Week 10 AS Lecture Notes on Anxiety and Exercise - PDF

Anxiety and Exercise Dr. Jeremy Walsh KINESIOL 3H03 Asynchronous Lecture Week #10 mcmaster.ca  Lecture Outline and Objectives Understand the difference between mental health vs. mental illness vs. mental health problems Define...

Anxiety and Exercise Dr. Jeremy Walsh KINESIOL 3H03 Asynchronous Lecture Week #10 mcmaster.ca  Lecture Outline and Objectives Understand the difference between mental health vs. mental illness vs. mental health problems Define and describe anxiety Difference between symptoms of anxiety and anxiety disorders Describe how anxiety is measured Exercise and Anxiety during Synchronous Lecture  Mental Health vs. Mental Illness Mental Health “Successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity.” Loading… Mental Illness Collectively refers to all diagnosable mental disorders (i.e., health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, behaviour; associated with distress and/or impaired functioning) Diagnosable – think DSM V  Mental Health vs. Mental Illness Mental Health Problems Signs/symptoms of insufficient intensity or duration to meet the criteria/diagnosis for mental disorders Are sufficient to warrant efforts in health promotion, prevention and treatment  Prevalence In any given year, 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental illness or addiction problem By the time Canadians reach 40 years of age, 1 in 2 have—or have had—a mental illness Who is Affected? Loading… 70% of mental health problems have their onset during childhood or adolescence Young people aged 15 to 24 are more likely to experience mental illness and/or substance use disorders than any other age group 1 in 3 Canadian University students report moderate-to-severe anxiety, stress, or depression1 Transition from high school to university is a major stressor Development stage, new environment (social and academic), academic expectations, program of study stressors https://www.camh.ca/en/driving-change/the-crisis-is-real/mental-health-statistics 1. Othman et al. (2019) Int J Ment Health Syst  Anxiety Defined “Pathological counterpart of normal fear, manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity.” Can become clinical anxiety when it results in: Behavioral and cognitive changes (to avoid symptoms of an anxiety attack) Without a triggering event or threat (e.g., perceived threat) Disproportionate and unmanageable responses (e.g., persists well beyond the stressful experience)  Anxiety Disorders **Most prevalent of the mental disorders** Panic disorder and agoraphobia Social anxiety disorder Specific phobias (e.g., arachnophobia) Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive–compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Symptomatology Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness Problems sleeping Cold or sweaty hands or feet Shortness of breath Heart palpitations Dry mouth Not being able to be still and calm Nausea Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet Muscle tension Dizziness Traditional Treatments of Anxiety Medications Psychotherapy - Cognitive-behavioural therapy Mindfulness & meditation Limitations: Costly Side effects Time consuming  Loading… Measuring Anxiety  State vs. Trait Anxiety State anxiety: A transient emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension, doom, threat Heightened autonomic nervous system activity Trait anxiety: A more general predisposition to respond with apprehension, worry, and nervousness across many situations Increased restlessness, difficulty making decisions, feeling of inadequacy  Measurement Psychological measures: Self-report Physiological measures: Muscle tension, via electromyography (EMG) Blood pressure and heart rate Skin responses Central nervous system Sample Items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory  Depression and Exercise Dr. Jeremy Walsh KINESIOL 3H03 Asynchronous Lecture Week #10 mcmaster.ca  Learning Objectives Define and describe depression Understand the difference between depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder Live Lecture Learn about the relationship between depression and PA/exercise Loading… https://info.mindbeacon.com/btn542  Depression: A Mood Disorder Disorders that influence mood regulation beyond the usual variations between sadness and happiness/excitement Loading… Approximately 1 in 10 Canadians will be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder at some point in their life  Common Symptoms of Depression Feelings of sadness/elation Loss of interest in all/most activities Feelings of guilt/worthlessness Memory problems Disturbances in appetite Thoughts of suicide Disturbances in sleep patterns Hallucinations Lack of energy Difficulty concentrating  Main Depressive Disorders Mania Depression Mania Major Depressed Bipolar Manic Dysthymia (AKA Cyclothymia Manic and Depressive mood, loss of Disorder episode, or Persistent depressive interest of Disorder mixed periods depressive states, but not pleasure of mania and disorder) as intense as depression Chronic form bipolar or Depression of depression major depression Mania Depression Criteria for Major Depressive Disorders  Prevalence Women affected 2x more often than men Tremendous economic burden At least 12 billion days of lost productivity per year, costing approximately $925 billion USD Account for 14% of years of life lost due to disability Rank 2nd only to cardiovascular disease in disease burden in industrialized nations  Causes Not well understood Interaction of genetic, physiological and psychosocial factors Responses to stressful events vary by individual ◦ Influenced by heredity, coping skills, and social support  Treatment of Depression Often untreated Pharmaceuticals & Psychotherapy ◦ Expensive (direct and indirect) ◦ Lack of compliance Loading… ◦ Time ◦ Side effects (weight gain, drowsiness, sexual side-effects) ◦ Doesn’t work for everyone *PA/exercise might also be useful Measuring Depression Measurement 1) Standard diagnostic criteria Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychological Association, 1994, 2000, 2013) 2) Self-reporting measures of symptoms Beck Depression Inventory Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Center for Epidemiologic studies – depression scale (CES-D) Others Center for Epidemiologic Studies– Depression (CES-D) Scale