EpiLEC Session 13 Disease Monitoring, Surveillance and Reporting PDF

Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _________...

Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Lesson title: Disease Monitoring, Surveillance and Materials: Reporting - Paper and Pen - Desktop Computer or Lesson Objectives: Smart Phone with internet access At the end of this period, the students are expected to: - pdf file copy of 1. Distinguish disease monitoring and surveillance. reference book 2. Tell which disease and how to report disease cases. References: Pfeiffer (2009). 1. Introduction to Veterinary Epidemiology World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 2019. Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Volume 1 General Provisions. 28th edition. Productivity Tip: Refresh your memory on previous lessons before proceeding to the next topic. A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW 1) Introduction (2 mins) Monitoring and surveillance of disease play essential roles in protecting the health and welfare of animals. Further animal health surveillance is vitally important in supporting food production systems and rural economies by detecting and responding to new and changing animal diseases and food safety pathogens. Under one health context, the early identification of zoonotic disease occurrence through simultaneous monitoring of human and animal diseases is critical to protect health in both populations. Aggregation and interpretation of information are the key components of monitoring animal health. Pertinent data are gathered from farmers in various livestock sectors (cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep and goats), veterinarians, the processing industry, research institutes, public health authorities, and even from consumers. We now know that the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is the international standard-setting organization for animal disease control, the safety of international trade of FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ animals and animal products, animal disease prevention, surveillance, control, and information, animal welfare, animal production, and food safety. In this lesson, we will examine OIE standards along disease monitoring, surveillance and international notification. 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins) Consider the following questions on the table below. On the first column briefly write in bullet points what you know about the question. Meanwhile, leave the third column blank until you have completed going through the whole lesson. What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) 1. How is monitoring different from surveillance? 2. What is meant by notification of disease? B.MAIN LESSON 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (20 mins) Disease surveillance and monitoring Source: Pfeiffer (2009). Introduction to Veterinary Epidemiology p 150 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License) Both, disease surveillance and monitoring imply a process of regular data collection. Monitoring is a more general term, referring to a continuous data collection effort for detecting changes or trends in the occurrence of an event of interest. Surveillance, on the hand, implies systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of animal health-related events occurring in a population, and should include a tailored data collection and analysis system, pre-defined thresholds in relation to disease occurrence and pre-defined FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ interventions subject to results obtained from the surveillance system. Its objective is to meet basic information needs in order to assess and manage risks effectively, i.e. minimize, as far as practicable, taking into account costs and benefits, the probability of adverse effects occurring on public health, trade in animals and animal products, and animal health and welfare (Anonymous, 2000). It is aimed at detection and early warning in relation to new and emerging disease as well as disease vectors. Monitoring of endemic disease and its vectors is conducted with the aim to characterize change in disease occurrence levels, relative ranking and importance and to assess impact of control programmes. The data collected through a surveillance system needs to be processed and analyzed, and the results should be used to inform risk assessment and management. Considering these aims, a surveillance system is usually structured into separate programmes each of which deals with one specific outcome, such as determining the level of a particular endemic disease. A surveillance system also consists of several data collection components, such as government and private laboratory services, border inspection, slaughterhouse inspection as well as specific disease testing programme. Each of these will make particular contributions to specific surveillance programmes. It is useful to characterize individual components within surveillance programmes using the following set of criteria: Objectives, hazard definition, case definition, unit of interest, diagnostic methods, target population, location, timing, data collection and processing, data analysis, communication and dissemination of results. Based on data collection method, surveillance system components can be grouped into passive or active surveillance activities. Passive surveillance includes laboratory submission and case reporting by the public. It also includes molecular surveillance where diagnoses of specific infectious organisms are further differentiated into molecular strains. These data on genetic relatedness can then be used to develop hypotheses about sources of infection. Active surveillance refers to data collection based on structured population sampling supported by a clearly defined objective. It includes disease prevalence surveys, risk-based and sentinel surveillance. Risk-based surveillance employs epidemiological and economic principles to define the activities within a surveillance programme (St„rk et al., 2006). Sentinel surveillance involves continuous monitoring of herds, usually selected based on risk, to be able to detect outbreaks of disease or introductions of infection as early as possible. This type of surveillance is particularly useful for monitoring the occurrence of vector-borne diseases (Racloz et al., 2006). More recently, the concept of syndromic surveillance has been introduced, in the first instance as a tool for early warning against bio-terrorism attacks. It uses various non-specific diagnostic indicators, such as a sudden reduction in reproductive performance in livestock, to warn of outbreaks of diseases. A problem with this approach is that it has a low specificity, and therefore may result in too many false alarms. The ability of surveillance programme components to detect a particular disease can be quantified as surveillance sensitivity and specificity using FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ scenario-tree analysis (Martin et al., 2007; Hadorn and Stark, 2008). Further details about surveillance systems can be found in Thrusfield (2005) and Salman (2003). In developing countries, it is often impossible to conduct animal disease surveillance of a high standard using the costly methods applied in developed countries. In many such countries, the introduction of community animal health care services will allow some level of disease surveillance. In such systems, so-called "barefoot" veterinarians provide the most common animal health services to farmers, which in turn may have been defined using epidemiological surveys, longitudinal studies or herd health and productivity profiling. Data quality is often influenced by a lack of stakeholder commitment towards the aims of the data collection and analysis. In such circumstances, participatory rural appraisal methods can be used to collect data (Loader and Amartya, 1999; Jost et al., 2007). This methodology has as a particular focus to establish trust amongst the farmers by identifying and recognizing their priorities and needs. The approach should result in more accurate data, although due to the lack of a statistical sampling framework it can be more difficult to analyse and draw generalizable inferences. Further Readings: Martin, Meek, Willeberg (1987). Veterinary Epidemiology Principles and Methods. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Chapter 11 Monitoring Disease and Production pp. 259-279 OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code (2019) Chapter 1.1 Notification of diseases, infections and infestations, and provision of epidemiological information, p1 Chapter 1.2 Criteria for the inclusion of diseases, infections and infestations in the OIE list, p4 Chapter 1.4 Animal health surveillance, p 8 Chapter 1.5 Surveillance for arthropod vectors of animal diseases, p17 Chapter 1.6 Procedures for self-declaration and for official recognition by the OIE, p 20 FAO Manual on Livestock Disease Surveillance and Information Systems http://www.fao.org/3/x3331e/X3331E01.htm Angus, Cameron (2012). Manual of Basic Disease Surveillance. Nairobi: Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources (IBAR), African Union. FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #13 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ 2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities Worksheet activity for this lesson will be uploaded in google classroom 3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) You are about to complete the lesson at this point. To refresh what you have learned, review back the questions in the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third column of the chart. 4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Link to short quiz is uploaded in google classroom C. LESSON WRAP-UP 1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session numbers you have completed. P1 P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2) My learning targets: Complete the table below. Record your scores, learning experience for the session and deliberately plan for the next session. Date Learning Target/Topic Scores Action Plan What session# did you do? What were the What were What contributed to the quality of your performance What’s the date learning targets? What activities did you your scores in today? What will you do next session to maintain today? do? the activities? your performance or improve it? FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH