ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention PDF

Resource Efficiency 3 and Pollution Prevention and Management Introduction 2. This ESS sets out the requirements to address resource...

Resource Efficiency 3 and Pollution Prevention and Management Introduction 2. This ESS sets out the requirements to address resource efficiency and pollution1 prevention and 1. ESS3 recognizes that economic activity management2 throughout the project life cycle Reso and urbanization often generate pollution consistent with GIIP. to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources that may threaten people, eco- and Objectives system services and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels. The cur- To promote the sustainable use of resources, including energy, water and raw materials. rent and projected atmospheric concentra- tion of greenhouse gases (GHG) threatens To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or mini- the welfare of current and future genera- mizing pollution from project activities. tions. At the same time, more efficient and To avoid or minimize project-related emissions effective resource use, pollution preven- of short and long-lived climate pollutants.3 tion and GHG emission avoidance, and To avoid or minimize generation of hazardous mitigation technologies and practices have and non-hazardous waste. become more accessible and achievable. To minimize and manage the risks and impacts associated with pesticide use. Scope of application 3.  The applicability of this ESS is established during the environmental and social assessment described in ESS1. Requirements 4. The Borrower will consider ambient condi- tions and apply technically and financially fea- sible resource efficiency and pollution prevention ESS3 The term “pollution” is used to refer to both hazardous and non- 1 hazardous chemical pollutants in the solid, liquid, or gaseous phases, and includes other components such as thermal dis- charge to water, emissions of short- and long-lived climate pollutants, nuisance odors, noise, vibration, radiation, electro- magnetic energy, and the creation of potential visual impacts including light. Unless otherwise noted in this ESS, “pollution management” 2 includes measures designed to avoid or minimize emissions of pollutants, including short- and long-lived climate pollutants, given that measures which tend to encourage reduction in energy and raw material use, as well as emissions of local pollutants, also generally result in encouraging a reduction of emissions of short- and long-lived climate pollutants. This includes all GHGs and black carbon (BC). 3 39 1707130_Environmental_and_Social_Framework.indd 39 5/25/17 8:34 AM  measures in accordance with the mitigation hierar- Specific water use (measured by volume of water chy. The measures will be proportionate to the risks used per unit production) will be assessed; and and impacts associated with the project and consis- tent with GIIP, in the first instance the EHSGs. Operations must be benchmarked to available industry standards of water use efficiency. 9. The Borrower will assess, as part of the envi- Resource efficiency ronmental and social assessment, the potential cumulative impacts of water use upon communities, 5. The Borrower will implement technically and other users and the environment and will identify financially feasible measures for improving efficient and implement appropriate mitigation measures. consumption of energy, water and raw materials, as well as other resources. Such measures will inte- grate the principles of cleaner production into prod- C. Raw material use uct design and production processes to conserve 10.  When the project is a potentially significant user raw materials, energy and water, as well as other of raw materials, in addition to applying the resource resources. Where benchmarking data are available, efficiency requirements of this ESS, the Borrower the Borrower will make a comparison to establish will adopt measures4 specified in the EHSGs and the relative level of efficiency. other GIIP to support efficient use of raw materials, to the extent technically and financially feasible. A. Energy use 6.  The efficient use of energy is an important way Pollution prevention and management in which the Borrower can contribute to sustain- able development. When the project is a potentially 11.  The Borrower will avoid the release of pollutants significant user of energy, in addition to applying or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize and the resource efficiency requirements of this ESS, control the concentration and mass flow of their the Borrower will adopt measures specified in the release using the performance levels and measures EHSGs to optimize energy usage, to the extent tech- specified in national law or the EHSGs, whichever is nically and financially feasible. most stringent. This applies to the release of pol- lutants to air, water and land due to routine, non- B. Water use routine, and accidental circumstances, and with the potential for local, regional, and transboundary 7. When the project is a potentially significant impacts. user of water or will have potentially significant impacts on water quality, in addition to applying 12.  Where the project involves historical pollution,5 the resource efficiency requirements of this ESS, the the Borrower will establish a process to identify the Borrower will adopt measures, to the extent techni- responsible party. If the historical pollution could cally and financially feasible, that avoid or minimize pose a significant risk to human health or the envi- water usage so that the project’s water use does not ronment, the Borrower will undertake a health have significant adverse impacts on communities, and safety risk assessment6 of the existing pol- other users and the environment. These measures lution which may affect communities, workers and include, but are not limited to, the use of additional the environment. Any remediation of the site will technically feasible water conservation measures be appropriately undertaken in accordance with within the Borrower’s operations, the use of alter- national law and GIIP, whichever is most stringent.7 native water supplies, water consumption offsets to maintain total demand for water resources within the available supply, and evaluation of alternative These measures can include reuse or recycling of materials. 4 project locations. The Borrower will seek to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic or hazardous raw materials. 8.  