Enhance-MCQ PDF

**What is the building block of carbohydrates?**\ a) Amino acids\ b) Fatty acids\ **c) Monosaccharides**\ d) Nucleotides\ **Answer:** Monosaccharides **Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?**\ a) Ribosome\ **b) Mitochondrion**\ c) Golgi apparatus\ d) Lysosome\ **Answer:** b) Mitoc...

**What is the building block of carbohydrates?**\ a) Amino acids\ b) Fatty acids\ **c) Monosaccharides**\ d) Nucleotides\ **Answer:** Monosaccharides **Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?**\ a) Ribosome\ **b) Mitochondrion**\ c) Golgi apparatus\ d) Lysosome\ **Answer:** b) Mitochondrion **Which protein type acts as a [gateway for ions in the cell membrane]?**\ a) Peripheral protein\ **b) Integral protein**\ c) Fibrous protein\ d) Enzymatic protein\ **Answer:** b) Integral protein **What type of bond forms in carbohydrate synthesis?**\ a) Peptide bond\ **b) Glycosidic bond**\ c) Ester bond\ d) Hydrogen bond\ **Answer:** b) Glycosidic bond **What is the functional group of a ketose carbohydrate?**\ a) Aldehyde\ **b) Ketone**\ c) Alcohol\ d) Carboxyl\ **Answer:** b) Ketone **Cell Structure and Functions** 6. **Which organelle modifies proteins and lipids?**\ a) Endoplasmic reticulum\ **b) Golgi apparatus**\ c) Lysosome\ d) Ribosome\ **Answer:** b) Golgi apparatus 7. **What is the structural model of the cell membrane called?**\ **a) Fluid Mosaic Model**\ b) Dynamic Model\ c) Lipid Bilayer Model\ d) Permeable Membrane Model\ **Answer:** a) Fluid Mosaic Model 8. **Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?**\ a) Peroxisome\ **b) Lysosome**\ c) Ribosome\ d) Centrosome\ **Answer:** b) Lysosome 9. **What is the function of peroxisomes?**\ a) Protein synthesis\ b) Energy production\ **c) Detoxification of reactive oxygen species\ **d) Glycogen storage\ **Answer:** c) Detoxification of reactive oxygen species 10. **What is the site of ribosome assembly?**\ a) Cytoplasm\ b) Endoplasmic reticulum\ **c) Nucleolus**\ d) Mitochondrion\ **Answer:** c) Nucleolus **Carbohydrates** 11. **What is another term for polyhydroxyaldehyde?**\ a) Lipid\ b) Protein\ **c) Carbohydrate**\ d) Nucleic acid\ **Answer:** c) Carbohydrate 12. **Which of the following is a reducing sugar?**\ a) Sucrose\ **b) Lactose**\ c) Trehalose\ d) Cellulose\ **Answer:** b) Lactose 13. **Which test differentiates monosaccharides from disaccharides?**\ a) Molisch test\ **b) Barfoed's test**\ c) Seliwanoff's test\ d) Fehling's test\ **Answer:** b) Barfoed's test 14. **Which carbohydrate is a homopolysaccharide?**\ a) Inulin\ b) Chondroitin sulfate\ **c) Starch**\ d) Hyaluronic acid\ **Answer:** c) Starch 15. **Which polysaccharide is a glucosan?**\ a) Dextran\ **b) Starch**\ c) Xanthan gum\ d) Inulin\ **Answer:** b) Starch **Biochemical Metabolism** 16. **What is an example of an anabolic process?**\ a) Glycolysis\ b) Proteolysis\ **c) Lipogenesis**\ d) Glycogenolysis\ **Answer:** c) Lipogenesis 17. **What is the intermediate reaction of catabolism and anabolism?**\ a) Glycolysis\ **b) Kreb's cycle**\ c) Oxidative phosphorylation\ d) Gluconeogenesis\ **Answer:** b) Kreb's cycle 18. **What hormone regulates glycogenolysis?**\ a) Insulin\ **b) Glucagon**\ c) Amylin\ d) Incretin\ **Answer:** b) Glucagon 19. **How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?**\ **a) 2**\ b) 4\ c) 6\ d) 8\ **Answer:** a) 2 20. **What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?**\ a) Water\ **b) Oxygen**\ c) NADH\ d) FADH2\ **Answer:** b) Oxygen **Enzymes and Pathways** 21. **Which enzyme is responsible for ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain?**\ a) Dehydrogenase\ b) Kinase\ **c) ATP synthase**\ d) Oxidoreductase\ **Answer:** c) ATP synthase 22. **Which enzyme removes water in glycolysis?**\ a) Kinase\ b) Mutase\ **c) Enolase**\ d) Isomerase\ **Answer:** c) Enolase **\[inalis, enolase\]** 23. **Which enzyme interconverts aldose and ketose?**\ a) Dehydrogenase\ b) Mutase\ **c) Isomerase**\ d) Kinase\ **Answer:** c) Isomerase 24. **What is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?**\ a) Pyruvate\ b) Acetyl-CoA\ **c) Lactate**\ d) Oxaloacetate\ **Answer:** c) Lactate 25. **Which complex in the electron transport chain does NOT pump protons?**\ a) Complex I\ **b) Complex II**\ c) Complex III\ d) Complex IV\ **Answer:** b) Complex II **Lipids and Other Biomolecules** 26. **What is the building block of lipids?**\ a) Amino acids\ b) Nucleotides\ **c) Fatty acids**\ d) Monosaccharides\ **Answer:** c) Fatty acids 27. **Which lipid is a major component of the cell membrane?**\ a) Cholesterol\ **b) Phospholipids**\ c) Triglycerides\ d) Glycolipids\ **Answer:** b) Phospholipids 28. **Which test detects ketoses?**\ a) Benedict's test\ b) Barfoed's test\ **c) Seliwanoff's test**\ d) Fehling's test\ **Answer:** c) Seliwanoff's test 29. **Which enzyme deficiency causes Pompe's disease?**\ a) Glycogen synthase\ **b) Alpha-1,4-glucosidase\ **c) Muscle phosphorylase\ d) Debranching enzyme\ **Answer:** b) Alpha-1,4-glucosidase 30. **What condition is caused by G6PD deficiency?**\ **a) Favism**\ b) Diabetes\ c) Hyperlipidemia\ d) Scurvy\ **Answer:** a) Favism **Miscellaneous** 31. **What is the other name for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?**\ a) Embden-Meyerhof pathway\ **b) Hexose monophosphate shunt**\ c) Glyoxylate cycle\ d) Urea cycle\ **Answer:** b) Hexose monophosphate shunt 32. **What is the primary goal of the pentose phosphate pathway?