perceived fitness, general physical self concept and perceived physical appearance Limited to observational studies When something was changed in their life, the PA intervention group were more likely to experience positive self concept of themselves; Explain the outcomes of the research “impact of aerobic and resistance exercise combination on physical self perceptions and self esteem in women with obesity”: Improvement in physical self perception in the individuals who engaged in the intervention. Sport competence, PA competence will translate to sport Body attractiveness, not much change Small benefit on self esteem compared to the components of physical self; Describe the bottom up and top down approach of self concept Bottom up explains that by improving specific perceptions of self, we contribute to the self more globally. If we develop these specific skills, we can feel better overall. Top down explains that by improving global aspects of the self, it influences specific self perceptions which impact what individuals are motivated to engage in. If we feel better overall, we are more likely going to feel better and are motivated to engage in specific skills; Explain the reciprocal effects approach: Exercise and physical self concept are in a loop, back and fourth. Positive feedback loop; Explain the outcomes of “casual ordering of physical self concept and exercise behaviour, reciprocal effects model and the influence of physical education teachers”: Findings support a reciprocal effects model in which prior physical self-concept and exercise behaviour both influence subsequent physical self-concept and exercise behaviour; Define and explain body image: Is a multidimensional construct Perceptual, how we perceive our bodies, and in comparison to others Cognitive, the idea of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction Affective, how do we feel about our bodies, do we feel ashamed, do we feel guilt, do we feel proud, emotional affective states Behavioural, activities that we engage in that relates to our perception. Function, similar to self concept, it includes our appearance and function. Function encompasses all the functions of your body, your ability to eat, sleep, recover from wellness, etc Have both positive and negative facets that are NOT interchangeable. We are positive about something, and negative about other things. Positive doesn’t mean we don’t have negative; Relationship between body image and exercise: Correlate, predictor and outcome of exercise determinants and behaviour Strong bi-directional relationship, and is reciprocal in nature Our perceptions of the body affect the types of exercise that we do and vice versa, the exercise we engage in affects our perception of the body. Exercise does not only include the behaviour, but it also includes the determinants of exercise, exercise self efficacy, exercise motivation, etc; Explain the outcomes of “interventions that target the intersection of body image and movement among girls and women”: Exercise can lead to significant improvements in body image Meta-analyses on exercise intervention concluded, Strongest effects for adults, Weakest effects for youth and adolescents, Stronger effects for higher-weight participants, Equal effects for men and women, Stronger effects for higher frequency and moderate to vigorous intensity The meta-analysis indicated a small, significant improvement in body image at post-test but not follow up; Explain the outcomes of other studies on exercise and body image: Improvements in body image regardless of change in fitness or change in body composition. We don’t need to rely on objective outcomes, we just need to engage in the movement. No effect on exercise type No effect of duration – acute effects possible Increased self efficacy possible – increase in functional perceptions of what the body can do Body image concerns are often cited as motive to start exercising, but it is not effective for adherence Exercising primarily for appearance vs health motives are associated with worse body image and mental health Fitspiration linked with worsened mood and body dissatisfaction is not predictive of exercise behaviour Body image concerns lead to avoidance of physique-salient exercise contexts such as revealing exercise attire, physique focused verbal cues and mirrors and “fitspiration” images of idealized body types in gym advertisement as the ‘norms’. Important to develop spaces to be more supportive of our relationship with our bodies. In exercise class, instructors often use body image ques rather than technical ques which are more functional. Physique-evaluative exercise contexts lead to psychophysiological consequences in inactive women and men It is important to represent diverse body types; How do we measure physical activity behaviour and the types of measures: Report-based measures, diaries and self reports Monitor based measures, pedometers, HR monitors, and accelerometers Criterion measures, direct observation, indirect calorimetry and double-labelled water; Describe self-reported measures: Most widely used as it is cost effective and easy to administer Most common in exercise psychology studies Include daily activity “logs” and physical activity recall Recall mode (type), frequency, intensity, and duration of the activity performed for