EpiLEC Session 1 Evolution and Development, Veterinary Epidemiology PDF

Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _____...

Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Lesson title: Evolution and Development of Veterinary Materials: Epidemiology - Paper and Pen - Electronic copy of Lesson Objectives: reference book - Desktop Computer or At the end of this period, the students are expected to: Smartphone with 1. summarize the events that lead to the epidemiologic internet access approach to disease. 2. discuss the emerging trends in veterinary services Reference: Thrusfield, Michael (1995). Veterinary Epidemiology. 1. Third edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford,UK Productivity Tip: Be imaginative and organized A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW 1) Introduction (2 mins) Epidemiology is the study of diseases in populations. It is principally concerned with the investigation of disease within populations and is based on the concept that disease often does not occur in a random fashion. That is, various characteristics of the animal, the pathogenic agent (or agents) and the environment interact in order to alter the probability of disease occurrence. Epidemiology is an integral component of many Public Health and animal health programs. In the traditional clinical approach to disease, the veterinary practitioner is principally concerned with the health status of the individual animal. Focus is aimed at diagnosing a disease and then treating it. The epidemiologist meanwhile attempts to characterize individuals in a population on their levels of disease, identify factors influencing the risk of disease and once identified, measures can be applied to reduce exposure to these risk factors. Epidemiological principles are now increasingly being applied in clinical practice, whether it be in the use of Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine, in order to ensure that appropriate FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ scientific methodology is applied in the treatment of individual animals, or through the use of aggregated animal data in the form of Herd Health Plans to advise on measures which can be applied at the farm level. The methods on the epidemiologic approach to disease has been preserved throughout the long history of Veterinary Medicine. The high level of interest on animal populations has been sustained in veterinary practice over a long period of time. In this introductory lesson, we will trace back some historical perspectives in the development of veterinary medicine, scoop into the changing concepts of the cause of disease then cascade to current perspective in veterinary medicine with respect to animal diseases. 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins) Consider the following questions on the table below. On the first column briefly write in bullet points what you know about the question. Meanwhile, leave the third column at this time until you have completed going through the whole lesson. What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) 1. Why should Epidemiology be studied in Veterinary Medicine? 2. How do Veterinary Epidemiology and Animal Welfare relate with each other? B.MAIN LESSON 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (20 mins) The Development of Veterinary Medicine Read full contents of this lesson in Chapter 1 (pages 1-20) of Veterinary Epidemiology, Third Edition by Michael Thrusfield. The pdf file copy of the book is shared in google classroom. Interestingly, in the preface to the first edition of the book, Trushfield stated four major changes in the veterinarian's appreciation of and approach to disease problems which he FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ said have occurred over the past 20 years. Despite the first edition was published in 1986 these changes are yet relevant to appreciate further the epidemiologic approach to diseases: 1. despite traditional control techniques, for example slaughter and vaccination, some diseases remain at refractory levels and now require continuous scrutiny to detect changing levels of occurrence associated with ecological and management factors; 2. the control of infectious disease has freed animals from major causes of death, thereby facilitating the emergence of non-infectious diseases as major problems; 3. the intensification of animal industries has highlighted new 'diseases of production', often manifested as poor performance, rather than clinical disease, and frequently with multifactorial causes; and 4. economic evaluation has become important. Thrusfield further expressed that these four changes in the approach to, and appreciation of, disease have added momentum to the emergence of veterinary epidemiology as a discipline concerned with the measurement of the amount of disease and its economic effects, the identification and quantification of the effects of factors associated with disease, and the assessment of the effects of prevention and treatment of disease in groups of animals. Read through the changing concepts of the cause of disease. There have been five main theories on the cause of disease, namely:  Demons  Divine wrath  Metaphysical medicine  The universe of natural law  Contagion Veterinary medicine has experienced five stable periods and revolutions up to the middle of the 20th century relating to disease control (Schwabe, 1982), which stimulated the changes in the causal concepts to disease: ▪ The first period: until the first century AD ▪ The second period: the first century AD until 1762 ▪ The third period: 1762-1884 ▪ The fourth period: 1884-1960 ▪ The current trends: 1961 to 20th Century Veterinary epidemiology is identical to those of human epidemiology principles, with the exception that they are applied to animal populations rather than human populations. As such, veterinary and human epidemiology can be viewed as forms of the same overarching discipline of epidemiology. FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Historical Evolution of Epidemiology Contents below were gathered from the following Sources: 1. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section2.html 2. Introductory Epidemiology, Supplemental Lecture Notes (1979) by Blackmore and Harris, Massey University 3. Bibliography in Encyclopedia Britanica. https://www.britannica.com/ Circa 400 B.C. Hippocrates attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational rather than a supernatural viewpoint. In his essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places,” Hippocrates suggested that environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the development of disease. 