PRESENTATION-GA-223.pdf

WATER MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION JOSEPH M. LONGATAN Instructor INTRODUCTION Introduction to Water Management in Irrigation Water management in irrigation is a crucial aspect of agricultural practices that focuses on the efficient use of water resources to maximize crop production...

WATER MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION JOSEPH M. LONGATAN Instructor INTRODUCTION Introduction to Water Management in Irrigation Water management in irrigation is a crucial aspect of agricultural practices that focuses on the efficient use of water resources to maximize crop production while minimizing water waste. Proper irrigation management ensures that crops receive the right amount of water at the right time, promoting healthy growth and high yields. Here is an introduction to key concepts and practices in water management for irrigation:  WATER MANAGEMENT Food agriculture Organization (FAO)- defines water management as the activity of planning, developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. The FAO emphasizes the importance of water management in agriculture, especially in irrigation practices, to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)- defines water management as the strategies and activities undertaken to control and optimize the use of water resources in a sustainable and equitable manner, ensuring that water is available for both current and future  IMPORTANCE OF WATER MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION Maximizing Crop Yields- Adequate and timely water supply is essential for optimal plant growth, development, and productivity.Conserving Water Resources- Efficient irrigation practices reduce water waste, preserving this precious resource for future use. Sustainable Agriculture- Proper water management promotes sustainable agricultural practices by maintaining soil health and reducing the environmental impact of farming. Economic Benefits- Improved water management can reduce costs associated with water usage and increase farm profitability through higher crop yields. CONCEPTS IN IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT 1.Irrigation Scheduling Determining the timing and amount of water application based on crop needs, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions. Tools- Soil moisture sensors, weather forecasts, and crop water use models help in planning irrigation schedules.  MOISTURE SENSOR WEATHER FORECAST 2. Irrigation Methods Surface Irrigation- Water is applied directly to the soil surface and allowed to infiltrate (e.g., furrow, basin, and border irrigation). Sprinkler Irrigation- Water is sprayed over the crops using a system of pipes and sprinklers, mimicking natural rainfall. Drip Irrigation- Water is delivered directly to the plant root zone through a network of pipes and emitters, minimizing evaporation and runoff. Subsurface Irrigation- Water is applied below the soil surface directly to the root zone, reducing evaporation losses TYPES OF IRRIGATION  3.Efficient Water Use Techniques Mulching- Applying organic or inorganic materials on the soil surface to reduce evaporation and maintain soil moisture. Crop Selection- Choosing crops that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions, and that have lower water requirements. Soil Management- Improving soil structure and organic matter content to enhance water retention and infiltration. TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM 1.Gravity-Fed Systems Simple and cost-effective, relying on gravity to distribute water. Common in traditional and small-scale farming. GRAvITY-FED SYSTEMS 2.Pressurized Systems Sprinkler Systems- Suitable for various crops and terrains, providing uniform water distribution. Drip Systems- Highly efficient, reducing water usage and weed growth by targeting the root zone. Pressurized Systems 3. Automated Systems Use sensors and controllers to automate irrigation based on soil moisture levels, weather data, and crop needs. Enhance water use efficiency and reduce labor requirements. Advantages 1. Water Efficiency- Optimizes water usage by applying it precisely where and when needed. 2.Labor Savings-Reduces the need for manual watering. 3. Consistent Watering- Ensures plants receive consistent and adequate water supply. 4.Scalability-Can be used for small gardens or large agricultural fields. 5.Remote Monitoring and Control- Modern systems can be monitored and controlled via smartphones or computers. ChAllENGES IN WATER MANAGEMENT 1.Water Scarcity- Limited water availability due to droughts, climate change, and competing demands from other sectors. 2.Infrastructure- Developing and maintaining irrigation infrastructure can be costly and require technical expertise.  3.Pollution and Water Quality Industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage can contaminate freshwater sources, reducing water quality and availability. Pollution control and wastewater treatment are essential for maintaining water quality.  3.Climate Change Alters precipitation patterns, increases the frequency and severity of droughts and floods, and affects water availability and distribution. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to address the impacts of climate change on water resources.  