DAY 4 ESS3 PDF

EXECUTIVE SHORT-TERM COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS TRACK B: PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ESS3: OVERVIEW OF RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION MANAGEMENT Dr Karimatu Lami Abdullahi July, 2024. Adopted from...

EXECUTIVE SHORT-TERM COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS TRACK B: PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ESS3: OVERVIEW OF RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION MANAGEMENT Dr Karimatu Lami Abdullahi July, 2024. Adopted from Dr Maged Hamed, Ph.D , PE Regional Safeguard Coordinator and co-TTL of SPESSE Environment Global Practice of the West and Central Africa - SAWE4 Copyright © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the National Universities Commission of Nigeria and the World Bank, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the Executive Secretary, National Universities Commission, Abuja-Nigeria, Attention: Coordinator, Special Projects, and to the World Bank, Attention: Dr. Maged Hamed, Lead Environmental Specialist. OUTLINE Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (Objectives, Scope and Requirements) The Environmental, Health, Safety and General Requirements Categories of Resource Efficiency (Energy, Water and Materials Uses) Pollution Prevention and Management ❑ Management of Air Pollution ❑ Management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste ❑ Management of chemicals and hazardous materials ❑ Management of Pesticides ESS3: RESOURCE EFFICIENCY & POLLUTION PREVENTION AND Objectives Requirements MANAGEMENT ▪ To promote the sustainable use of ▪ Borrower will consider ambient conditions resources, including energy, water and apply technically and financially and raw materials. feasible resource efficiency and pollution prevention ▪ To avoid or minimize adverse impacts ▪ Resource efficiency will include energy on human health and the environment use; water use; and raw materials use by avoiding or minimizing pollution from ▪ Pollution prevention and management that project activities. applies to the release of pollutants to air, ▪ To avoid or minimize project-related water and land due to routine, nonroutine, emissions of short and long-lived climate and accidental circumstances, and with the pollutants. potential for local, regional, and ▪ To avoid or minimize generation of transboundary impacts. This includes hazardous and non-hazardous waste. management of air pollution; management ▪ To minimize and manage the risks of hazardous and non-hazardous waste; and impacts associated with pesticide management of chemicals and hazardous use. waste; and management of pesticides; Scope of application Definition of Resource Efficiency The Borrower will implement technically and financially feasible measures for improving efficient consumption of energy, water and raw materials, as well as other resources. Such measures will integrate the principles of cleaner production into product design and production processes to conserve raw materials, energy and water, as well as other resources. Where benchmarking data are available, the Borrower will make a comparison to establish the relative level of efficiency. What constitutes the efficient usage of resources, including energy, water and raw materials, is project-, context-, and country-specific but should be consistent with Good International Industry Practice (GIIP), in the first instance the Environmental, Heath, and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs). The terms “cleaner production” and “resource efficiency” refer to the concept of integrating pollution reduction and/or raw material-, water-, and energy-conserving measures into the design of product and production processes, or adopting an alternative process Building benchmarks may refer to energy or water use per dwelling, inhabitant, or per guest night in a hotel, or energy use per unit area, in other building types, with corrections for climatic variations. When these benchmarks are available and used in accordance with or to supplement GIIP, they can be used to evaluate project performance on the resource efficiency or pollution intensity requirements of ESS3. If such benchmarks are not available, using a best-available-techniques approach may be appropriate to benchmark one engineering approach against another Technical and Financial Feasibility ▶ Technical feasibility is based on whether the proposed measures and actions can be implemented with commercially available skills, equipment, and materials, taking into consideration prevailing local factors such as climate, geography, demography, infrastructure, security, governance, capacity, and operational reliability. ▶ Financial feasibility is based on relevant financial considerations, including relative magnitude of the incremental cost of adopting such measures and actions compared to the project’s investment, operating, and maintenance costs, and on whether this incremental cost could make the project nonviable for the Borrower. The Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines (EHSGG) The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment. General EHS Guidelines: 1) Environmental 3) Community Health and Safety 1. Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality. 1. Water Quality and Availability. 2. Energy Conservation. 2. Structural Safety of 3. Wastewater and Ambient Water Project Infrastructure. Quality. 3. Life and Fire Safety (L&FS). 4. Water Conservation. 4. Traffic Safety. 5. Hazardous Materials Management. 5. Transport of Hazardous 6. Waste Management. Materials. 7. Noise. 6. Disease Prevention. 8. Contaminated Land. 7. Emergency Preparedness and Response 2) Occupational Health and Safety 1. General Facility Design and Operation. 2. Communication and Training. 3. Physical Hazards. 4. Chemical Hazards. 5. Biological Hazards. 6. Radiological Hazards. 7. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 8. Special Hazard Environments. 9. Monitoring. Categories of Resources Efficiency Energy use Water use Raw materials use Energy Use The efficient use of energy is an important way in which the Borrower can contribute to sustainable development. When the project is a potentially significant user of energy, in addition to applying the resource efficiency requirements of this ESS, the Borrower will adopt measures specified in the EHSGs to optimize energy usage, to the extent technically and financially feasible. Sectors that typically make significant use of energy include, for example, industrial production, resource extraction, water pumping, or transport. However, projects in other sectors may also be significant users of energy; these include waste management, agriculture, education, and health. Water Use In case the project uses a potentially significant amount of water or will have potentially significant impacts on water quality, the Borrower will adopt measures, to the extent technically and financially feasible, that avoid or minimize water usage so that the project’s water use does not have significant adverse impacts on communities, other users and the environment These measures include, but are not limited to: ❑ The use of additional technically feasible water conservation measures within the Borrower’s operations, the ❑ The use of alternative water supplies, ❑ Water consumption offsets to maintain total demand for water resources within the available supply, and ❑ Evaluation of alternative project locations Water Use Water “use” generally refers to withdrawals or applications, water “consumption” refers to water no longer available in the system due to evaporative or transpiration “losses” from use in agriculture, cooling or manufacturing processes, landscaping, or net consumption by people and livestock When a project is a significant user of water or contributes to depletion of water resources to the extent that third parties’ ability to access water is adversely affected, efforts should be made to reduce water use to a level at which these adverse impacts are avoided or at least mitigated. It is also important to consider impacts on water quality. Water quality can be affected by contaminated wastewater and refuse associated with projects involving construction, agriculture, and industry, among others. Water Use (cont’d) impacts on water quality include reducing or eliminating on-site and post-project runoff of polluted water, controlling sources of pollutants, and treating contaminated water before discharge into drainage systems or receiving waters, in a manner consistent with Good International Industrial Practice (GIIP) or other compatible good practices. Mitigation measures to reduce adverse impacts on water quality and availability (quantity and timing) for other uses include avoiding the impacts by re-siting the project, applying technical and policy resource efficiency measures to reduce system impacts such as reverse osmosis-based water recovery, dry cooling, minimizing evaporation/evapotranspiration, improving irrigation systems as well as irrigation scheduling, including use of recycled urban water, promoting soil-water conservation measures (such as conservation tillage and incorporation of crop residue where appropriate), and in terms of water quality, promoting rational use of fertilizers and better management of animal wastes. Water Use (cont’d) For projects with a high-water demand that have potentially significant adverse impacts on communities, other users or the environment, the following will apply: A detailed water balance will be developed, maintained, monitored and reported periodically. A water balance supports management of water allocation among water users. It also supports river basin management planning because it provides information on water availability and demand and can indicate potential for water conservation Opportunities for improvement in water use efficiency. Various options exist to improve water use efficiency to avoid adverse impacts of water use. For example, agricultural water use efficiency can be improved through technologies and policies that incentivize maintaining net consumptive use (evapotranspiration) within specified limits, taking into account the implications for the overall watershed Specific water use (measured by volume of water used per unit production) will be assessed. Methods to support water balances include water accounting through remote sensing and in-situ sensors with appropriate analysis—to the extent technically and financially feasible, and in a manner proportionate to the project scope—to estimate water flows, fluxes, stocks, consumption, and services, and to communicate water-resources-related information to communities, users, and decision makers. Water Use (cont’d) Operations must be benchmarked to available industry standards of water use efficiency. The Borrower will assess, as part of the environmental and social assessment, the potential cumulative impacts of water use upon communities, other users and the environment and will identify and implement appropriate mitigation measures. With respect to water, the environmental and social assessment includes impacts on surface and groundwater, and impacts on water quality and quantity, including current and planned uses of water in the same hydraulic basin (including watersheds and groundwater). Appropriate mitigation measures should address short- and long-term cumulative impacts on communities, other users, ecosystem services, and the environment Raw materials use When the project is a potentially significant user of raw materials, the Borrower will adopt measures specified in the EHSGs which are and other GIIP to support efficient use of raw materials, to the extent technically and financially feasible Efficiency in use of raw materials and, thereby, efficiency in costs and labor, can be achieved by eliminating and/or minimizing the quantity used in the project, selecting the most appropriate raw materials possible, and reducing and recycling wastes. Projects that usually make significant use of raw materials include road construction, housing and urban development, logging, mining, and chemical manufacture and processing. Measures to eliminate, substitute, or reduce raw material use in various phases of project development may be found in the General EHSGs, and in the Industry Sector Guidelines Pollution Prevention and Management The Borrower will avoid the release of pollutants or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize and control the concentration and mass flow of their release using the performance levels and measures specified in national