a specified period of time in the past Subject to intentional bias (social desirability) and involuntary bias (poor memory); Describe objective or device based measures: Mechanical and electronic devices used to monitor physical activity behaviour (heart rate monitor, pedometer, accelerometer, GPS) Measure intensity and duration Less susceptible to social desirability biases and are not subject to the poor memory biases More expensive, do not always provide relevant information (eg, mode, frequency) Consumer devices are less transparent in how these measures are calculated; Describe observational measures: Directly viewing exercise behaviour “live” or “in person” or indirectly viewing a recorded behaviour (fitness class attendance, reviewing gym video footage) Documentation of the specific activities engaged in (mode) Eliminates the issue of momory recall and self-report biases People may change their behaviour because they are being observed Bias or estimation error by observer (estimate intensity level); Describe the Goldin leisure-time exercise questionnaire: During a typical 7 day period, how many times do you do the following kinds of exercise for more than 15 minutes during your free time; Describe the international physical activity questionnaire, IPAQ-SF: During the last 7 days, how much time did you spend doing xxx physical activity; Describe the similarities and differences between the Goldin leisure-time exercise questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire: Similarity: both are based on 7 day period, both use similar exercise categories, like moderate and vigorous Difference: the GLTEQ uses units, while the IPAQ uses MET minutes per week; The use of behaviour change techniques among popular YouTube fitness videos: Physical activity is well-established to be an important modifiable health behaviour Increased interest in home fitness or “workout at home” videos Novel and accessible way to engage people with exercise; What is a behaviour change technique (BCT): A BCT is the smallest component of a behaviour change intervention, that on their own, in favourable circumstances, can bring about change. BCT examples include, goals and planning, 1.1 behaviour and 1.2 outcome, feedback and monitoring, 2.2 feedback on behaviour, and 2.3 self monitoring of behaviour; List exercise behaviour theories: Theory of planned behaviour Self efficacy theory Self determination theory Transtheoretical theory Health action process model Multi-action process control Socioecological model; Describe different parts of a peer-reviewed article: Background, introduces the topic and prior research Rationale, justifies why a study is important Research question and hypothesis, defines specific aim of research and prediction of results Methods, describes how study was conducted Design, a brief description of the type of study design you are utilizing Participants, who were you interested in and how many of them Recruitment, description of where/how you plan to advertise or promote enrolment of participants into your study Procedure/protocol, description of what happens in the study, from screening of participants to end of data collection or debriefing. Intervention, description of what partiicpants in your intervention groups will be exposed to Control/comparator, description of what participants in your control groups will be or won’t be exposed to Outcomes, description of all the outcomes you will be collecting in your study, what you will be using to collect them, and psychometrics Statistical analysis, description of how you will be analyzing your collected data Results, reports outcomes of analysis, answer to research question Discussion, interpretation of results based on existing literature Limitations and future research, drawbacks of study and recommendations for future research to address; Social media and exercise: Social media transmits sociocultural ideals which are internalized. Social media has unique features such as user-derived content, interactive, primarily with peers and customized and direct content; Describe the social comparison theory; Innate drive to evaluate self in relation to others Upward vs downward social comparisons Affinity for similar and familiar targets Emotional, motivational and behavioural outcome; Define fitspiration: Fitness-related social media trend designed to inspire and motivate the achievement of fitness and body related goals. The trend has been widely criticized by scholars, researchers and advocates According to social cognitive theory, fitspiration may affect physical activity behaviour through modeling, however, the studies in the paper show little evidence that fitspiration influences physical activity. Fitspiration may be limited to its impact because of the perceived unattainability of the idealized body types featured in the posts; Define body-inclusive fitness; Fitness-related social media trends designed to inspire and motivate inclusive and autonomous physical activity Emerging evidence base as an adaptive alternative to fitspiration The paper found that participants in the weight-inclusive condition exhibited significantly greater increases in exercise intention and fitness/health motivation, while those in the fit- normative condition exhibited greater increases in weight/appearance motivation;