1500 An Italian physician, Girolamo Fracastoro was known for his work on Syphilis in 1530. Based on his concept of contagion, he later persuaded Pope Paul III to move is council from Trent where there was an epidemic of syphilis to Bologna in order to avoid infection. 1600 Another early contributor to epidemiology was John Graunt, a London haberdasher and councilman who published a landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662. This publication was the first to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/rural differences, and seasonal variations. Essays of William Petty in Political Arithmetick and Political Survey or Anatomy of Ireland (1672) presented rough but ingeniously calculated estimates of population and of social income. Referring to “Political arithmetic,” he stated in 1687 “Much of the data manipulation that epidemiologists do requires a fourth grade education in arithmetic. However, the wisdom as to the validity of the data and the conservatism of interpretation requires persons with a keen political sense” Thomas Sydenham made an exacting study of epidemics whereby his work formed basis of his book on fevers (1666), later expanded into Observationes Medicae (1676), a standard textbook for two centuries. His treatise on gout (1683) is considered his masterpiece. De differentiated scarlet fever from measles. He introduced laudanum (an opiate) for painkilling, Peruvian bark (quinine) for malaria, and a cooling treatment for patients with smallpox. FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ 1700 Lancisi was physician to Pope Clement XI and during the course of his work was asked to investigate a plague of rinderpest in cattle which started in 1711 and developed the concept of contagion. His book De bovilla peste, published in 1715, illustrates the characteristics of cattle plague and above all, the control measures is discussed. Of the control measures, the most relevant were the introduction of stamping out, with special instructions for the killing and burial of affected animals, the prohibition of animal movements, the adoption of special hygienic and political measures. Further, he contributed to early work in malarial research. In 1796, Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine consisting of pustular material obtained from lesions on cows affected by so-called cowpox. The disease, caused by cowpox virus, confers cross protection against smallpox. Jenner was first person to introduce immunological concepts into early epidemiology by his observation of the natural protection of cow pox infection in humans against smallpox. His work on the vaccination of human with cow pox infective material against smallpox illustrates that the primary cause of a disease does not have to be completely known before preventive measures can be taken if good epidemiological investigations have already been carried out. By the middle of the 18th century many accepted the concept of contagion, and indeed biological warfare was probably carried out by American settlers in Massachusetts by giving blankets of smallpox victims to Indians as presents. 1800 William Farr built upon Graunt’s work by systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics. Farr, considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance, developed many of the basic practices used today in vital statistics and disease classification. He concentrated his efforts on collecting vital statistics, assembling and evaluating those data, and reporting to responsible health authorities and the general public. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian obstetrician who discovered the cause of puerperal or childbed fever (CBF) in 1847 when he was a 29-year-old Chief Resident ("first assistant") in the first clinic of the lying-in division of the Vienna General Hospital. He noted that the incidence was much higher in one hospital which trained medical students, and up to 60% women admitted died of puerperal fever. He formulated the hypothesis that the disease was due to an infective agent transmitted on students’ hands, the focus of infection being the cadavers used for training the students. The death rate fell to 12.2% when he insisted that students wash their hands with soap and water a further decreased to 2.4% was observed when chlorine was also used in the water. 1854 FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ In the mid-1800s, an anesthesiologist named John Snow was conducting a series of investigations in London that warrant his being considered the “father of field epidemiology.” Twenty years before the development of the microscope, Snow conducted studies of cholera outbreaks both to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence. Because his work illustrates the classic sequence from descriptive epidemiology to hypothesis generation to hypothesis testing (analytic epidemiology) to application. Researches by Louis Pasteur which showed that microorganisms cause both fermentation and disease, supported the germ theory of disease in 1857 at a time when its validity was still being questioned. He figured prominently in early rounds of debates on the application of his pasteurization process, which he originally invented and patented (in 1865) to fight the “diseases” of wine. In 1864 he finally destroyed the concept of spontaneous generation. In his ongoing quest for disease treatments he created the first vaccines for fowl cholera; anthrax, a major livestock disease that in recent times has been used against humans in germ warfare; and the dreaded rabies. Lister’s education and his familiarity with the microscope, the process of fermentation, and the natural phenomena of inflammation and coagulation of the blood impelled him to accept Pasteur’s theory as the full revelation of a half-suspected truth. At the start he believed the germs were carried solely by the air. This incorrect opinion proved useful, for it obliged him to adopt the only feasible method of surgically clean treatment. In his attempt to interpose an antiseptic barrier between the wound and the air, he protected the site of operation from infection by the surgeon’s hands and instruments. He found an effective antiseptic in carbolic acid, which had already been used as a means of cleansing foul-smelling sewers and had been empirically advised as a wound dressing in 1863. Pasteur in many ways stimulated people to assume all diseases were infectious and all bacteria were potential pathogens. Koch, apart from demonstrating the causal agents of tuberculosis and cholera, propounded his classical postulates which helped to clarify the basis for deciding on whether or not a bacterium was a primary pathogen in the experimental situation. These postulates are over simplistic in terms of modern epidemiology and the multifactorial nature of all diseases. 