For projects with a high water demand that have In this context historical pollution is defined as pollution from 5 potentially significant adverse impacts on commu- past activities affecting land and water resources for which no nities, other users or the environment, the following party has assumed or been assigned responsibility to address and carry out the required remediation. will apply: Such assessment will follow a risk-based approach consistent 6 with GIIP, in the first instance the EHSGs. A detailed water balance will be devel- If one or more third parties are responsible for the historical 7 oped, maintained, monitored and reported pollution, the Borrower will consider seeking recourse from such periodically; parties so that such pollution is appropriately remediated. The Borrower will implement adequate measures so that historical Opportunities for improvement in water use effi- pollution at the site does not pose a significant risk to the health ciency will be identified and implemented; and safety of workers and communities. 40 1707130_Environmental_and_Social_Framework.indd 40 5/25/17 8:34 AM  13. To address potential adverse project impacts project.13 This will include an estimate of gross GHG on human health and the environment,8 the Bor- emissions resulting from the project, providing that rower will consider relevant factors, including, for such estimation is technically and financially fea- example: (a) existing ambient conditions; (b) in sible. Where the Borrower does not have the capac- areas already impacted by pollution, the remaining ity to develop the estimate of GHG emissions, the assimilative capacity9 of the environment; (c) exist- Bank will provide assistance to the Borrower.14 For ing and future land use; (d) the project’s proximity to projects that have diverse and small sources of areas of importance to biodiversity; (e) the potential emissions (for example, community-driven devel- for cumulative impacts with uncertain and/or irre- opment projects) or where emissions are not likely versible consequences; and (f) impacts of climate to be significant (for example, projects in education change. and social protection), GHG estimations will not be required. 14.  In addition to applying resource efficiency and pollution control measures as required in this B. Management of hazardous ESS, when the project has the potential to consti- and nonhazardous wastes tute a significant source of emissions in an already degraded area, the Borrower will consider addi- 17. The Borrower will avoid the generation of haz- tional strategies and adopt measures that avoid or ardous and nonhazardous waste.15 Where waste minimize negative effects. These strategies include, generation cannot be avoided, the Borrower will but are not limited to, evaluation of project location minimize the generation of waste, and reuse, recy- alternatives. cle and recover waste in a manner that is safe for human health and the environment. Where waste A. Management of air pollution10 cannot be reused, recycled or recovered, the Bor- rower will treat, destroy, or dispose of it in an envi- 15.  In addition to the resource efficiency measures ronmentally sound and safe manner that includes described above, the Borrower will consider alter- the appropriate control of emissions and residues natives and implement technically and financially resulting from the handling and processing of the feasible and cost-effective11 options12 to avoid or waste material. minimize project-related air emissions during the design, construction and operation of the project. 18.  If the generated waste is considered hazardous,16 the Borrower will comply with existing requirements 16.  As part of the environmental and social assess- for management (including storage, transporta- ment of the project, the Borrower will characterize tion and disposal) of hazardous wastes including and estimate sources of air pollution related to the national legislation and applicable international conventions, including those relating to trans- boundary movement. Where such requirements are absent, the Borrower will adopt GIIP alternatives for its environmentally sound and safe management and disposal. When hazardous waste management Such as air, surface and groundwater and soils. 8 is conducted by third parties, the Borrower will use Assimilative capacity refers to the capacity of the environment 9 contractors that are reputable and legitimate enter- for absorbing an incremental load of pollutants while remaining below a threshold of unacceptable risk to human health and the prises licensed by the relevant government regula- environment. tory agencies and, with respect to transportation and ‘Air pollution’ refers to the release of air pollutants (often 10 associated with the combustion of fossil fuels), such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particu- late matter (PM), as well as other contaminants including GHGs. For the purposes of such estimate, the Borrower may utilize 13 Cost-effectiveness is determined according to the capital and 11 national methodologies accepted in the context of international operational cost and financial benefits of the options considered agreements on climate change, with the agreement of the Bank. over the life of the project. ESS3 Depending on the capacity of the Borrower, the type of the proj- 14 The options for reducing or preventing air pollution may 12 ect and the basis on which financing is being provided to the include a combination of approaches such as: enhancing energy Borrower, this assistance may involve the Bank carrying out the efficiency, process modification, selection of fuels or other mate- GHG estimation on behalf of the Borrower, for example relating rials with less polluting emissions, and application of emissions to IDA or FCS projects, working with Borrower counterparts and control techniques. Options for reducing GHG emissions may using project information provided by the Borrower. The Bank include alternative project locations; adoption of renewable or can also provide technical assistance to the Borrower in the use low carbon energy sources; alternatives to refrigerants with high of the methodologies established by the Bank so that Borrower global warming potential; more sustainable agricultural, forestry competency is strengthened in this respect. and livestock management practices; the reduction of fugitive emissions and gas flaring; carbon sequestration and storage; These wastes may include municipal waste, e-waste and animal 15 sustainable transport alternatives; and proper waste manage- waste. ment practices. As defined by the EHSGs and relevant national law. 16 41 1707130_Environmental_and_Social_Framework.indd 41 5/25/17 8:34 AM  disposal, obtain chain of custody documentation and the intended users.20 The Borrower will not use to the final destination. The Borrower will ascertain any pesticides or pesticide