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 11 states of matter Solid: particle close together, not able to move freely, high density, definite sharp each othe liquid ; particle able to move around no definite shape /...

 11 states of matter Solid: particle close together, not able to move freely, high density, definite sharp each othe liquid ; particle able to move around no definite shape / containe gas: particle able to more randomly change of state (Temperature / Pressure) Effect Melting * -> · boiling · -> * Frezzing · -> · condensing * -> Evaporation ( -> *  22 Atoms, element, compounds # Elemen compoun mixtu cannot further divided formed by the chemical Cor more elements into simpler substances combination of 2 or molecule mixed chemical methods with by or more element together chere bonded Atom structur Nam mas charg i sotopes ↑ rotons 1 + elemen = atom same w same number Neutron % ① of protons bu diff for nretrons electron · - I  Mass number As Protons = 2 ↑ Neutrons = 4 -2 = 2 2 He electrons = 2 ↳ atomic number ( protons number) tell elemen Unstable atom stable atom count-rat active = rate at which source nucleidecays ( counts / S CB4) +eletrons = - ions -eletrons = + cons Nucler fission Nuclei Nuclei ·* * อ < Nucleu fusion  222 - 4 226 Alpha Decays = &a 8 86- 2 mass - " 2 protons - 21 8 Beta Decays = 218 - mass = same on PO \ 8 Protons = " + - 1 half life - average time taken for the activity half to decrese it original amount  Flame test Alkali metals flame colour Lithiu Crimson red Sodiu yello potassic m Lilac ( PP) Barium green alkal reactive shiny electricit sof low  Lithium + Lithium oxid Oxygen -> MLi + 02 -> 2 Lie generate wate flazing & smoke + fire lithium > pink + Sodiu >Orange flame + Sparks potassion -> fire Alkaline water -> bule / prople lithium + water : hydrogen / lithium dioxdie metal + water : hydrometal / metal dioxdie  ~ Rate of reactio chemical reactio physical reactio propertie s altered change in matte compound formed No new substance form new substance is created No atom create Chemical reaction happen call "activation energy " ↓ minimum energy collide in order to carse Proces 3 ↑wate of reaction by 4 num of collisions / energy temperature - more fast, increase speed concentration -> increase frequency  4 Main factor reactio affecting -Temperature -catalysts -concentratio · งป reduce activatio - Pressure ( for gases energ -Surface area ( powders (Available particle to collide( Danger of powde Flour mills ↳ large area - small Spark can carse reaction Flour between and Spark ( explosion Coal mills Le flammable gases Rate of reaction: Change in concentration in tim change exothermic -> relase by heat energy endothermic > absorb heat ส่ ฏิ กิ  Properties of hydrocarbon - of Al affect by Boiling poin Mcon ↳> Hydrocarbon longer w chain have higer boiling points Flammability ↳ loger chains less flammable viscosity ↳ longer chains higher viscosity ห Homologous Serie Molecular Formulas = CH2 properties = physical change =Chemical similar นึ  Pure Metal positive ions and delocalised electrons ions -> Organize properties: soft, malleable - in laye all same siz high melting, boilling point React to water -> hydroxide, Hydrogen React to Dilute Acids - produce salt, hydrogen ga เ อจา Reduction On lost) Oxidation ( On gained Metal react w dilute acids not cold water -Magnesium ( Mg ( -Aluminium ( All - Zinc CEn ( - I won -Lead จื  Metal Alloys everyday use harder than por Gold -> silver copper zinc for resilient add ดหย Brass -> copper Malleable + ( water taph Steels -> tool, ca Aluminium - > can Bronze -> Copper + tin Coins ( Alloy -> mixture 2 + elements /I need to be metal ( ยื  In Of + CO2 + In * displace Iron ( III) Oxid Fe3 + 02- Fe2 03 + C -> (02 + Fe 2521 03 + 3) -> 3C02 + ↑Fe  Allanes and Alkenes Carbon = ↑22 Pit E: 6 N: / Hydrocarbon = 2 elements compound ↳ hydrogen + carbon ONLY · · ↓ Alkane S Alkene bonds Single I double bonds saturated Un saturate Formula: Content 2 Formula: CnHen Fvels plasti Addition of Bromine water. Alkane = no rectio Alkene = colour less Prefix Meth - Eth/ Prop But Pent Hex / Herpt Oct /Nor * Homologous series: family of Organic compounds · same general formula · similar Chemical propertie · show gradual Increase physical properties E. g. melting point, BP  Fractional Distillatio mixture of ethanol and water -Separating a crude oil different sized hydrocarbons have different uses hydrocarbon difficial to use when they mixed Top: Low Boiling point / Less Viscous / More Flammable / high volatility - heating, cooking / gasoline -> WAX , polishe ↓↑ ↳Apple 340 -> surfacing roads Bottom: High BP / More Viscous / Less Flemmable / low volatility  Cracking of =process breaking a Large unuseful hydrocarbon chain into smaller hydrocarbon get fuel from crude oil ( smaller hydrocarbon Thermal Decompositio #te combustion of Alkanes comp ↳fule + 0 = CO2 + Or Oxyge. Burn w smoker, yellow flame incomplete, they boon with smoky flame react with hydrogen -> Nickel