**\ a) Produce ATP\ **b) Produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate**\ c) Synthesize proteins\ d) Break down fatty acids\ **Answer:** b) Produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate 33. **Which complex in ETC is inhibited by cyanide?**\ a) Complex I\ b) Complex II\ c) Complex III\ **d) Complex IV**\ **Answer:** d) Complex IV 34. **Which type of isomerism involves mirror images?**\ a) Epimerism\ **b) Enantiomerism**\ c) Tautomerism\ d) Anomerism\ **Answer:** b) Enantiomerism 35. **What functional group is found in an aldose sugar?**\ a) Ketone\ b) Alcohol\ **c) Aldehyde**\ d) Amine\ **Answer:** c) Aldehyde 36. **What is the primary energy currency of the cell?**\ a) NADPH\ **b) ATP**\ c) FADH2\ d) AMP\ **Answer:** b) ATP 37. **Which process produces the most ATP?**\ a) Glycolysis\ b) Citric acid cycle\ **c) Electron transport chain**\ d) Fermentation\ **Answer:** c) Electron transport chain 38. **In what part of the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?**\ a) Cytoplasm\ **b) Mitochondrial matrix**\ c) Golgi apparatus\ d) Nucleus\ **Answer:** b) Mitochondrial matrix 39. **Which enzyme is critical for gluconeogenesis?**\ a) Hexokinase\ **b) Pyruvate carboxylase**\ c) Phosphofructokinase\ d) Glycogen synthase\ **Answer:** b) Pyruvate carboxylase 40. **Which coenzyme is involved in redox reactions?**\ a) CoA\ **b) NAD+**\ c) FADH2\ d) ATP\ **Answer:** b) NAD+ **Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism** 41. **What is the building block of proteins?**\ a) Fatty acids\ **b) Amino acids**\ c) Monosaccharides\ d) Nucleotides\ **Answer:** b) Amino acids 42. **Which bond links amino acids together?**\ a) Glycosidic bond\ **b) Peptide bond**\ c) Phosphodiester bond\ d) Hydrogen bond\ **Answer:** b) Peptide bond 43. **Which amino acid is the precursor for serotonin?**\ a) Tyrosine\ **b) Tryptophan**\ c) Histidine\ d) Phenylalanine\ **Answer:** b) Tryptophan 44. **What is the final product of amino acid deamination?**\ a) Urea\ **b) Ammonia**\ c) Glucose\ d) Ketones\ **Answer:** b) Ammonia 45. **Which amino acid is ketogenic and not glucogenic?**\ **a) Leucine**\ b) Glycine\ c) Valine\ d) Serine\ **Answer:** a) Leucine **DNA, RNA, and Nucleotides** 46. **Which nucleic acid carries the genetic blueprint?**\ a) RNA\ **b) DNA**\ c) ATP\ d) NAD+\ **Answer:** b) DNA 47. **What type of bond connects nucleotides in a DNA strand?**\ a) Hydrogen bond\ b) Glycosidic bond\ **c) Phosphodiester bond**\ d) Ionic bond\ **Answer:** c) Phosphodiester bond 48. **Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?**\ a) Adenine\ b) Thymine\ **c) Uracil**\ d) Cytosine\ **Answer:** c) Uracil 49. **Which enzyme unwinds DNA during replication?**\ a) Ligase\ **b) Helicase**\ c) Polymerase\ d) Topoisomerase\ **Answer:** b) Helicase 50. **What is the complementary DNA strand for 5\'-ATCGGAT-3\'?**\ a) 5\'-TAGCCTA-3\'\ **b) 3\'-TAGCCTA-5\'**\ c) 3\'-CGATGGC-5\'\ d) 5\'-CGATGGC-3\'\ **Answer:** b) 3\'-TAGCCTA-5\' 51. **Which fatty acid undergoes β-oxidation in the mitochondria?**\ a) Long-chain fatty acid\ b) Very long-chain fatty acid\ **c) Medium-chain fatty acid**\ d) Branched fatty acid\ **Answer:** c) Medium-chain fatty acid 52. **Where does the β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids primarily occur?**\ a) Mitochondria\ b) Cytoplasm\ c) Smooth ER\ **d) Peroxisome**\ **Answer:** d) Peroxisome 53. **How many carbons are in capric acid?**\ a) 8\ **b) 10**\ c) 12\ d) 14\ **Answer:** b) 10 54. **In β-oxidation, how many acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from capric acid (10 carbons)?**\ a) 4\ **b) 5**\ c) 6\ d) 7\ **Answer:** b) 5 55. **How many NADH molecules are produced during β-oxidation of capric acid?**\ a) 3\ **b) 4**\ c) 5\ d) 6\ **Answer:** b) 4 56. **How many ATPs does one mole of NADH produce in β-oxidation?**\ a) 2\ **b) 2.5**\ c) 3\ d) 3.5\ **Answer:** b) 2.5 57. **How many ATP molecules are produced from one mole of FADH2?**\ **a) 1.5**\ b) 2\ c) 2.5\ d) 3\ **Answer:** a) 1.5 58. **What is the net ATP yield from capric acid after activation costs are deducted?**\ a) 64\ b) 66\ c) 78\ d) 80\ **Answer:** c) 78 59.  **How many acetyl-CoA molecules are generated from palmitic acid (16 carbons)?**\ a) 6\ b) 7\ **c) 8**\ d) 9\ **Answer:** c) 8 60. **What total ATP yield is obtained from the complete β-oxidation of palmitic acid, excluding activation?**\ a) 96\ b) 104\ c) 129\ **d) 131**\ **Answer:** d) 131 61. **Which process can convert glycerol into glucose?**\ a) Glycolysis\ **b) Gluconeogenesis\ **c) Beta-oxidation\ d) Lipogenesis\ **Answer:** b) Gluconeogenesis 62. **Which test is used to detect cholesterol?**\ a) Rosenheim Test\ **b) Liebermann-Burchard Test**\ c) Biuret Test\ d) Bradford Assay\ **Answer:** b) Liebermann-Burchard Test 63. **How many kcal does 1 gram of fat yield?**\ a) 4\ b) 7.1\ **c) 9**\ d) 3.4\ **Answer:** c) 9 64. **What is the primary structural protein in the human body?**\ a) Keratin\ b) Actin\ c) Elastin\ **d) Collagen**\ **Answer:** d) Collagen 65. **Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?**\ a) IgA\ b) IgD\ **c) IgE**\ d) IgG\ **Answer:** c) IgE 66. **Which amino acid is achiral?**\ **a) Glycine**\ b) Alanine\ c) Valine\ d) Threonine\ **Answer:** a) Glycine 67. **What bond links amino acids in proteins?**\ a) Glycosidic bond\ b) Phosphodiester bond\ **c) Peptide bond**\ d) Hydrogen bond\ **Answer:** c) Peptide bond 68. **What is the pI (isoelectric point) of an amino acid?**\ a) The pH where the amino acid is most acidic\ **b) The pH where the amino acid has no charge**\ c) The pH where the amino acid is most basic\ d) The pH where the amino acid is most hydrophobic\ **Answer:** b) The pH where the amino acid has no charge 69. **Which protein transports oxygen in the blood?