4.Population Growth and Urbanization Increasing populations and urbanization intensify demand for freshwater, often outpacing the supply and leading to over-extraction of water resources. Sustainable water management practices are crucial to balance supply and demand.  3.Salinization- Excessive irrigation and poor drainage can lead to soil salinization, reducing soil fertility and crop yields. 4.Access to Technology- Small-scale farmers may lack access to modern irrigation technologies and knowledge.  GlObAl WATER RESOURCES 1.Total Water Volume Earth's total water volume is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (km³). Oceans- Contain approximately 97.5% of the Earth's water, which is saline and not directly usable for most human needs without desalination. 2.Freshwater Resources Surface Water- Lakes, rivers, and streams constitute about 0.3% of the world's freshwater. Groundwater- Accounts for about 30.1% of the world's freshwater and is a critical source for drinking water and irrigation. Glaciers and Ice Caps- Store about 68.7% of the world's freshwater, mainly in Antarctica and Greenland. Other Sources- Includes soil moisture, permafrost, and atmospheric water, which make up a small fraction of the freshwater supply.  Future Directions in Water Management for Irrigation 1.Precision Agriculture- Integrating advanced technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and IoT to optimize irrigation practices. 2.Sustainable Practices- Promoting water-efficient crops, conservation tillage, and integrated water resource management. 3.Policy and Education- Implementing policies that support sustainable water use and providing education and training to farmers on efficient irrigation practices. 4.Research and Innovation- Investing in research to develop new irrigation technologies and practices that enhance water use efficiency and crop productivity.  GlObAl WATER RESOURCES 1.Total Water Volume Earth's total water volume is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (km³). Oceans: Contain approximately 97.5% of the Earth's water, which is saline and not directly usable for most human needs without desalination. TOP 5 COUNTRY’S ThAT USE DESAlINATION 1. Israel- has invested heavily in desalination to meet its water needs, with plants along the Mediterranean coast. 2. Saudi Arabia- One of the largest users of desalination, with plants supplying a significant portion of the country's drinking water. 3. United Arab Emirates- The UAE relies heavily on desalination, especially in cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. 4. Kuwait- Nearly all of Kuwait's drinking water comes from desalination. 5. Australia- Particularly in cities like Perth and Melbourne, desalination is a crucial part of the water supply.  STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINAblE WATER MANAGEMENT 1.Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Promotes coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare without compromising ecosystem sustainability. Involves stakeholders at all levels, from local communities to international organizations.  2.Water Conservation and Efficiency Implementing practices such as rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation techniques, and reducing water losses in distribution systems. Promoting water-saving technologies and behaviors among consumers and industries. 3.Pollution Control and Treatment Enforcing regulations to reduce pollutant discharge into water bodies. Investing in wastewater treatment plants and technologies to treat and reuse wastewater.  4.Climate Adaptation Measures Developing infrastructure to manage extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. Enhancing water storage capacity through reservoirs, dams, and natural storage solutions like wetlands. 5.International Cooperation Transboundary water management agreements to ensure equitable and sustainable use of shared water resources. Collaborative efforts in research, technology transfer, and capacity-building initiatives. WATER REQUIREMENTS IN RICE PRODUCTION WhAT IS RICE Rice is a cereal grain that is a staple food for over half of the world's population. It belongs to the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Rice is a primary source of carbohydrates and provides essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and fiber.  KEY POINTS AbOUT RICE: Cultivation- Rice is typically grown in flooded fields called paddies, but it can also be grown in dry land conditions. It requires a warm climate with plenty of water. Varieties- There are several varieties of rice, including long-grain, medium-grain, and short-grain, each with different textures and culinary uses. Some common types are white rice, brown rice, basmati, jasmine, and Arborio. Nutritional Value- Rice is rich in carbohydrates and provides energy. Brown rice is more nutritious than white rice, as it contains more fiber, vitamins, and minerals Water Requirement per Growth Stage: Land Preparation (Puddling) During land preparation, which includes plowing, harrowing, and puddling, fields are typically flooded. The water depth can range from 5 to 10 cm. This stage is crucial for weed control and soil preparation DIFFERENT WAYS O PREPARATIO  Transplanting Immediately after transplanting, fields are usually kept flooded with about 2-5 cm of water to ensure proper establishment of seedlings.  Vegetative Stage During this phase, the crop requires continuous flooding of about 5-10 cm. This helps maintain soil moisture and control weeds