Environmental Laws and Regulations PDF

Mark 2:13-17 Jesus eats with sinners Jesus Calls Levi and Eats With Sinners and publicans  13 Once again Jesus went out beside the lake. A...

Mark 2:13-17 Jesus eats with sinners Jesus Calls Levi and Eats With Sinners and publicans  13 Once again Jesus went out beside the lake. A by Alexandre Bida, French large crowd came to him, and he began to teach painter from them. 14 As he walked along, he saw Levi son of 1813–1895 Alphaeus sitting at the tax collector’s booth. “Follow me,” Jesus told him, and Levi got up and followed him.  15 While Jesus was having dinner at Levi’s house, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with him and his disciples, for there were many who followed him. 16 When the teachers of the law who were Pharisees saw him eating with the sinners and tax collectors, they asked his disciples: “Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?”  17 On hearing this, Jesus said to them, “It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.” Mark 2:13-17 Jesus Calls Levi and Eats With Sinners THEMES IMPORTANT Jesus’ outreach to the marginalized Calling and transformation of Levi Breaking social norms Spiritual healing for the “sick” DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Why does Jesus choose to associate with tax collectors and sinners? In what ways can we “meet people where they are” in today’s context? PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Carl Rogers, Person-Centered Therapy: Concept of “unconditional positive regard” through empathy and active listening Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: People’s basic needs (belonging, acceptance) must be met before they can reach self-actualization. Jesus offers belonging to those outcast by society. Environment “The earth is the Lord’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it.” (Ps. 24:1) Environmental Attitudes These are different prevalent attitudes that are taken toward the environment.  Development– Recognize that nature has a value, but nature is for our use and purpose; bigger is better; growth  Believes in destruction of a resource for human benefit  Conservation – Recognize the value of nature, yet realize that people must exploit nature in a sustainable manner  Offer the greatest good to the greatest number of people for the longest period of time  Exploit but share with future generations  Preservation– Nature has value in itself and should be protected (not a market commodity)  Believes in the rights of all creatures and that nature should be safeguarded, not disturbed Sample Question:  Aldo Leopold is considered the father of the modern environmental movement. He believed that the environment has a value outside of what it can do for humanity. That the soil, waters, and wilderness have a value unto themselves.  Which environmental attitude does Aldo Leopold’s beliefs fall under? Sample Question Answer:  Aldo Leopold is considered the father of the modern environmental movement. He believed that the environment has a value outside of what it can do for humanity. That the soil, waters, and wilderness have a value unto themselves.  Which environmental attitude does Aldo Leopold’s beliefs fall under?  Answer: Preservation since his consideration of the importance of the environment has nothing to do with man or man’s usage of the environment. Three environmental philosophies:  The Tragedy of the Commons Watch “What is the tragedy of the commons?”  Original “commons” were areas of pastureland in England that were provided free by the king to anyone who wished to graze cattle.  No problems as long as the number of animals is small in relation to the size of the pasture.  From the point of view of each herder the optimal strategy is to enlarge his herd as much as possible. If my animals do not eat the grass, someone else’s will.  Thus, the size of each herd grows, and the density of stock increases until the commons becomes overgrazed.  The tragedy is that, even though the eventual result should be perfectly clear, no one acts to avert disaster.  The Tragedy of the Commons The ecosphere is one big commons stocked with air, water, and irreplaceable mineral resources – a “people’s pasture,” but a pasture with very real limits.  Each nation attempts to extract as much from the commons as possible while enough remains to sustain the herd  This tragedy operates on the individual level as well. What can be the harm of having more than one car, driving an inefficient vehicle, the careless disposal of one more beer can, or the installation of one more air conditioner?  Early Conservation Movement  19th Century Industrialism  Increased population  City crowding- sewage and sanitation  Increased demand for raw materials  Mining and logging  Factories  Air pollution  Transcendentalist writers  Celebrated nature & its restorative effects on humanity  Ralph Waldo Emerson  Henry David Thoreau  Early Grassroots Organizations  Sierra Club- 1892  Found by John Muir  Promote “green” policies  Still very active in shaping law & policy today  Mission  To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth;  To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources  To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment  To use all lawful means to carry out these objectives.  Early Grassroots Organizations  National Audubon Society- established 1905  Named in honor of John James Audubon (however he was dead before it started)  Bird conservation continued with Harriet Hemenway and Minna Hall  Read “Hats off to Women Who Saved The Birds”  Conservation of birds and their habitats  Formed in response to slaughter of birds for feathers for millinery trade (hats)  Hemenway and Hall convinced local ladies to stop wearing hats with feathers  Resulted in Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918  Cannot capture or kill any American migratory bird  Includes other countries, Britain, Japan, etc.  Enforced by Fish and Wildlife Service  National Park Service - 1916  US Department of the Interior  First national park- Yellowstone 1872  Most visited- Great Smoky Mountains  2nd Grand Canyon  Criteria  natural beauty  unique geological features  unusual ecosystems  recreational opportunities  NOTE: these all have to do with human usage Class Question Please explain your personal environmental philosophy: Is it anthropocentric, biocentric, or ecocentric? Remember that one view is not more correct than another. A Sand County Almanac - 1949  Aldo Leopold- considered father of wildlife ecology  Encouraged a deeper understanding of humanity’s place in the ecosystem  Criticized early conservation movement  Too driven by economics and personal enjoyment  Called for ethic that “enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants , and animals, or collectively: the land”  In other words, the environment has a value outside of what it does for humanity.  Adapted by environmentalists of the 60s  Ecological awareness and preservation in humanity’s best interests  Silent Spring- 1962  Written by Rachel Carson  The most influential book of the environmental movement.  Connected declining bird populations to DDT use (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane)  DDT widely used pesticide  Kills mosquitos  Malaria prevention  Americans began to question the use of chemicals  Watch: Malaria and Silent Spring  Read: Retro Report- Rachel Carson & Silent Sprin g  While reading find why DTT would have probably not been effective for very long anyway? https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/22/us/rachel-carson-ddt- malaria-retro-report.html#:~:text=Carson%20warned  Effects of Air Pollution  This section is on air pollution and how the laws & regulations came into existence.  WHO (World Health Organization) estimates 7,000,000 people are killed each year by air pollution.  Mostly in low- to middle- income countries.  Further reading on the Health Impacts of Air Polluti on Air Pollution in History - 1948 Donora Smog  Donora, Pennsylvania  October, 1948  Temperature inversion trapped toxic gasses close to the ground  Lasted 5 days https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/1883-temperature-inversion  7,000 sickened, 20 died  U.S. Steel's Donora Zinc Works and its American Steel & Wire plant  Hydrogen fluoride  Fluorine gas from zinc smelting  Sulfur oxide  Combined with temperature inversion- temperature increases with altitude, rather than decreases  Inversion layer- lay of warm air trapped between two layers of cold air normally around “warm fronts”  Normally occurs during winter months  U.S. Steel called it “An act of god”  Reached settlement in 1952 -~250,000 Air Pollution in History- 1952 Great Smog of London  London, England  Temperature inversion similar to Donora  Made world-wide headlines  December, 1952  Lasted 4 days  100,000 sickened, 4,000 died (immediately)  Coal burning  Watch Crash Course Video on the Great Smog  Air Pollution – CO2 Monitoring  Since 1956 atmospheric CO2 Monitoring has occurred at Mauna Loa, Hawaii  Observed significant increases in CO2 ppm.  Why CO2 Monitoring is important for the ocean. CO2 leads to production of hydrogen ions that increase ocean acidity. But why should we care about the pH of the ocean? When a hydrogen bonds with carbonate, a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is formed. Shell-building organisms can't extract the carbonate ion they https://www.google.com/search? q=does+equal+bicarb+and+hydrogen+ions+lower+pH&sca_esv=ee98bf44a1090153&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS873US876&ei=4F4DZ4 need from bicarbonate, preventing them from uoIvGikPIPuoqFwAI&ved=0ahUKEwiLmNjzsvuIAxVxEUQIHTpFASgQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=does+equal+bicarb+and+hydrogen+ion s+lower+pH&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiLGRvZXMgZXF1YWwgYmljYXJiIGFuZCBoeWRyb2dlbiBpb25zIGxvd2VyIHBIMgUQIRigATIFE using that carbonate to grow new shell. CEYoAEyBRAhGKABMgUQIRirAkicd1D- https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification#:~:text=Like%20calcium%20ions%2C%20hydrogen ClisdXABeAGQAQCYAXygAdsQqgEEMjQuMrgBA8gBAPgBAZgCGaAChBDCAgoQABiwAxjWBBhHwgIIEAAYgAQYogTCAgoQIRigARjDBBgK %20ions,of%20carbonate%2Dhogging%20hydrogen%20ions. Evidence for Acidification Effects  In a laboratory setting pteropods exposed to increased acidity will result in shell degradation due to acidity  But why care about Pteropods?  They are small mollusks that sit at a strategic point at the base of the food chain.  Many animals depend on them for food. Evidence for Acidification Read: Effect of Ocean A cidification on Dungene ss Crabs In the ocean Dungeness crabs are showing signs of structural changes and missing receptors. Theseare food animals many people depend on.  