**\ a) Ferritin\ b) Transferrin\ **c) Hemoglobin**\ d) Myoglobin\ **Answer:** c) Hemoglobin 70. **Which amino acids contain sulfur?**\ a) Glycine and Glutamine\ **b) Methionine and Cysteine**\ c) Arginine and Histidine\ d) Tyrosine and Serine\ **Answer:** b) Methionine and Cysteine 71. **Which type of protein is [soluble in water and coagulated by heat]?**\ a) Globulins\ **b) Albumins**\ c) Glutelins\ d) Albuminoids\ **Explanation:** Albumins are water-soluble proteins and coagulate when exposed to heat, such as serum albumin or egg white. 72. **What is the prosthetic group of nucleoproteins?**\ a) Lipid\ b) Carbohydrate\ **c) Nucleic acid**\ d) Metal\ **Explanation:** Nucleoproteins consist of proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, commonly found in cell nuclei. 73. **Which protein type is [insoluble in neutral solutions but soluble in 80% alcohol]?**\ **a) Prolamines**\ b) Albuminoids\ c) Globulins\ d) Glutelins\ **Explanation:** Prolamines, such as zein from corn or gliadin from wheat, dissolve in alcohol but not in neutral solutions. 74. **What is the functional role of hemoglobin?**\ a) Enzyme catalyst\ **b) Oxygen transport**\ c) Structural support\ d) Hormonal activity\ **Explanation:** Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues for cellular respiration. 75. **Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions by transferring hydride ions?**\ a) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)\ **b) Vitamin B3 (Niacin)**\ c) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)\ d) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)\ **Explanation:** Niacin forms NAD+ and NADP+, which are crucial for redox reactions involving hydride ion transfer. 76. **Which protein classification involves proteins conjugated with lipids?**\ a) Chromoproteins\ **b) Lipoproteins**\ c) Metalloproteins\ d) Glycoproteins\ **Explanation:** Lipoproteins, such as chylomicrons, transport lipids in the bloodstream. 77. **What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?**\ a) Glycosidic bond\ b) Phosphodiester bond\ c) Ester bond\ **d) Peptide bond**\ **Explanation:** A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. 78. **Which amino acid is achiral?**\ a) Cysteine\ **b) Glycine**\ c) Proline\ d) Leucine\ **Explanation:** Glycine is the only achiral amino acid because its side chain is a single hydrogen atom. 79. **What is the primary structural protein found in tendons?**\ a) Keratin\ **b) Collagen**\ c) Elastin\ d) Albumin\ **Explanation:** Collagen provides tensile strength to tendons and other connective tissues. 80. **What is the expected color result of the Liebermann-Burchard test for cholesterol?**\ a) Blue\ **b) Green**\ c) Yellow\ d) Purple\ **Explanation:** The Liebermann-Burchard test detects cholesterol, resulting in an emerald green color. 81. **Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?**\ a) IgA\ b) IgD\ **c) IgE**\ d) IgG\ **Answer:** c) IgE\ **Explanation:** IgE binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamines, leading to allergic reactions. 82. **What coenzyme is derived from Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?**\ a) NAD+\ b) Tetrahydrofolate\ c) Coenzyme A\ **d) Pyridoxal phosphate**\ **Explanation:** Pyridoxal phosphate is involved in amino acid metabolism, including transamination and decarboxylation reactions. 83. **Which type of protein dissolves only after boiling in strong acids?**\ a) Albumins\ **b) Albuminoids**\ c) Prolamines\ d) Glutelins\ **Explanation:** Albuminoids, such as keratin and collagen, are highly resistant to dissolution except under harsh conditions. 84. **Which amino acid contains sulfur in its structure?**\ a) Valine\ **b) Methionine\ **c) Proline\ d) Tyrosine\ **Explanation:** Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, essential for initiating protein synthesis. 85. **What is the isoelectric point of a neutral amino acid?**\ a) The pH at which the amino acid is fully ionized\ b) The pH at which the amino acid is positively charged\ **c) The pH at which the amino acid has no net charge**\ d) The pH at which the amino acid is negatively charged\ **Explanation:** At the isoelectric point, the amino acid exists as a zwitterion with equal positive and negative charges. 86. **Which amino acid has an imino group instead of an amino group?**\ a) Glycine\ **b) Proline**\ c) Alanine\ d) Serine\ **Explanation:** Proline is unique due to its cyclic structure, which contains an imino group. 87. **Which enzyme contains Zn²⁺ as a cofactor?**\ a) Pyruvate phosphokinase\ **b) Carbonic anhydrase**\ c) Cytochrome oxidase\ d) Alcohol dehydrogenase\ **Explanation:** Carbonic anhydrase relies on Zn²⁺ to catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. 88. **Which conjugated protein has a carbohydrate prosthetic group?**\ **a) Glycoproteins**\ b) Phosphoproteins\ c) Metalloproteins\ d) Chromoproteins\ **Explanation:** Glycoproteins, such as mucins, are proteins with carbohydrate chains attached. 89. **What is the most sensitive test for cholesterol detection?**\ a) Biuret test\ b) Rosenheim test\ **c) Liebermann-Burchard test**\ d) Benedict's test\ **Explanation:** This test specifically detects cholesterol with high sensitivity, producing a green color. 90. **Which vitamin is involved in oxidative decarboxylation?