products or formulations whether licensed disposal sites are being operated unless such use is in compliance with the EHSGs. to acceptable standards and where they are, the In addition, the Borrower will also not use any pes- Borrower will use these sites. Where licensed sites ticide products that contain active ingredients that are not being operated to acceptable standards, the are restricted under applicable international con- Borrower will minimize waste sent to such sites and ventions or their protocols or that are listed in, or consider alternative disposal options, including the meeting, the criteria of their annexes, unless for possibility of developing its own recovery or dis- an acceptable purpose as defined by such conven- posal facilities at the project site or elsewhere. tions, their protocols or annexes, or if an exemp- tion has been obtained by the Borrower under such C. Management of chemicals and hazardous conventions, their protocol or annexes, consistent materials with Borrower commitments under these and other applicable international agreements. The Borrower 19.  The Borrower will avoid the manufacture, trade will also not use any formulated pesticide products and use of chemicals and hazardous materials sub- that meet the criteria of carcinogenicity, mutagenic- ject to international bans, restrictions or phaseouts ity, or reproductive toxicity as set forth by relevant unless for an acceptable purpose as defined by the international agencies. For any other pesticide conventions or protocols or if an exemption has products that poses other potentially serious risk been obtained by the Borrower, consistent with Bor- to human health or the environment and that are rower government commitments under the appli- identified in internationally recognized classifica- cable international agreements. tion and labelling systems, the Borrower will not use pesticide formulations of products if: (a) the country 20. The Borrower will minimize and control the lacks restrictions on their distribution, management release and use of hazardous materials.17 The pro- and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be duction, transportation, handling, storage, and use accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others with- of hazardous materials for project activities will out training, equipment, and facilities to handle, be assessed through the environmental and social store, and apply these products properly. assessment. The Borrower will consider less haz- ardous substitutes where hazardous materials are 23. The following additional criteria apply to the intended to be used in manufacturing processes or selection and use of such pesticides: (a) they will other operations. have negligible adverse human health effects; (b) they will be shown to be effective against the tar- D. Management of pesticides get species; and (c) they will have minimal effect on 21.  Where projects involve recourse to pest manage- nontarget species and the natural environment. The ment measures, the Borrower will give preference to methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide appli- integrated pest management (IPM)18 or integrated cation are aimed to minimize damage to natural vector management (IVM)19 approaches using com- enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs bined or multiple tactics. will be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as 22. In the procurement of any pesticide the Bor- for personnel applying them; (d) their use will take rower will assess the nature and degree of asso- into account the need to prevent the development ciated risks, taking into account the proposed use of resistance in pests; and (e) where registration is required, all pesticides will be registered or other- wise authorized for use on the crops and livestock, or for the use patterns, for which they are intended These materials may include chemical fertilizer, soil amend- 17 ments and chemicals other than pesticides. under the project. IPM refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest 18 control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic 24. The Borrower will ensure that all pesticides chemical pesticides. It involves: (a) managing pests (keeping used will be manufactured, formulated, packaged, them below economically damaging levels) rather than seek- ing to eradicate them; (b) integrating multiple methods (relying, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied to the extent possible, on nonchemical measures) to keep pest according to relevant international standards and populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when codes of conduct, as well as the EHSGs. they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment. IVM is a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of 19 resources for vector control. The approach seeks to improve the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ecological soundness and sustain- This assessment is made in the context of the environmental 20 ability of disease-­vector control. and social impact assessment. 42 1707130_Environmental_and_Social_Framework.indd 42 5/25/17 8:34 AM  25. For any project involving significant pest man- prepare a Pest Management Plan (PMP).23 A pest agement issues21 or any project contemplating management plan will also be prepared when pro- activities that may lead to significant pest and posed financing of pest control products represents pesticide management issues,22 the Borrower will a large component of the project.24 Such issues would include: (a) migratory locust control; (b) mos- 21 quito or other disease vector control; (c) bird control; (d) rodent Depending on the nature and the scale of the risks and impacts 23 control, etc. of the project, the elements of a PMP may be included as part Such as: (a) new land-use development or changed cultivation 22 of the ESCP and preparation of a stand-alone PMP may not be practices in an area; (b) significant expansion into new areas; necessary. (c) diversification into new crops in agriculture; (d) intensifica- This is when financing of substantial quantities of pesticides 24 tion of existing low-technology systems; (e) proposed procure- is envisaged. A pest management plan is not required for the ment of relatively hazardous pest control products or methods; procurement or use of impregnated bednets for malaria control, or (f) specific environmental or health concerns (e.g., proximity of or of insecticides for intradomiciliary spraying for malaria control protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety). identified in internationally recognized classification systems. ESS3 43 1707130_Environmental_and_Social_Framework.indd 43 5/25/17 8:34 AM