propene w water - phosphoric + Cy+6 ↳ ↓ catalyst / acid C = C - decay ( ↓ลาย) Randomly happen Radioactivit Detecting - beiger counter ( Geiger - Muller tube) / count per Sec film ·- Photographic radiation hits film bright spot = lonising the -Cloud chamberg Radiation Backgroun ROCK FOO Radon So -contain -high patassium - gas emits - emits som rranium salt ( Banana alpha particl ionising radiatio slight 1 - cause long radiactiv + issue  3 Type of Radiatio Alph ·8 catomic nom == 1) ( He noddlers') B ULL :2Protons / 2 neutrons =f change = " + & e of -> stop by small amount paper - lots but doesn't fac damage get through -Use for smoke detectors Beta B Atomicurm = - > &a + · - single electrons 2 - -electrons from ne #cons -stop by aluminium foil for -use paper productio with thicknes S -mass = / charge : - Alpha * most Ionising Bet most Penetrating Gamm ~  Gamm I Sparro ~ -Im spectrum - no mass / no change -Blood #loa -stevillisation Kill bacteria 1. radioactive materials A. lead box line B. Use tongs 2 -distance person, material 2. radiation sterilize medical - kills bacteria 3. Cancers increase risk of cancer -Mutations  ↑1 Motion Speed: distance travelled per unit tim · * Vector direction Velocity: quantity and speed v = · + Acceleration: Increasing in speed ( equation: ·acceleration = change in velocity /s a = # free fall at constant rate time taken 1 + m /st Earth gravity = 9.81 / 10 => of of matter in mass = measure quantity an object weight = gravitational force on an object that has mas Weight =: 9= mas Density = Master me / p= acceleration Fema / Force = massx  PH MOTIO Velocit Speed ·describe direction ·dr quanities only a as magnitude ( size well as spee · do not have a diraction ·Has magnitude on siz ·rector Distance displacement ( VC · How faw an object moves =- ระยะทาง ห ห ่งไป · scalar -> x direction ·comment constant speed · distance a object move ↓ in straight line from starting point positive acceleration to finish point velocity >2.) · rector -> / directio => ค วา มา ที่ ร์ นึ  Mass and Inertia MASS = measure of amount of matter it contains Mass constant (คง ท Ineutia = ↳ a) So difficult to how change object motio Equation weight · W = mg weight = mass X garvity Density ความหนาแ P= =1 / p= mas Volume 9 / cm3 force upthrust = that keep object float measuring cylinder Law of Displacemen % I ·object completely submerged in fluid will replace 8 volume displaced = volume of object น่  Friction and Air Resistance frictio =แรงเ ยดทา friction : I surface rubbing each Other opposes motion, carse heating, reduce by rubricant Turning effect e. g. #, see saw fixed point Push for from fixed print moment lager - ↳ pivot ห งสต Trebuchet = like catapult, Use moment to fly object distacue. over very long * Moment = A x distance Moment = turning effect around pivo นั สี  P2 Energy, work, power Energy ( Joules) E= 12 + Power ( watts ↑= I/ P= V < Pressure P= #  Radiatio atom nucleus but Radioactivity = unstable can become stable by the process cal ↳ Radioactive decay = -> decay ( ↓ลาย) Randomly happen Radioactivit Detecting - beiger counter ( Geiger - Muller tube) / count per Sec film ·- Photographic radiation hits film bright spot = lonising the -Cloud chamberg Radiation Backgroun ROCK FOO Radon So -contain -high patassium - gas emits - emits som rranium salt ( Banana alpha particl ionising radiatio slight 1 - cause long radiactiv + issue  3 Type of Radiatio Alph ·8 catomic nom == 1) ( He noddlers') B ULL :2Protons / 2 neutrons =f change = " + & e of -> stop by small amount paper - lots but doesn't fac damage get through -Use for smoke detectors Beta B Atomicurm = - > &a + · - single electrons 2 - -electrons from ne #cons -stop by aluminium foil for -use paper productio with thicknes S -mass = / charge : - Alpha * most Ionising Bet most Penetrating Gamm ~  Gamm I Sparro & ~ ~ -Im spectrum - no mass / no change -Blood #loa -stevillisation Kill bacteria 1. radioactive materials A. lead box line B. Use tongs 2 -distance person, material 2. radiation sterilize medical - kills bacteria 3. Cancers increase risk of cancer -Mutations mas s charg * most Ionising Alph 4 + 2 Be t a & -1 most gamm · · ~ Penetrating  EM Spectrum 3x108 highest frequenc Lowest frequenc shoutest wave lengt Longest wave length Gamma Ray - carry most of energy uses: medical imaging, therapy, astronomy Sterilisation, food preservatio Risk: tissues damaging living and call -Rays - energy : medical, industrial X Low imaging treat high energy: cancer Detect weapons Ultraviolet Ligh Risk: Skin borns, skin cancer in the same perpendicula 1 =1 + ↓ &+ R. R2 voltage / potential difference = curren  static MA electricity 100 ↓- repulsion attractio A # # ↑ x 100 mas charg Protons % + KA Neutro 1 · electron @ => i curven ampere VOltS ~ voltage soule E energ wat P power R Resister ohm ( -2) Q conlumbs charge V = IR & Voltage Colt Current ความ respond chang Growth Excretio Nutritio Reproductio เป อ ยขอ งเส ( บอาหาร) ( โภชนากา ·Organism grow -make more Organism - Removal waste -taking in material s cell structu contai protein Ribosome An genetic material Synthes ↓ /control cal · A Support งเคราะ คลอโร cel · + * release contain cholorophy / in energy respiratio makeefoodne" ↳Cell sap Control Substance -> chemical get in/out # reactio of the cel convent number 2. 