**\ **a) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)**\ b) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)\ c) Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)\ d) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)\ **Explanation:** Vitamin B1 forms thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), essential for oxidative decarboxylation reactions. 91. **Which enzyme is involved in redox reactions?**\ a) Kinase\ **b) Dehydrogenase**\ c) Lipase\ d) Mutase\ **Explanation:** Dehydrogenase belongs to the oxidoreductase class, facilitating electron transfer in redox reactions. 92. **Which amino acids are purely ketogenic?**\ **a) Leucine, Lysine**\ b) Phenylalanine, Tyrosine\ c) Tryptophan, Valine\ d) Histidine, Arginine\ **Explanation:** Ketogenic amino acids like leucine and lysine form ketone bodies but cannot form glucose. 93. **What amino acid disorder is associated with black urine?**\ a) Phenylketonuria\ b) Maple syrup urine disease\ **c) Alkaptonuria**\ d) Hartnup disease\ **Explanation:** Alkaptonuria results from homogentisic acid accumulation, causing darkened urine and black pigmentation. 94. **Which test detects aromatic amino acids?**\ a) Biuret test\ b) Ninhydrin test\ **c) Xanthoprotein test**\ d) Sakaguchi test\ **Explanation:** Xanthoprotein test identifies aromatic amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Trp) by producing a yellow-orange color. 95. **What is the enzyme deficiency in phenylketonuria?**\ a) Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase\ **b) Phenylalanine hydroxylase**\ c) α-keto-acid dehydrogenase\ d) Tyrosinase\ **Explanation:** PKU occurs due to insufficient phenylalanine hydroxylase, preventing the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. 96. **What is the functional group removal catalyzed by lyases?**\ a) Hydroxyl group\ b) Amino group\ **c) Functional groups like carboxyl**\ d) Phosphate group\ **Explanation:** Lyases remove functional groups (e.g., carboxyl) without water, such as in decarboxylation reactions. 97. **Which qualitative test detects the presence of sulfur-containing amino acids?**\ a) Lead acetate test\ b) Hopkins-Cole test\ c) Biuret test\ d) Pauly test\ **Explanation:** Sulfur in amino acids like methionine and cysteine reacts with lead acetate, producing black PbS. 98. **Which amino acids are glucogenic and ketogenic?**\ a) Leucine, Lysine\ b) Tryptophan, Phenylalanine\ c) Tyrosine, Histidine\ **d) Isoleucine, Tryptophan**\ **Explanation:** Amino acids like isoleucine and tryptophan can produce both glucose and ketone bodies. 99. **Which disease is characterized by branched-chain amino acid metabolism problems?**\ a) Albinism\ **b) Maple syrup urine disease**\ c) Phenylketonuria\ d) Hartnup disease\ **Explanation:** Deficiency in α-keto-acid dehydrogenase leads to accumulation of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, causing the disease. 100. **What is formed during protein digestion in the small intestine?**\ a) Peptides\ **b) Amino acids**\ c) Monosaccharides\ d) Lipids\ **Explanation:** Proteins are digested into amino acids by proteases in the small intestine. 101. **Which test is specific for arginine?**\ a) Ninhydrin test\ b) Millon-Nasse test\ **c) Sakaguchi test**\ d) Xanthoprotein test\ **Explanation:** The Sakaguchi test detects arginine, producing an orange-red color. 102. **Which nucleotide bond connects adjacent nucleotides?**\ a) Hydrogen bond\ b) Peptide bond\ **c) Phosphodiester bond**\ d) Glycosidic bond\ **Explanation:** Phosphodiester bonds link the sugar and phosphate groups of nucleotides in nucleic acids. 103. **What is the precursor of thyroid hormones?**\ a) Tryptophan\ **b) Tyrosine**\ c) Lysine\ d) Methionine\ **Explanation:** Tyrosine serves as a precursor for thyroid hormones like thyroxine. 104. **Which enzyme deficiency leads to albinism?**\ a) Phenylalanine hydroxylase\ **b) Tyrosinase**\ c) Homogentisate dioxygenase\ d) α-keto-acid dehydrogenase\ **Explanation:** Albinism results from reduced tyrosinase activity, hindering melanin synthesis. 105. **Which amino acid is essential only under certain conditions (semi-essential)?**\ a) Lysine\ **b) Arginine**\ c) Leucine\ d) Tyrosine\ **Explanation:** Arginine is semi-essential, especially required during growth or recovery from illness. 106. **What results from the Biuret test?**\ **a) Purple \[biolet\]**\ b) Yellow-orange\ c) Blue\ d) Pink\ **Explanation:** The Biuret test detects peptide bonds, yielding a violet color. 107. **Which test detects the indole ring in tryptophan?**\ a) Xanthoprotein test\ **b) Hopkins-Cole test**\ c) Sakaguchi test\ d) Millon-Nasse test\ **Explanation:** The Hopkins-Cole test reacts with tryptophan\'s indole group, producing a purple color. 108. **What disorder arises from defective neutral amino acid transport?**\ a) Alkaptonuria\ b) Maple syrup urine disease\ **c) Hartnup disease**\ d) PKU\ **Explanation:** Hartnup disease affects the transport of neutral amino acids like tryptophan, leading to nutritional deficits. 109. **What is formed during transamination of amino acids?**\ a) Fatty acids\ b) Glucose\ c) Ketone bodies\ **d) Keto acids**\ **Explanation:** During transamination, the amino group is transferred, forming keto acids as intermediates. 110. **What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?**\ a) Amino acids\ **b) Nucleotides**\ c) Sugars\ d) Fatty acids\ **Explanation:** Nucleotides, comprising a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate, are the basic units of nucleic acids. 111. **Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness (nyctalopia)?**\ **a) Vitamin A\ **b) Vitamin D\ c) Vitamin C\ d) Vitamin E\ **Explanation:** Vitamin A is essential for the formation of visual pigments; its deficiency leads to impaired night vision. 112. **Which vitamin deficiency leads to rickets in children?**\ a) Vitamin A\ **b) Vitamin D**\ c) Vitamin B12\ d) Vitamin C\ **Explanation:** Vitamin D regulates calcium balance; its deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. 113. **What is the primary function of Vitamin E?**\ a) Visual pigment formation\ **b) Antioxidant protection**\ c) Coenzyme in redox reactions\ d) Enhancing iron absorption\ **Explanation:** Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage and supports red blood cell integrity. 114. **Deficiency of which vitamin causes beriberi?**\ **a) Vitamin B1**\ b) Vitamin B3\ c) Vitamin B6\ d) Vitamin B12\ **Explanation:** Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is a coenzyme in energy metabolism; its deficiency leads to beriberi, characterized by nerve and cardiac issues. 115. **Which vitamin deficiency is associated with cheilosis and seborrheic dermatitis?**\ a) Vitamin B1\ **b) Vitamin B2**\ c) Vitamin B6\ d) Vitamin B9\ **Explanation:** Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency causes cracks at the corners of the mouth (cheilosis) and skin conditions. 116. **What is the consequence of a Vitamin B9 deficiency?**\ a) Pellagra\ b) Pernicious anemia\ **c) Megaloblastic anemia**\ d) Scurvy\ **Explanation:** Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is vital for DNA synthesis; its deficiency leads to the production of large, immature red blood cells. 117. **Which vitamin enhances iron absorption and aids collagen synthesis?**\ a) Vitamin B6\ **b) Vitamin C**\ c) Vitamin D\ d) Vitamin E\ **Explanation:** Vitamin C helps absorb dietary iron and supports collagen production, important for tissue repair. 118. **What condition results from a Vitamin B3 deficiency?**\ a) Beriberi\ **b) Pellagra**\ c) Scurvy\ d) Peripheral neuritis\ **Explanation:** Pellagra, characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia, occurs due to a lack of Vitamin B3 (niacin). 119. **Which vitamin deficiency causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?**\ **a) Vitamin B1**\ b) Vitamin B2\ c) Vitamin B9\ d) Vitamin B12\ **Explanation:** Thiamine (B1) deficiency leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, common in alcoholics, presenting with confusion and coordination issues. 120. **What is the role of Vitamin B12 in the body?**\ a) Antioxidant protection\ **b) Transfer of 1C fragments**\ c) Enhancing Fe absorption\ d) Coenzyme in redox reactions\ **Explanation:** Vitamin B12 is crucial for folic acid metabolism and DNA synthesis; its deficiency causes pernicious anemia. 1. **Pharmacognosy is derived from the words \"pharmakon\" and \"gnosis,\" meaning:**\ a) Plant-based medicine\ **b) Knowledge of drugs\ **c) Study of chemicals\ d) Drug manufacturing\ **Explanation:** The term \"pharmacognosy\" combines \"pharmakon\" (drug) and \"gnosis\" (knowledge), referring to the study of natural drugs. 2. **Which is an example of a crude drug preparation step?**\ a) Filtration\ **b) Drying**\ c) Distillation\ d) Sublimation\ **Explanation:** Drying is a critical step in preparing crude drugs to reduce moisture and prevent microbial growth. 3. **The solvent used for extracting fats is:**\ a) Alcohol\ b) Acetone\ **c) Hexane**\ d) Benzene\ **Explanation:** Hexane is commonly used as a solvent for extracting fats due to its non-polar nature. 4. **Plants native to a specific country are called:**\ a) Naturalized plants\ **b) Indigenous plants**\ c) Exotic plants\ d) Adapted plants\ **Explanation:** Indigenous plants originate and grow naturally in their native region. 5. **Marc refers to the:**\ a) Active ingredient in extraction\ b) Solvent for extraction\ **c) Residue left after extraction**\ d) Reagent used for extraction\ **Explanation:** Marc is the leftover solid residue after the active components have been extracted. 6. **Which of the following is the final step of crude drug preparation?**\ a) Curing\ **b) Garbling**\ c) Harvesting\ d) Packaging\ **Explanation:** Garbling involves removing extraneous matter, ensuring the purity of the crude drug. 7. **What is used to fumigate crude drugs during preservation?**\ a) Methanol\ **b) Methyl bromide**\ c) Benzene\ d) Hexane\ **Explanation:** Methyl bromide is a fumigant used to protect crude drugs from pests during storage. 8. **The best method for determining drug potency is:**\ a) Physical evaluation\ b) Organoleptic evaluation\ c) Biologic evaluation\ **d) Chemical evaluation**\ **Explanation:** Chemical evaluation provides precise data on drug potency using reagents and quantitative methods. 9. **The term \"menstruum\" refers to the:**\ a) Residue after extraction\ **b) Solvent used for extraction**\ c) Crystallized product of extraction\ d) Enzyme used for curing\ **Explanation:** Menstruum is the solvent that dissolves the active components from crude drugs. 10. **A sugar with two monosaccharide units is called a:**\ a) Monosaccharide\ **b) Disaccharide**\ c) Oligosaccharide\ d) Polysaccharide\ **Explanation:** Disaccharides, like sucrose and lactose, consist of two monosaccharide units. 11. **Sucrose is composed of:**\ a) Glucose + Glucose\ **b) Glucose + Fructose**\ c) Galactose + Glucose\ d) Galactose + Fructose\ **Explanation:** Sucrose is formed by the combination of glucose and fructose with an α-1,2 bond. 12. **Which sugar is referred to as wood sugar?**\ a) Glucose\ **b) Xylose**\ c) Fructose\ d) Maltose\ **Explanation:** Xylose, also known as wood sugar, is obtained from sources like **corn cobs.** 13. **The sweetest monosaccharide is:**\ a) Glucose\ **b) Fructose**\ c) Galactose\ d) Xylose\ **Explanation:** Fructose is **[the sweetest naturally occurring sugar]**, found in **fruits and honey**. 14. **Lactose is commonly found in:**\ a) Fruits\ **b) Cow\'s milk**\ c) Vegetables\ d) Honey\ **Explanation:** Lactose, or milk sugar, is found in cow\'s milk and other dairy products. 15. **Which crude drug preparation step reduces toxicity in fresh samples?**\ a) Drying\ **b) Curing**\ c) Harvesting\ d) Garbling\ **Explanation:** Curing reduces the toxicity and irritation of certain fresh samples while preserving active ingredients. 16. **Which evaluation method uses sense organs?**\ a) Microscopic\ **b) Organoleptic**\ c) Biologic\ d) Chemical\ **Explanation:** Organoleptic evaluation involves using sensory perception, like smell and taste, to assess crude drugs. 17. **Taxonomic classification is based on:**\ a) Active ingredients\ b) Plant morphology\ **c) Evolutionary relationships**\ d) Therapeutic use\ **Explanation:** Taxonomic classification considers phylogenetic relationships among plants and animals. 18. **Which sugar is a reducing sugar?**\ a) Sucrose\ **b) Maltose\ c) Lactose**\ d) Both b and c\ **Explanation:** Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars because they have a free aldehyde or ketone group. 19. **The sugar extracted from sugarcane is called:**\ a) Maltose\ **b) Sucrose**\ c) Lactose\ d) Glucose\ **Explanation:** Sucrose is obtained from sugarcane, sugar beets, and other plants. 20. **The monosaccharide found in grapes is:**\ a) Fructose\ **b) Glucose**\ c) Lactose\ d) Xylose\ **Explanation:** Glucose, also known as **[grape sugar]**, is abundant in grapes. 21. **Lactulose is used as a:**\ a) Antipyretic\ **b) Laxative**\ c) Antibiotic\ d) Analgesic\ **Explanation:** Lactulose is a semi-synthetic sugar used as an osmotic laxative and for treating hyperammonemia. 22. **Molasses is a byproduct of:**\ a) Lactose preparation\ **b) Sugar refining**\ c) Alcohol fermentation\ d) Starch hydrolysis\ **Explanation:** Molasses is the dark liquid remaining after sugar crystals are extracted during refining. 23. **The bond formed in polysaccharides is called:**\ **a) Glycosidic linkage**\ b) Peptide bond\ c) Ester bond\ d) Hydrogen bond\ **Explanation:** Polysaccharides are formed by glycosidic bonds linking monosaccharides. 24. **Which sugar is used as a diagnostic aid for malabsorption syndrome?**\ a) Lactose\ **b) Xylose**\ c) Maltose\ d) Fructose\ **Explanation:** Xylose is used to test for malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract. 25. **An osmotic laxative derived from lactose is:**\ a) Maltose\ **b) Lactulose**\ c) Sucrose\ d) Dextrose\ **Explanation:** Lactulose is a synthetic sugar effective as an osmotic laxative. 26. **Which method involves the use of animals for drug evaluation?**\ a) Organoleptic\ **b) Biologic**\ c) Chemical\ d) Physical\ **Explanation:** Biologic evaluation tests the pharmacological activity of drugs on animals. 27. **The chemical name for fruit sugar is:**\ a) Glucose\ b) Xylose\ **c) Fructose**\ d) Galactose\ **Explanation:** Fructose is often called fruit sugar due to its natural occurrence in fruits. 28. **Which sugar is referred to as milk sugar?**\ a) Sucrose\ **b) Lactose**\ c) Fructose\ d) Maltose\ **Explanation:** Lactose is the disaccharide present in milk and dairy products. 29. **Invert sugar is formed during:**\ a) Lactose hydrolysis\ **b) Sucrose refining**\ c) Glucose oxidation\ d) Xylose fermentation\ **Explanation:** Invert sugar is formed by breaking down sucrose into glucose and fructose. 30. **The glycemic index of fructose is:**\ **a) 23**\ b) 65\ c) 100\ d) 73\ **Explanation:** Fructose has a low glycemic index of 23, making it suitable for certain dietary needs. 31. **Which of the following is a source of starch?**\ a) Acacia senegal\ **b) Zea mays**\ c) Chondrus crispus\ d) Plantago ovata\ **Explanation:** Corn (Zea mays) is a well-known source of starch, which is a ***[homoglycan \[glucosan\]]*** 32. **Which bond is found in amylopectin?**\ **a) α-1,4\ b) α-1,6**\ c) β-1,4\ d) Both a and b\ **Explanation:** Amylopectin has both α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds, making it branched. 33. **What is the iodine test result for amylose?**\ **a) Blue**\ b) Red\ c) Wine red\ d) Purple\ **Explanation:** The iodine test for amylose yields a deep blue color due to the formation of an inclusion complex. 34. **Which compound is used as a super disintegrant in tablets?**\ **a) Sodium starch glycolate**\ b) PGS\ c) Methylcellulose\ d) Tragacanth\ **Explanation:** Sodium starch glycolate has a high **swelling capacity** and is used as a super disintegrant. 35. **Glycogen is known as:**\ a) Plant starch\ **b) Animal starch**\ c) A type of cellulose\ d) A fatty acid\ **Explanation:** Glycogen is the animal counterpart of starch, primarily stored in the liver and muscles. 36. **Which of the following is a key feature of glycogen compared to starch?**\ a) Glycogen has linear structure, starch is branched.\ **b) Glycogen is more branched than starch.**\ c) Glycogen is found in plants, starch in animals.\ d) Glycogen is a disaccharide, starch is a polysaccharide.\ **Explanation:** Glycogen is more highly branched than starch, with branches occurring every 10 sugar units. 