19th and 20th centuries In the mid- and late-1800s, epidemiological methods began to be applied in the investigation of disease occurrence. At that time, most investigators focused on acute infectious diseases. In the 1930s and 1940s, epidemiologists extended their methods to noninfectious diseases. The period since World War II has seen an explosion in the development of research methods and the theoretical underpinnings of epidemiology. Epidemiology has been applied to the entire range of health-related outcomes, behaviors, and even knowledge and attitudes. The studies by Doll and Hill linking lung cancer to FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ smoking and the study of cardiovascular disease among residents of Framingham, Massachusetts are two examples of how pioneering researchers have applied epidemiologic methods to chronic disease since World War II. During the 1960s and early 1970s health workers applied epidemiologic methods to eradicate naturally occurring smallpox worldwide. This was an achievement in applied epidemiology of unprecedented proportions. In the 1980s, epidemiology was extended to the studies of injuries and violence. In the 1990s, the related fields of molecular and genetic epidemiology (expansion of epidemiology to look at specific pathways, molecules and genes that influence risk of developing disease) took root. Meanwhile, infectious diseases continued to challenge epidemiologists as new infectious agents emerged (Ebola virus, Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)), were identified (Legionella, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)), or changed (drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Avian influenza). Beginning in the 1990s and accelerating after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, epidemiologists have had to consider not only natural transmission of infectious organisms but also deliberate spread through biologic warfare and bioterrorism. Today, public health workers throughout the world accept and use epidemiology regularly to characterize the health of their communities and to solve day-to-day problems, large and small. Supplemental Reading: “The Role of Epidemiology in Public Health,” https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D9139.PDF 2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking) Match the following personalities with their contributions to modern science or descriptions on how they have provided strength to the study of epidemiology listed below. Write the corresponding letter of your choice. A. Hippocrates E. Sir Joseph Lister I. Edward Jenner B. John Graunt F. William Farr J. Sir Karl Popper C. Louis Pasteur G. John Snow K. Dr Richard Doll and D. Robert Koch H. Ignaz Semmelweiz L. Giovanni Maria Lancisi ___ Founder of antiseptic medicine ___ Father of Immunology, famous for his discovery of smallpox vaccine. ___ The True father of statistics, he founded the science of demography. ___ Father of modern vital statistics and surveillance. ___ Regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century ___ Devised criteria for establishing causal link between a microbe and a disease. ___ His work in germ theory led him and his team to create vaccinations for rabies. ___ First to show the geographic distribution of Cholera cases now called a spot map. ___ Described the distribution of diseases by season, age, climate and personal behavior FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ ___ Epidemiologist who showed that smoking caused cancer and heart disease. Check your answers against the copy of the powerpoint presentation slides provided in the key to corrections section at the end of this SAS. 3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) You are about to complete the lesson at this point. To refresh what you have learned, review back the questions in the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third column of the chart. 4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Take quiz uploaded in google classroom C. LESSON WRAP-UP 1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just completed. P1 P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2) My learning targets: Complete the table below. Record your scores, learning experience for the session and deliberately plan for the next session. Date Learning Target/Topic Scores Action Plan What session# did you do? What were the What were What contributed to the quality of your performance What’s the date learning targets? What activities did you your scores in today? What will you do next session to maintain today? do? the activities? your performance or improve it? FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ FAQ What is the role of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in the current disease management? The OIE is the intergovernmental organization responsible for improving animal health and eradicating animal diseases worldwide. It is recognized as a reference organisation by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in 2018 has a total of 182 Member Countries. Among the primary objectives of the OIE is to ensure transparency of the global animal health situation by providing information on animal diseases worldwide. OIE Member Countries have legal obligation to report their animal disease situation – including the zoonoses situation – in a timely and transparent manner. By notifying the OIE of epidemiological events, a country helps to promote animal and public health worldwide, thereby gaining the trust of its trade partners and of the international community Key to Corrections to Activities Activity 3 - Historical Contributions to the Development of Epidemiology Reward yourself one point for every item answered correctly. Total of 10 points FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHlt 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity Sheet for Session #1 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH