Ethics 1 PDF

2 # - Culture 1. Ethics character from Greek al types · clinical · research b) Codes of...

2 # - Culture 1. Ethics character from Greek al types · clinical · research b) Codes of of ethics practice - measure. not about clothing - The text examines ethics in psychology, exploring the shift from classical philosophical ethics, which centers on character and virtue, to a modern framework focused on practical codes for research and clinical practice. In everyday psychology, ethics is generally concerned with how psychologists should act in specific contexts, particularly during research or clinical interactions. Ethical guidelines, or "codes of practice," dictate what is considered ethical conduct in these settings. However, the text argues that this focus on practical applications neglects a deeper, historical view of ethics rooted in character—derived from the Greek ethos, which emphasizes personal virtue and daily moral living. Ancient Greek philosophers viewed ethics as integral to how one lives, focusing on the development of character rather than just following prescribed actions. The text further highlights that modern ethical codes in psychology are often restricted to certain behaviors or protocols, leaving other areas (such as dress or personal preferences) outside ethical concern. For example, while wearing an unconventional outfit during research may be seen as inappropriate, it is unlikely to be deemed unethical. This illustrates that ethics, in psychology, tends to center around actions that directly affect the benefit or harm to others, rather than encompassing every aspect of personal conduct. A broader discussion in the text examines ethical relativism and absolutism, showing how moral views are shaped by cultural or belief systems. Within a given belief system, certain moral tenets are absolute—such as religious commandments—but from an outside perspective, these may lack inherent value. For example, prohibitions like the Ten Commandments or dietary restrictions within various religions hold firm ethical authority for believers but may appear arbitrary to outsiders. This contrast between insider and outsider perspectives emphasizes the relative nature of ethical judgments: what is obligatory within one cultural or religious context may seem baseless from another. This relativism is further illustrated in personal and moral preferences, such as taste in music or stance on capital punishment. A preference for music, like listening to Beyoncé or Bach, is seen as a matter of taste and requires mutual tolerance; it doesn't imply an ethical requirement for others to share that preference. Conversely, debates like capital punishment extend beyond personal taste, as they advocate for societal norms rather than individual preferences, thereby raising ethical stakes. While society might tolerate varying tastes, such as in music, it cannot easily accommodate opposing ethical stances on major issues like capital punishment, which impact the wider community. The text concludes by emphasizing that tolerance alone may resolve matters of taste but is insufficient for deeper ethical debates, especially when they involve fundamental questions of freedom, duty, or responsibility. For instance, while one nation might tolerate capital punishment elsewhere while rejecting it domestically, this stance still provokes further ethical questions, highlighting the complex, often conflicting nature of ethics in a globalized and diverse world.  study of morality # OR MORAL PHILOSOPHY > - of what lies above - Systematic reflection (beyond the intuitive) on morality - critical, evaluative - As a discipline: theoretical, normative and practical science - & Guiding, improving, developing and evaluating morality OR MORALITY M - volculture background - Ethos = custom, habit I values we already hold zur - The guiding ideals, attitudes and habits that characterizes a person or community Iunreflected/unconscols - Gut-feelings” (based on culture, upbringing, religion, gender, Systematic etc.) and also reflection gender “Noticing the ethical environment biases based on personality can be like asking a fish to notice the on ethical rules and water it swims in and breaths” principles will ultimately (Lloyd & Hansen, 2003) - Immediate, pre-reflective response become part of our redefined intuitive sense there are not separate | 16 But Dynamically influencing  values /norms which conflicting are ETHICAL DILEMMAS WHAT IS AN ETHICAL DILEMMA? Ethical: Dilemma: about morals Conflicting, contradicting morals (values, norms, principles) no easy ‘solution’ and not only one Freedom Preventing harm Surveillance downsides to all options Privacy Safety Loyalty, Integrity, truthfulness ≠ ‘problem’ there's friendship always = a sacrifice no perfect outcome for the stakeholders | 17 Three main areas of ethics Metaethics - above Normative ethics Applied ethics Reflection on ethics itself Reflection on morality & moral behavior - Reflection on morality within a specific discipline, area, profession Foundations, concepts, assumptions, e.g. what Taking a step back: What is the status of morality? - defines “good”? to the therenythingt is Seeks to set criteria to separate the morally right from the morally wrong: what is the right thing to do? How should I live my life? Virtue ethics - Classical theories: Consequentialism, Deontology (Kant), Concerns the practical application of ethics in a specific discipline, such as: medical ethics, psychological ethics, Are moral standards relative or absolute? Contemporary theories: pragmatic ethics, bioethics, Are we egoistic or altruistic by nature? Etc. care ethics animal ethics, answers the ? -what is good environmental ethics, … | 18 UNIVERSALISM & RELATIVISM the time Action being is - ethical principles depend on right (wrong context wise relative to the place/situation - itself - ind/culture I nothing is right/wrong Individ arel ↓ how should act no in - we convictions Moral - depends on our personal universal relativism should act ethics cultural relativism - how we cultural. depends on our convent no neutral perspective (for individ. especially - what believe immed becomes tren , you ,. -- in indiv relativism. biases become relative trute However: is it possible to occupy a cultures diff -diff explained by. neutral