Legislation- Air Pollution  Air Pollution Act- 1955  First ever air pollution policy  Non Regulatory bill  Provided money for air pollution research  Clean Air Act (CAA)- 1963  First act to control pollution including fines  Developed methods for monitoring & controlling pollution  EPA -1970  Clean Air Act rewritten, EPA established  EPA enforces CAA by monitoring emissions  Allows for citizen lawsuits  If a civil case- fines, clean up  If criminal case- jail time, fines, clean up  Earth Day  Earth Day- 1970  Began on April 22, 1970  People were horrified by two major ecological events:  1969- Santa Barbara Oil Spill  100,000 barrels of crude oil spilled  1969- Cuyahoga River “Catching Fire”  Cleveland, Ohio  Major industrial accident  Spark from a passing train lit oil floating on polluted water  Had caught fire a previous 13 times  1912 -5 people died but they still did not clean up the river  Legislation- Water Pollution  Federal Water Pollution Act - 1948  First U.S. law to address water pollution  Provided funds for reducing/treating polluted water  Clean Water Act- 1972  First act to control pollution  In 1972 2/3rds of US waterways were unfit for fishing or swimming  Regulates discharge of pollutants U.S. waters  Both point and non-point sources  Point- Single point of discharge, i.e. factories  Non-point –run-off from city streets  Enforced by EPA  Law allows citizen suits  Criminal & Civil Penalties  Jail time or fines Class Question Briefly describe the methodology that you will use to test your hypothesis. Matthew 7:16-20  You will recognize them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thornbushes, or figs from thistles? So, every healthy tree bears good fruit, but the diseased tree bears bad fruit. A healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a diseased tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.  Thus you will recognize them by their fruits. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f1/88/ed/f188ed31679f4c849a543b965d72f0a3  Consequences of Water Pollution  Endocrine disruptors are ingested at greater frequency now than ever  What are endocrine disruptors?  Chemicals that can interfere with the normal activity of the endocrine system by either mimicking the action of a hormone or acting at the hormone receptor  Video on endocrine disruptors: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals  One effect of endocrine disruptors is decreased male fertility due to anti-androgens  Loss of fertility due to a group of issues termed testicular dysregulation  Ex. Cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low sperm count, testicular cancer  Can be caused by industrial chemicals & pesticides from farm run-off (i.e. non-point source water pollution)  Fenitrothion- organophosphate insecticide  EPA- Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program  $1,000,000 per chemical to test  Push-back from chemical companies  https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm  Consequences of Water Pollution – Flint, Michigan Read: Long Term Effects on Children Discovered  To save money the state switched from Lake Huron to water from the Flint River  Flint river highly polluted  Pollution was exceedingly corrosive  Corrosion destroyed old pipes leaching lead into the water supply  12 people died from Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease)  Federal State of Emergency declared in January 2016  Residents instructed to use only bottled water  Early 2017 water quality returned to acceptable levels but residents told to keep using bottled water until all old lead pipes replaced ~2020 How the Environmental Laws Work  Congress initiates legislation and passes a law  Committees review the laws and amend them as necessary  EPA interprets the laws and writes the rulebook  Certain laws are enforced at a federal level  Individual state agencies take the rules and enforce the laws How the Environmental Laws Work  EPA is responsible for enforcing the CWA, CAA, RCRA, & CERCLA  Citizen Lawsuits  Allows citizens to sue other citizens, corporations, or government bodies  Laws that allow for citizen suits are  Clean Water Act  Clean Air Act  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)  Endangered Species Act Major Criminal EPA Cases 9  “Dirty Dozen”- Persistent Organic Pollutants  Stockholm Convention-  Ratified in 2004  but not by the USA since our lawmakers believed the EPA had sufficient rules to cover POPs  Attempt to eliminate or restrict the production and use of (POPs).  POPs= toxic persistent chemicals that can bioaccumulate, biomagnify, & travel long distances Bioaccumulate: toxins become concentrated in organism, and are accumulated faster than they can be excreted or metabolized Biomagnify: concentration of toxins in an animal results from it ingesting other organisms that already contain the toxin Biomagnify Bioaccumulate  Predators at the top of the Up to 500 different chemicals food chain carry a larger have been found in the load of the toxin. average human  Superfund Sites- 1980  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)  Program established for long term clean up of abandoned sites contaminated with hazardous wastes and pollutants  How do sites get designated to be eligible for CERCLA funds?  Sites are given a score and placed on a National Priorities List (NPL)  Based upon Hazard Ranking System or is deemed top priority by the state or other agencies  Hazard Ranking System Top 10 Hazardous Substances Found at 3 Factors Superfund Sites  Likelihood that a site has released or will release hazardous 1. Arsenic substances into the environment; 2. Lead  Characteristics of the waste (e.g. toxicity and waste quantity) 3. Mercury  People or sensitive environments affected by the release. 4. Vinyl Chloride 4 Pathways- how is the chemical moving? 5. Polychlorinated Biphenyls  ground water migration (drinking water) 6. Benzene  surface water migration (drinking water, human food chain, sensitive 7. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons environments) 8. Cadmium  soil exposure (resident population, nearby population, sensitive 9. Benzo(A)Pyrene environments) 10. Benzo(B)Fluoranthene  air migration (population, sensitive environments)  Superfund Sites  Arizona Superfund sites  Apache Powder  Hassayampa Landfill  Iron King Mine-Humboldt Smelter  North Indian Bend Wash & South Indian Bend Wash  Motorola 52nd Street  Phoenix-Goodyear Airport North (PGAN) & South (PGAS)  Tucson Int'l Airport Area (TIAA) Air Force Plant 44 (AFP-44)/Raytheon Project Area  Williams Air Force Base  Yuma Marine Corps Air Station  Love Canal  Tragedy of Love Canal resulted in the creation of CERCLA  Planned community in Niagara Falls, New York  Built on toxic waste dump site  Previously owned by Hooker Chemical Co.  Sold for 1$ to city of Niagara  21,000 tons of liquid waste began bubbling up through the ground  Carcinogens, dioxin  Endocrine disrupters- multigenerational  Health Problems  Birth Defects  1979- 17 births  ONLY 2 normal  9 birth defects, 2 still born, 4 miscarriages  Watch: Love canal today  Brownfields Program  Established in 1995  Brownfields do not reach the same level of pollution to make the CERCLA site list  Property which the use of may be complicated by the presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.  People don’t want to buy a property they have to clean up, so they just get ignored and it causes urban areas to experience blight.  Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties protects the environment, reduces blight Example of Brownfields Success in Arizona: Fifth Street & Buckeye Road Redevelopment Project  East Washington Fluff Site was a metal salvage yard,  9.6-acre property- abandoned by its owner in 1986.  6,000 tons of hazardous materials piled up to 18 feet above and 9 to 18 feet below the surface- i.e. cadmium, lead, PCBs  Property was designated a state Superfund site.  $250,000 brownfields grant from the City of Phoenix to help mitigate remediation and construction costs.  Local, state and federal government agencies worked with a private Harrison Properties Inc.  Conducted environmental investigations  Clean up surface waste, place a protective cap, address delinquent property taxes and assist with redevelopment.  Benefits include enhanced community health, neighborhood revitalization, environmental protection, and job creation. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Environmental Laws in Labs  Research labs must follow appropriate chemical use as regulated by:  Clean Air Act  Clean Water Act  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) subpart K  Read how violations result in fines  Oregon State University Fines $275,000  See www.epa.gov/rcraonline  Environmental Laws in Labs  Subpart K of RCRA is an EPA regulation that addresses the unique hazardous waste generation patterns of academic laboratories:  Hundreds of different hazardous wastes that vary over time  Small volumes of each waste  Many points of generation  Hazardous waste generated by students with high turnover, minimal training, and limited accountability  Subpart K applies to:  Colleges and universities Environmental Laws in Labs- Subpart K  Subpart K important points:  Requires hazardous waste determinations to be made by trained professionals, rather than students.  Hazardous waste must be removed from the laboratory every twelve months.  Requiring the development of a Laboratory Management Plan Major Environmental Disasters- Bhopal- 1984  Considered the worst environmental disaster  Air, Water, & Land pollution  Union Carbide Plant – pesticide production  Methyl Isocyanide- CH3NCO  Water somehow got into tank  Highly reactive with water  Tank released 40 tons of MIC  Lacrymate, pulmonary edema, blindness, nausea, gastritis, sweating, fever, chills, liver damage, kidney damage  WatchL The Economist Video  Major Environmental Disasters Oil Spills – Exxon Valdez & Deepwater Horizon  1989- Exxon Valdez  Tanker ran aground in Prince Williams Sound near Alaska  Spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil  Exxon failed to maintain collision avoidance system radar  Killed >250k seabirds, 2800 otters, 300 seals, 247 bald eagles, 22 orcas, unknown number of fish (particularly herring and salmon)  Exxon paid $2 billion for cleanup and ~900million in punitive damages  2010- Deepwater Horizon  200 million gallons of oil spilled over 87 days, 11 people died.  In January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act.  2014- BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct under the Clean Water Act (CWA).  BP was also fined for violating the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, $100 million for approximately 1 million birds killed.  BP was fined approximately 7.8 billion total. Human Laws and Regulations TR300 testmoz.com/q/14000938 Passcode: Human Human Laws and Regulations WF300 testmoz.com/13447658 Passcode: Human Animal Laws and Regulations TR300 testmoz.com/q/14000946 Passcode: Rats Animal Laws and Regulations WF300 testmoz.com/13447664 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