law or the EHSGs, whichever is most stringent. This applies to the release of pollutants to air, water and land due to routine, non-routine, and accidental circumstances, and with the potential for local, regional, and transboundary impacts. In some cases, end-of-pipe emission flows can be diluted to meet emission standards while maintaining the same aggregate emission of pollutants into the environment. Therefore, it may be useful to monitor both emission flows and emission loads. The Borrower will apply the mitigation hierarchy related to pollution prevention and management namely ❑ Avoid the release of pollutants ❑ If avoidance is not feasible, minimize the release of pollutants by controlling concentration and mass flows on the basis of the national standards or the EHSG which ever is more stringent ❑ In case the pollutants exceed the national standards, the borrower will adopt the necessary mitigation measures so that pollutants to abide by the national standards or the EHSG within a specific time table and corrective actions  Identify sustainable development opportunity in project design Anticipate Anticipat and avoid e and risks and avoid impacts impact risks and Minimize or reduce risks s and impacts to acceptable levels How can project activities be designed so that risk is Mitigate once risks minimized and benefits are and impacts have been maximized (especially for minimized or reduced vulnerable, marginal groups) and positive environmental impacts are Compensate or offset significant residual achieved? impacts where technically and financially feasible 21 Pollution Prevention and Management: Assimilative Capacity To address potential adverse project impacts on human health and the environment, the Borrower will consider relevant factors, including, for example: (a) existing ambient conditions; (b) in areas already impacted by pollution, the remaining assimilative capacity of the environment; (c) existing and future land use; (d) the project’s proximity to areas of importance to biodiversity; (e) the potential for cumulative impacts with uncertain and/or irreversible consequences; and (f) impacts of climate change. The assimilative capacity of the environment refers to its capacity for absorbing an incremental load of pollutants while remaining below a threshold of unacceptable risk to human health and the environment The assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies may depend on numerous factors, including, for example, the total volume of water, flow and flushing rates, temperature of received discharge, and the loading of pollutants from other effluent sources in the area or region. The assimilative capacity of soil may depend on the characteristics of both the received discharge and the soil, as well as the type of microbial, chemical, and physical reactions that take place in the soil layer, and climatic conditions Historical Pollution Historical Pollution is defined as pollution from past activities affecting land and water resources for which no party has assumed or been assigned responsibility to address and carry out the required remediation The Borrower is responsible to identify the responsible party. If one or more third parties are responsible for the historical pollution, the Borrower will consider seeking recourse from such parties so that such pollution is appropriately remediated. The Borrower will implement adequate measures so that historical pollution at the site does not pose a significant risk to the health and safety of workers and communities In case the third party cannot be identified, and such pollution poses a significant risk to human health and the environment, the Borrower shall ❑ Conduct a health risk assessment in accordance with GIIP or in the first instance the EHSGs ❑ To address potential adverse project impacts on human health and the environment, the Borrower will consider the following relevant factors: (a) existing ambient conditions; (b) in areas already impacted by pollution, the remaining assimilative capacity of the environment; (c) existing and future land use; (d) the project’s proximity to areas of importance to biodiversity; (e) the potential for cumulative impacts with uncertain and/or irreversible consequences; (f) impacts of climate change and (g) evaluation of project location alternatives. Types of Pollution Prevention and Management Management of Air Pollution Management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste Management of chemicals and hazardous materials Management of Pesticides Management of Air Pollution ‘Air pollution’ refers to the release of air pollutants (often associated with the combustion of fossil fuels), such as nitrogen oxides (NOx ), sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), as well as other contaminants including GHGs. The options for reducing or preventing air pollution may include a combination of approaches such as: enhancing energy efficiency, process modification, selection of fuels or other materials with less polluting emissions, and application of emissions control techniques. Options for reducing GHG emissions may include alternative project locations; adoption of renewable or low carbon energy sources; alternatives to refrigerants with high global warming potential; more sustainable agricultural, forestry and livestock management practices; the reduction of fugitive emissions and gas flaring; carbon sequestration and storage; sustainable transport alternatives; and proper waste management practices Where the Borrower does not have the capacity to develop the estimate of GHG emissions, the Bank will provide assistance to the Borrower. The Bank can also provide technical assistance to the Borrower in the use of the methodologies established by the Bank so that Borrower competency is strengthened in this respect Examples of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources Examples of energy-efficiency measures include cogeneration of heat and power; trigeneration of heat, power, and cooling; heat recovery; process changes; enhanced process control; leak elimination; insulation; and the use of more energy-efficient demand-side equipment (for example, electric motors, compressors, fans, pumps, heaters, and lighting fixtures). Examples of renewable-energy sources include solar power or heat generation, hydro, wind, certain