position (stand “outside in cau be. pp “an ethical question)? ~ Neill, chapter 3 | 22 UNIVERSALISM & RELATIVISM actions Moral Absolutism- are right or wag (sit moral - O you have rely on God & at ⑪ times/places. universalism external source - appeal to external ground diy -- ② how people a God ⑦ you Human rights human -grounded in Moral Nationality! Is there the possibility of a Objectivism - actions are light/ ofwrong universalism which is not simply a universalised particularism? independent customs ~ Neill, chapter 3 sex/race-but Depend. on context | 23  Ethics & Psychology “By the very nature of their professional role, psychologists have an obligation to think well and Psychologists work with people, to benefit them wisely about what it means (as clients, employees, participants) to benefit others and avoiding harming them” - Psychology = “the helping profession” != motivation - ~ Kitchener Psychologists are faced with ethical questions Should we intervene in clients’ lives against their will? - Is it morally right for a psychologist to deceive a research subject/patient? - Can I share confidential information of my client with someone else (when I think it is necessary to benefit - - the client or avoid harm to another)? Is it ok to hug a client (or e.g., touch them by the shoulder)? - | 27  Two notorious experiments The Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo) - Taught us that people are capable of everything in certain situations? - Tells us something about the power of roles, group identity, dehumanization and deindividuation The Milgram Experiment - Taught us that everyone can become a monster? - Teaches us something about responsibility? - Teaches us something about authority? | 28  Ethics & Psychology + animal exp. Controversial experiments have given rise to ethical codes Responsibilities of psychologists go beyond treating individual clients and research participants well Loading… Psychological insights influence society and ethics (moral psychology) Mutual influence Neither discipline is static! | 29  ethics next to culture psychology's to adapting your own - Acculturation & ethical environment Ethical environment (Lloyd & Hansen) - Ethical environments change over time - Exploring the ethical basis for a law or rule can be a way to understand the ethical environment within which the law operates - “Whereas the natural environment dictates what is possible, the ethical environment selects out the many possibilities those that ought and ought not to be done.” (20) just because it's common D one thing to be Love that & Culture and acculturation (Handelsman et al) - What culture am I entering into? O IS vs OUGHT wayisn't - What is this group? ! What is the ? who mean group - - Who is this “we”? We cannot derive normative it's conclusions (ought) from facts ought to goe! - about how things are You need more argument! | 31  ACCULTURATION - - Concerns your ability to become connected with the profession of psychology as well as other professionals I Becoming part of the (ethical) culture of psychology The system of common beliefs, shared meanings, norms and traditions of the profession Fumaltre Acculturation is a dynamic process that may continue throughout the education or career of a psychologist surrounding you 4 styles (or strategies) of acculturation along two axes - integrating 1) Cultural maintenance eis psychel el. Do we hold on to our personal ethics of origin or not? to the per 2) Contact and participation Do we embrace psychological ethics or not? Handelsman, Gottlieb & Knapp (2005) Together determine the acculturation strategy (attitudes and behaviors towards personal and professional ethics, and the relationship between the two) | 32  Lack of ethical awareness and appreciation for ethics and morality in general, great risk for ethical violations, alienation, personal convenience Compassion can override professional judgement, failing to recognize their unique role as psychologists, not in touch with the shared values of the profession, acting on principles that violate professional ethics “Integration may best occur when instructors and supervisors view ethics not only as a set of Rigid conformation to the ethical rules and prohibitions but also as a way to guidelines, development of a legalistic stance, false actualize students’ visions of what it sense of competence means to be a psychologist” ~ Handelsman et al Adopt ethical values of profession while understanding and maintaining their own value tradition (does not mean no conflicts!)  ex - psychologyst allows Discussion: the Acculturation Model personal override belief to professionalism - ex giving client's phone ↑ numbers as What are the four strategies of the acculturation theymyother model? values underdeveloped own are moral sense sufficient in others helping doesn't underdeveloped recognize need psychody profess values the of , relativel low values and trad. cultura & maintain own values from original culture maintance discarted are - the best relatively high adapt ethics new Accepted psycho. ethics -contact to psyched. totally  - > becoming part of another culture Discussion: the Acculturation Model (background ethics old culture To what extent does psychology have its own culture (values/norms/standards)? What values are expected from you as a psychologist? ↑ risk of high bad round ethical vialation Bal perso What was the most counterintuitive, shocking, or surprising ethics professional activity that you have learned about so far (within psychology)? wit & no principles but low psycholog prof ethics. - o Which adaptation processes do you go through as a psychology no critical reflection student? Connected to different acculturation strategies? a persons Why might an ethical code (set of rules) not be sufficient for ↓sinfol owing good practice within a field? Why is acculturation a life-long process?  Metaethics, normative ethics, applied ethics What is the difference between metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics? What is the difference between morality and ethics? Is morality purely cultural? Or natural? (Why) are these ideas problematic? What is the difference between universalist and relativist approaches? What ethical questions might arise in your professional field? To which area of ethics do they belong?