Depression Treatment and Measurement Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the Canadian population typically meets the criteria for clinical depression?

10%

7% (correct)

Which classification system uses the number of depressive episodes to diagnose major depressive disorder?

American Psychiatric Association Manual

ICD-10

DSM-V (correct)

Beck Depression Inventory

What is the primary purpose of the Beck Depression Inventory?

To classify depression by severity levels

To provide treatment recommendations for depression

To officially diagnose major depressive disorder

To screen for the likelihood of major depressive disorder (correct)

What level of reliability and validity is associated with the Beck Depression Inventory?

High reliability, high validity Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise function in relation to depression?

It can prevent the occurrence of depression Signup and view all the answers

What is one key proposal regarding the timing of physical activity in relation to medication?

Promoting physical activity before medication begins is suggested. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of physical activity as described in the findings?

Bodily movement that significantly increases caloric expenditure over resting energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the eligibility criteria for the systematic review?

More than 75% of included RCTs must involve usual care or lower PA intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the effects of physical activity compared to other treatments for depression?

Exercise effects are similar to those of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence suggest about the 'dose' of exercise for treating depression?

A majority of intensity has a stronger effect than lower intensities. Signup and view all the answers

What is noted about the relationship between the duration of exercise interventions and their effectiveness?

Longer duration had a weaker effect on alleviating depression. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT mentioned as a contributor to the antidepressant effects of physical activity?

Pharmacological changes in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes physical activity with a meditative component from standard aerobic exercise?

It may also be effective as a standalone treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal exercise regimen for promoting positive affect?

Low intensity, 3-5 days per week, for 30-35 minutes over 10-12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is a key observation about affective experiences during strenuous exercise?

Affective experiences tend to unify into a negative trend as exercise intensity increases. Signup and view all the answers

How do digital interventions impact physical activity (PA)?

They can moderately increase PA, leading to an average increase of 1800 steps. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gamification in digital physical activity apps?

Gamification elements can lead to an increase of up to 3600 steps. Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations shown in research about digital physical activity interventions?

The average length of studies is short, usually around 3-6 months. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'rebound effect' in responses after strenuous exercise?

A uniform positive response immediately following strenuous exercise. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise intensity appears to produce the most favorable affective responses according to participation reports?

Vigorous exercise leads to the worst affective responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between exercise intensity and exercise adherence?

Positive affective experiences are critical for exercise adherence. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an individual who is flourishing in terms of mental health?

Experiencing high levels of subjective wellbeing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a pleasant affective state?

Joy Signup and view all the answers

How is affect defined in relation to stimuli or events?

A broad response categorized only as positive or negative Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes emotions from affects when related to physical activity?

Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of mood in relation to physical activity?

Less intense and can last longer than emotional states Signup and view all the answers

In the categorical approach to measuring affect, which of the following is emphasized?

Identifying specific emotional responses in various contexts Signup and view all the answers

What are the two underlying dimensions of the dimensional approach to measuring affect?

Activation and valence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the state of languishing in mental health?

A lack of satisfaction and connection with others Signup and view all the answers

What role does subjective perception play in the improvement of self-esteem?

It can significantly align with objective changes. Signup and view all the answers

How does self-compassion differ from self-esteem?

Self-esteem requires positive experiences while self-compassion does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main findings regarding physical activity and self-compassion?

Physical activity supports self-compassion, enhancing health-promoting behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the self-esteem exercise model?

Competency in tasks leads to feelings of competence in the self. Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the effects of intervention on self-esteem?

The frequency of intervention has no effect on self-esteem. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does self-compassion have on exercise behavior after a setback?

It promotes goal re-engagement in exercise following setbacks. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about objective changes in fitness and self-esteem?

Objective changes in fitness do not necessarily impact self-esteem. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the transition from specific to global self-evaluation in self-esteem?

Global evaluation often arises from changes in self-perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason body image concerns are often cited for starting exercise?

To initiate weight loss efforts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measurement types is least susceptible to memory recall biases?

Monitor-based measures Signup and view all the answers

How do the Goldin leisure-time exercise questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire primarily differ?

The units of measurement used Signup and view all the answers

What psychophysiological effect can physique-evaluative exercise contexts have?

Decrease in motivation to exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which behaviour change technique (BCT) is fundamental in influencing behavioural modification?

Goal setting Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue with self-reported measures of physical activity?

They may be subject to intentional bias Signup and view all the answers

Why can observing individuals during exercise lead to potential bias?

People may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed Signup and view all the answers

What effect does exercising primarily for appearance have on mental health?

It correlates with worse mental health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does fitspiration relate to in terms of exercise behavior?

Worsened mood and body dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of behavior change techniques (BCT)?

They can independently facilitate behavior change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Defining Depression

Depression encompasses depressive symptoms and clinically diagnosed mood disorders (e.g., bipolar).
It is distinct from negative moods.
Prevalence in Canada:
- 7% of the population meets criteria for clinical depression.
- 15% will meet criteria at least once in their lifetime.
- During COVID-19, 15% met criteria for clinical depression.

Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder

DSM-V: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. Diagnosis based on the number of depressive episodes.
ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases—10. Severity levels (mild, moderate, or severe) are used to diagnose.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

A self-administered tool for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD).
Determines likelihood of MDD based on cut-off scores (likely or unlikely).
Not a definitive diagnostic tool, used for screening.
High reliability and validity for research studies.

Exercise as Prevention for Depression

Distinct from treatment, exercise can prevent depression.
Exercise promotes preventative measures rather than treatment for existing symptoms.

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

Based on self-reported physical activity.
Exhibit 11.4 shows prevalence rates associated with different frequencies of physical activity.
There is a linear relationship between the frequency of physical activity and the prevalence of MDD.
Individuals with MDD have a 50% lower likelihood of meeting recommended physical activity levels compared to those without MDD.

Physical Activity and Prevention of Depression

A systematic review of prospective studies examined the protective effect of physical activity on depression.
Participants were tracked over time, and exercise levels were examined to predict depressive symptoms.
All participants did not have depression at baseline.

Physical Activity and Risk of Depression

25 studies demonstrated that baseline physical activity (PA) was negatively associated with depression risk.
Promoting PA can be a valuable mental health strategy for reducing depression risk.
Mixed findings regarding the amount of PA needed to be protective.
Three high-quality studies measuring PA (minutes per week) found that less than 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per week was associated with a decreased risk of developing depression.
120 minutes of PA per week was linked to a 63% reduced risk of future depression.
Walking 20-40 minutes a day at an average pace showed a reduced risk of depression.

Meta-analysis: Physical Activity and Incident Depression

People with higher physical activity levels had a reduced risk of incident depression compared to those with lower levels.
Higher intensity physical activity was associated with a lower incidence of depression, particularly in adults and older adults.
Protective effects were observed in children when adjusted odds ratio and relative risk analysis were used.

Meta-analysis: Exercise Interventions for Depression Prevention

A systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized trials published up to July 2018 examined the effects of exercise interventions on depression.

Summarizing PA studies on Depression

Ample, consistent, and high-quality evidence supports the use of physical activity in preventing and protecting against depression.
The optimal type, duration, and intensity of PA for depression prevention are not yet fully understood.
Any amount of PA appears beneficial.

Defining Usual Treatment for Depression

Medications, psychotherapy, or a combination of both.
Alleviation of symptoms in 30% of cases.

Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions

Physical activity interventions, to improve depression, anxiety, and distress, involve increasing PA levels in populations.
The interventions are designed to increase PA and potentially improve participant mental health.

Importance of Self-Compassion

Self-compassion is a new way of thinking about oneself, offering benefits of self-esteem without risks.
Self-compassion is kind, caring, and non-judgmental, with an awareness of one's physiological states and environment

Importance of Self-Esteem

The self-concept, including self-esteem, is hierarchical and multi-dimensional.
Self-esteem and self-concept are based on childhood development.
Self-esteem is evaluative, affecting one's self-perception and feelings.
High self-esteem is associated with better outcomes in life (social, mental, and physical).
Negative reflections on self-worth can be detrimental if they are frequent or strong.

Exercise and Affect

Affect (positive or negative mood) is related to physical activity.
It plays a part in exercise adherence and intensity choices.
Exercise participation influences emotional well-being.
The intensity of exercise affects affective response.

Exercise and Self-Esteem

Exercise participation affects self-efficacy, and that improvement leads to increased self-esteem.
The effects of exercise on self-esteem are influenced by factors like frequency, intensity, duration, type, and the length of program.
Self-esteem improvements were significantly larger if physical fitness also improved.
The duration of exercise was not a significant influence on self-esteem outcomes.

Body Image and Exercise

Body image is multi-dimensional (perceptual, cognitive, emotional, behavioural). These facets can relate to how individuals perceive themselves, and in comparison to others.
Exercise can change body image perceptions.
A positive correlation is noted between exercise participation and changes to one's body image
In interventions targeted at girls and women, exercise strongly improved body image.

Measuring Physical Activity

Self-reported: Widely used due to cost-effectiveness and ease of administration. Includes daily activity logs, and physical activity recall. Can be prone to biases (e.g., social desirability).
Objective/device-based: Use mechanical and electronic devices (e.g., heart rate monitors, pedometers, accelerometers, GPS). Less prone to biases than self-reported measures but more expensive.
Observational: Directly viewing exercise behavior. Effective for eliminating self-report biases but can include observer bias.

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Description

Test your knowledge on depression-related assessments and treatment methodologies, including the Beck Depression Inventory and the role of physical activity. This quiz covers the criteria for diagnoses, validity, and the comparative effects of exercise on depression. Explore the critical elements influencing treatment efficacy and the systemic review criteria.