types of geothermal, and sustainable biomass. Biomass-based renewable energy systems can often be combined with pollution-control devices (for example, anaerobic digestion of liquid effluents) and can create useful energy from organic waste. This system can allow the carbon contained in the waste to be released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide rather than as methane, a more potent GHG. GHG emissions monitoring and reporting An effective monitoring plan defines the GHG emission source; processes and schedules for collecting emissions data The monitoring plan itself is a recordkeeping requirement only if the facility exceeds a certain threshold, or if it contains specific source categories that must report emissions. Setting up a successful monitoring plan involves a few important steps, including identifying sources of GHGs; determining the proper methods for monitoring; collecting the data; and selecting the procedures and methods for calculating and quality-checking the data from each measurement device or method. GHG Emissions Monitoring and Reporting (cont’d) A Monitoring Plan includes: ❑ Source identification of the sources that produce GHGs and describe what is included or excluded in the relevant industry source category ❑ Data Handling to outline data collection, calculation and data maintenance procedures. A large plant should consider using environmental management software that allows data analysis on a facility and corporate level. In any case, a facility must maintain the data in an organized, accessible and auditable form. ❑ GHG Report submittal for GHG emissions must be via the electronic greenhouse gas reporting tool (e-GGRT) available online at https://ghgreporting.epa.gov/ghg/login.do. A facility can stop monitoring and reporting GHG emissions to the EPA if its emissions are below 25,000 mt/yr for five consecutive years, or under 15,000 mt/yr for three consecutive years. Management of Hazardous Waste and Non- hazardous Waste Hazardous waste (to be defined by EHSG): a hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment. Hazardous waste is generated from many sources, ranging from industrial manufacturing process wastes to batteries and may come in many forms, including liquids, solids gases, and sludges. Hazardous waste characteristic include: Explosive Flammable Liquids/Solids Poisonous Toxic Ecotoxic Infectious Substances. Non-Hazardous Waste All waste materials not specifically deemed hazardous under national laws are considered nonhazardous wastes. It includes paper, wood, plastics, glass, metals, chemicals and e-waste , as well as other materials generated by industrial, electrical commercial, agricultural, and municipal/ residential sources. Even though these wastes are not defined as hazardous, improper management of them poses significant risks to the environment and human health. Therefore, the handling, transport, and disposal of on hazardous wastes is regulated by the government, largely at the state and local level. Management of Hazardous Waste In case of available national legislation, the Borrower will comply with existing requirements for management (including storage, transportation and disposal) of hazardous wastes including national legislation and applicable international conventions, including those relating to transboundary movement In case of non availability of national legislation, the Borrower will adopt GIIP alternatives for its environmentally sound and safe management and disposal. In case hazardous waste management is conducted by third parties, the Borrower will use contractors that are reputable and legitimate enterprises licensed by the relevant government regulatory agencies and, with respect to transportation and disposal, obtain chain of custody documentation to the final destination. The Borrower will ascertain whether licensed disposal sites are being operated to acceptable standards and where they are, the Borrower will use these sites. Otherwise, the Borrower will minimize waste sent to such sites and consider alternative disposal options, including the possibility of developing its own recovery or disposal facilities at the project site or elsewhere. EPA developed the non-hazardous materials and waste management hierarchy in Management of non- Hazardous Waste https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-non-hazardous-materials-and-waste-management-hierarch y Non-hazardous Waste Management The hierarchy ranks the various management strategies from most to least environmentally preferred. The hierarchy places emphasis on reducing, reusing, and recycling as key to sustainable materials management. It consists of ❑ Source reduction, also known as waste prevention, means reducing waste at the source, and is the most environmentally preferred strategy. ❑ Recycling and composting are a series of activities that includes collecting used, reused, or unused items that would otherwise be considered waste; sorting and processing the recyclable products into raw materials; and remanufacturing the recycled raw materials into new products. Recycling also can include composting of food scraps, yard trimmings, and other organic materials. Non-hazardous Waste Management (cont’d) ❑ Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into useable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy (WTE) ❑ Treatment and Disposal. Prior to disposal, treatment can help reduce the volume and toxicity of waste. Treatments can be physical (e.g., shredding), chemical (e.g., incineration), and biological (e.g., anaerobic digestor). Landfills are the most common form of waste disposal and are an important component of an integrated waste management system. Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities located, designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with state and national regulations Definition of Chemicals and Hazardous Materials Any item or chemical which is a "health hazard" or "physical hazard", including the following: Chemicals that are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents that act on the hematopoietic system, and agents that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes; Chemicals that are combustible liquids, compressed gases, explosives, flammable liquids, flammable solids, organic peroxides, oxidizers, unstable (reactive) or water- reactive; and Chemicals that, in the course of normal handling, use or storage, may produce or release dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, mists or smoke having any of the above characteristics. Any item or chemical which, when being transported or moved, is a risk to public safety or is an environmental hazard These include chemicals with special characteristics which, in the opinion of the manufacturer, can cause harm to people, plants, or animals when released by spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing of in the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other receptacles). Relevant International Conventions on Hazardous Waste The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade; The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, The Minamata Convention on Mercury (addresses the avoidance of mercury production, and measures regarding its intentional use in products and processes, unintentional release from industrial activity, and trade); and The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal The relevant international conventions are considered in the environmental and social assessment as they relate to the project, regardless of whether the Borrower is a Party to those Management of Chemicals and Hazardous Materials (Other than Pesticides) The Borrower will avoid the manufacture, trade and use of chemicals and hazardous materials subject to international bans, restrictions or phaseouts unless for an acceptable purpose as defined by the conventions or protocols or if an exemption has been obtained by the Borrower, consistent with Borrower government commitments under the applicable international agreements. The Borrower will minimize and control the release and use of hazardous materials. The production, transportation, handling, storage, and use of hazardous materials for project activities will be assessed through the environmental and social assessment. The Borrower will consider less hazardous substitutes where hazardous materials are intended to be used in manufacturing processes or other operations Definition of Pesticides A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. Pesticides include herbicides for destroying weeds and other unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects fungicides used to prevent the growth of molds and mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria, and compounds used to control mice and rats. Because of the widespread use of agricultural chemicals in food production, people are exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through their diets. Scientists do not yet have a clear understanding of the health effects of these pesticide residues. Restriction on Pesticides The Borrower will not use any pesticides or pesticide products or formulations unless such use is in compliance with the EHSGs Restriction applies to the following pesticides. The Borrower will notuse Any pesticide products that contain active ingredients that are restricted under applicable international conventions or their protocols. Any formulated pesticide products that meet the criteria of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or reproductive toxicity as set forth by relevant international agencies. Pesticide formulations of products if: (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution, management and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly Criteria for Selection of Pesticides i. They will have negligible adverse human health effects; ii. They will be shown to be effective against the target species; iii. They will have minimal effect on nontarget species and the natural environment. Pesticides used in public health programs will be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them; iv. Their use will take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests; and v. where registration is required, all pesticides will be registered or otherwise authorized for use on the crops and livestock, or for the use patterns, for which they are intended under the project. vi. All pesticides used will be manufactured, formulated, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to relevant international standards and codes of conduct, as well as the EHSG Requirement for the Use of Pesticides Preference given to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) IPM refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves: Managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; Integrating multiple methods (relying, to the extent possible, on nonchemical measures) to keep pest populations low; and Selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment. For any project involving significant pest management issues or any project contemplating activities that may lead to significant pest and pesticide management issues, The Borrower shall prepare a Pest Management Plan (PMP) References International Finance Corporation. 2012. “International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability.” International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC. World Bank Group. 2007. “Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. ———. 2012. “Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability.” International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC. ———. 2012. “Getting to Green: A Sourcebook of Pollution Management Policy Tools for Growth and Competitiveness.” World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2015. “IFI Approach to GHG Accounting for Energy Efficiency Projects.” World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2015. “IFI Approach to GHG Accounting for Renewable Energy Projects. World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2015. “IFI Joint Approach to GHG Assessment in the Transport Sector Approach to GHG Accounting for Renewable Energy Projects.” World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2015. “International Financial Institution Framework for a Harmonised Approach to Greenhouse Gas Accounting.” Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. 2016. “Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Industry Sector Guidelines.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish Thank you for your Patience and Attention Any Questions ?