37. **Cellulose is commonly sourced from:**\ **a) Gossypium hirsutum**\ b) Manihot esculenta\ c) Macrocystis pyrifera\ d) Plantago ovata\ **Explanation:** **Cotton [ ]**(Gossypium hirsutum) is a primary source of cellulose, the structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls. 38. **Inulin is also known as:**\ **a) Dahlia starch**\ b) Acacia gum\ c) Tragacanth\ d) Xanthan\ **Explanation:** Inulin, a type of fructosan, is also known as Dahlia starch and is used as a diagnostic aid for kidney function. 39. **What is the primary use of Pectin?**\ a) Plasma expander\ **b) Gelling agent**\ c) Laxative\ d) Suspended agent\ **Explanation:** Pectin is mainly used as a gelling agent, particularly in the preparation of **jams and jellies.** 40. **Which of the following gums is derived from Acacia senegal?**\ a) Tragacanth\ **b) Acacia gum**\ c) Guar gum\ d) Karaya gum\ **Explanation:** Acacia gum (Gum Arabic) is derived from the Acacia senegal tree and is used as a suspending agent. 41. **Which of the following is used as a bulk laxative?**\ **a) Psyllium seed**\ b) Acacia gum\ c) Agar\ d) Tragacanth\ **Explanation:** Psyllium seed is used as a bulk laxative due to its high fiber content. 42. **Which gum is obtained from the seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera?**\ a) Xanthan\ b) Carrageenan\ **c) Agar**\ d) Guar gum\ **Explanation:** Agar is derived from the red algae Macrocystis pyrifera and is used as a gelling agent. 43. **What is the primary use of Xanthan gum?**\ **a) Thickener**\ b) Antidiarrheal\ c) Plasma expander\ d) Bulk laxative\ **Explanation:** Xanthan gum is used as a thickening agent and stabilizer in various formulations. 44. **Which of the following gums is used to manage GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)?**\ a) Agar\ b) Tragacanth\ **c) Algin**\ d) Guar gum\ **Explanation:** Algin, derived from **brown algae**, is used to form a gel barrier to manage GERD. 45. **What is the source of Ghatti gum?**\ **a) Anogeissus latifolia**\ b) Sterculia urens\ c) Plantago ovata\ d) Gossypium hirsutum\ **Explanation:** Ghatti gum is sourced from the tree Anogeissus latifolia and is used as an **acacia gum substitute.** 46. **Which microbial gum is used as a plasma expander?**\ **a) Dextran**\ b) Xanthan\ c) Pectin\ d) Guar gum\ **Explanation:** Dextran is a microbial gum used as a plasma expander, especially in cases of blood loss. 47. **What is the iodine test result for glycogen?**\ a) Blue\ b) Red\ **c) Wine red**\ d) Yellow\ **Answer:** **c) Wine red**\ **Explanation:** The iodine test for glycogen yields a wine-red (mahogany red) color due to its structure. 48. **Which of the following is a characteristic of xanthan gum?**\ a) **It is water-soluble and used as a stabilizing agent**.\ b) It is a non-pseudoplastic gum.\ c) It is used primarily as a laxative.\ d) It is obtained from algae.\ **Explanation:** Xanthan gum is water-soluble and commonly used as a stabilizing agent in emulsions and suspensions. 49. **Which sugar is reduced to form Mannitol?**\ a) Glucose\ b) Fructose\ **c) Mannose**\ d) Sucrose\ **Explanation:** Mannitol is derived from the reduction of mannose and is used as an **osmotic diuretic.** 50. **What is the primary use of sorbitol?**\ a) As a plasma expander\ **b) As a laxative**\ c) As a diagnostic aid\ d) As an antidiarrheal\ **Explanation:** Sorbitol is used primarily as an osmotic laxative to relieve constipation 51. **What is Borntrager's Test used to detect?**\ A) Alkaloids\ **B) Anthraquinone glycosides**\ C) Saponins\ D) Tannins\ **Explanation:** Borntrager's Test detects anthraquinone glycosides, which are present in plants like **Senna and Cascara**. 52. **Which plant is commonly used as a [stimulant laxative?]**\ A) Aloe vera\ **B) Cascara Sagrada**\ C) Echinacea\ D) Ginseng\ **Explanation:** Cascara contains anthraquinones that stimulate bowel movement. 53. **What is Chrysarobin primarily used for?**\ A) Antibacterial agent\ **B) Keratolytic agent**\ C) Antioxidant\ D) Anti-inflammatory\ **Answer:** B) Keratolytic agent\ **Explanation:** Chrysarobin is used for skin conditions such as psoriasis but can cause tissue damage if misused. 54. **What is Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) mainly used for?**\ A) Antioxidant\ **B) Sweetening agent**\ C) Pain relief\ D) Laxative\ **Answer:** B) Sweetening agent\ **Explanation:** Glycyrrhiza glabra contains glycyrrhizin, a sweet compound that is used to mask the bitterness of medications. 55. **What is Dioscorea floribunda used to produce?**\ **A) Steroids**\ B) Alkaloids\ C) Vitamins\ D) Proteins\ **Explanation:** Dioscorea floribunda is used as a precursor for glucocorticoid synthesis. 56. **Which compound is found in Ginseng that provides its medicinal properties?**\ A) Flavonoids\ **B) Ginsenosides**\ C) Alkaloids\ D) Terpenoids\ **Explanation:** Ginsenosides are the primary active compounds in ginseng, known for their adaptogenic properties. 57.  **What is the main constituent of Wild Cherry (Prunus spp.)?**\ A) Glycosides\ **B) Amygdalin**\ C) Alkaloids\ D) Tannins\ **Answer:** B) Amygdalin\ **Explanation:** Amygdalin can be converted into cyanide, which is toxic in high doses. 58. **Where is Laetrile found?**\ **A) Apricots**\ B) Grapes\ C) Apples\ D) Strawberries\ **Explanation:** Laetrile is derived from amygdalin found in apricots and has been marketed as **a cancer treatment.** 59. **What toxin is present in Cassava?**\ A) Saponins\ **B) Cyanogenic glycosides**\ C) Alkaloids\ D) Flavonoids\ **Explanation:** Improperly prepared cassava can release cyanide, which is toxic. 60. **What is the glycoside found in black mustard?**\ **A) Sinigrin**\ B) Ephedrine\ C) Ginsenoside\ D) Tannic acid\ **Explanation:** Sinigrin is converted to allyl isothiocyanate, which is used in the food industry for its pungency. 