9. 5.239x 103 = 5239 + = back 5.2 body not respond 1 not optimal -> change, body reverse return condition to Optimum stimulus -> what causes a change in body CNS -> Central nervous syste work to return the conditions to norma Allow effector to respond Blood Glucose levels 6- 8 mmol/ &m 3 too much glucos - bad for Osmosis ( movement of water between Cell ( Too little glucose - glucose important for respiration ( the releases process energy needed by every living cel high glucose -> Insulin Ter - Low glucose -> Glucagon  thermoregulatio control Body Temperture Receptors skin Receptor brai the surface body hypothalamus control as blood flow the Brai thorough Warning Up Receptor sent info, how hot /col too hot -> sweat released Hair line fla sweating gland ( middle layer Skin call dermi evaporate take heat with it Body hair = evector muscle welaves lie fiat Blood vessels = muscular wall relax call vasodilatio more blood enter through capillaries  cooling down too cold -> Muscle contractions increase Hair stand on end shivering -> muscles contract automatically need from respiratio energy produce heat hair body -> goosebumps blood vessels -> muscular wall contract call vasoconstructio blood flows heat keep in body  Eye anatomy lens Accommodation = process lens changing shape Circular muscle Thislarger Smaller popil Radial muscle in is smaller 2 larger poopil Allow light reduce ligh  Detect colour in retina Come cel colour -detect green reds blue Rod cells -detect visual information without colour vision ( knight  111 Reproductio A sexual sexua fusion process resulting in the process involving of nuclei of production genetically 2 gameters identical off spring from genetically different 1 parent of word :- species: group Organisms that diploid: having 2 complet ke can reproduce to produce fertile off sets of chromosomes 46 Spring fertile = able to reproduce hapliod: Only single set of chromosome 23 Variation: Manding Mitosis Mais is -make new cell Identical - produce genetically different cclones from thier parent -not variation - 2 sets of produce genetic chomosomes have same chornosomes number have half chomosomes from - - as parent ( deploid) parents ( haploid) -I daugther cel -4 dargther cel -I , divisio -I division  Role of mitosis Meiosis · Growth reduction Divisio · repai I round & · replacemen · Asexual reproductio Genetic Diversity variatio genetic chomosome replicatio ( before homozygous hetero eygons ↓ chomosome separatio genotyp During phenotyp Monohybrid inheritance  Flower Reproductio & & -> strigma catch pollen AntherFollow - ->> Make seeds => - > Ovary fertilized egg can => Release /Product ↳ devolop into fetus F gamete + => ↓ receives peni Opening of uterus hold baby during pregnancy cell develop from egg Ovaries One c every 28 day down by Fallopian tube / ovidurt  Spermcel =male · gamat Secretes fluids seme ~ - -- transfe - sperm doof sperm to transfer semen Urethra - to vagina = =>> product make gameters. Carry urine and semen out of body Copulation and Fertilisatio Step 1: Find partne Step 2: Courting Behaviour Using several modes of communication, make impression Step 3: Having sex Fertilisation ( Internal Fertilisation) fusion of the nucleus of make gameter with a Eg producing zygote  pregnanc menstrual 4 Hormones cycle - endocrine -> (FSH) - Destrogen -CLH) - progesterone fertilized > zygote < embryo -> Foetus barrier ↓ รถ 6 Week - อ -embryo connect , fully y fro to placenta 38 - 20 Week & ง HIV >AIDS protect bab of DNA contains form made genetic in of gene genes -> specific segment of DNA that codes for protein Alleled the different form of dark blue gene eg eye, black eye XX = female hapliod diploid xy = male nucleus contains hucleus contains two sets of of chromosom asingle set chomosome S 13 pair, 46 chomosomes  variation and selectio Variation: differences between individuals of same species Continuou discontinuou ex. hight ex. blood type Only ABO have value in between no intermediate blood mutation = formed genetic change ( new alleles Natural Selectio variation within population · genetic ·production of off- Spring many for · struggle survival, competition resource · better adapted to the environment than Others ·passing alleles to next generation selective breeding ·select by humans with desirable features. crossing to produce the next generation · selection of off spring showing the desirable feature  and their environmen Organisms Sun: of principal source energy Input to biological System &gets consume Produce · & eat dead * & animal editreposer - sprimary Carnivore a eat only meat herbivore · eat only plants carbon cycl Micro -Organisms breakdown dead Organism and return mineral jons back to soil