61. **What medicinal property does Garlic (Allium sativum) possess?**\ A) Hypoglycemic\ B) Antihypertensive\ C) Antioxidant\ **D) Hypolipidemic**\ **Explanation:** Garlic contains allicin, which is known to lower cholesterol levels. 62. **What compound is present in Willow Bark that is used to treat pain?**\ A) Aspirin\ **B) Salicin**\ C) Ephedrine\ D) Ginsenoside\ **Answer:** B) Salicin\ **Explanation:** Salicin is metabolized to salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. 63. **What is the main use of Vanilla bean?**\ **A) Flavorant**\ B) Antioxidant\ C) Laxative\ D) Antiseptic\ **Explanation:** Vanilla beans contain vanillin, widely used in flavoring food and fragrances. 64. **Which plant is known for its diuretic properties, especially for urinary tract infections?**\ **A) Bearberry**\ B) Ginseng\ C) Aloe Vera\ D) Echinacea\ **Explanation:** Bearberry contains arbutin, which helps in treating urinary tract infections. 65. **What is the main component of Tonka bean?**\ A) Saponins\ **B) Coumarin**\ C) Tannins\ D) Alkaloid\ **Explanation:** Tonka bean contains coumarin, used in perfumes and flavoring agents. 66. **What is Cantharidin commonly used for?**\ A) As a stimulant laxative\ **B) As a vesicant**\ C) As an analgesic\ D) As an antibacterial agent\ **Answer:** B) As a vesicant\ **Explanation:** Cantharidin causes blistering and is used in treating warts and other skin conditions. 67. **What is Jojoba oil primarily used for?**\ **A) As an emollient**\ B) As a laxative\ C) As a flavoring agent\ D) As a muscle relaxant\ **Explanation:** Jojoba oil is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a moisturizer. 68. **What is Carnauba wax primarily used for?**\ **A) Cosmetics**\ B) Food preservation\ C) Candle making\ D) Wood polish\ **Explanation:** Carnauba wax is used in cosmetics, especially as a **[binding agent]**. 69. **What toxic compound is present in flaxseed oil?**\ A) Cyanogenic glycosides\ B) Flavonoids\ **C) Linamarin**\ D) Alkaloids\ **Explanation:** Linamarin can release cyanide, which is toxic if the seeds are improperly prepared. 70. **Which plant is known for having antioxidant properties and is used in herbal medicine?**\ A) Ginseng\ B) Garlic\ **C) Green tea**\ D) Echinacea\ **Explanation:** Green tea contains catechins, which have potent antioxidant effects. 71. **What is the main compound found in Black Cohosh?**\ A) Glycosides\ **B) Isoflavones**\ C) Alkaloids\ D) Flavonoids\ **Explanation:** Black Cohosh contains isoflavones that have estrogenic effects. 72. **Which plant is used to treat skin burns and wounds?**\ **A) Aloe vera**\ B) Lavender\ C) Calendula\ D) Echinacea\ **Explanation:** Aloe vera has soothing and healing properties for burns and wounds. 73. **What is the primary benefit of Echinacea?**\ **A) Immunostimulant**\ B) Antipyretic\ C) Analgesic\ D) Antioxidant\ **Explanation:** Echinacea is often used to enhance the immune system, especially for colds and infections. 74. **Which of the following is a property of Turmeric (Curcuma longa)?**\ A) Antioxidant\ B) Antiviral\ C) Antibacterial\ **D) Anti-inflammatory**\ **Explanation:** Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. 75. **Which active compound in St. John's Wort is associated with its medicinal use?**\ **A) Hypericin**\ B) Curcumin\ C) Ginsenoside\ D) Alkaloids\ **Answer:** A) Hypericin\ **Explanation:** Hypericin is the active compound in St. John\'s Wort, used for its antidepressant effects. 76. **Which herb is used to reduce stress and anxiety?**\ A) Ginseng\ **B) Valerian**\ C) Echinacea\ D) Lavender\ **Answer:** B) Valerian\ **Explanation:** Valerian root is commonly used to alleviate anxiety and promote relaxation. 77. **What is the primary benefit of Gingko biloba?**\ A) Improves digestion\ **B) Enhances memory and cognitive function**\ C) Lowers blood pressure\ D) Boosts immunity\ **Explanation:** Gingko biloba is widely used to improve memory and cognitive performance. 78. **Which compound in Olive oil is responsible for its health benefits?**\ **A) Oleocanthal**\ B) Linoleic acid\ C) Palmitic acid\ D) Stearic acid\ **Explanation:** Oleocanthal is a phenolic compound in olive oil with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. 79. **What is the active compound in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) known for its medicinal effects?**\ A) Curcumin\ **B) Gingerol**\ C) Eucalyptol\ D) Caffeine\ **Answer:** B) Gingerol\ **Explanation:** Gingerol has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and is often used to relieve nausea. 80. **Which plant is used to help with digestion and alleviate bloating?**\ **A) Peppermint**\ B) Aloe vera\ C) Ginseng\ D) Echinacea\ **Explanation:** Peppermint helps relieve digestive discomfort and bloating. 81. **Which of the following is a commonly used herb for treating insomnia?**\ A) Ginseng\ **B) Chamomile**\ C) Turmeric\ D) Echinacea\ **Explanation:** Chamomile is a gentle herb that promotes relaxation and sleep. 82. **What is the active compound in Licorice responsible for its medicinal effects?**\ **A) Glycyrrhizin**\ B) Salicylic acid\ C) Ephedrine\ D) Curcumin\ **Explanation:** Glycyrrhizin has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. 83. **Which of these plants is a natural remedy for colds and respiratory infections?**\ **A) Echinacea**\ B) Ginseng\ C) Lavender\ D) Aloe vera\ **Explanation:** Echinacea is commonly used to boost the immune system and fight colds. 84. **Which herb is used to treat nausea and vomiting?**\ **A) Ginger**\ B) Valerian\ C) Chamomile\ D) Lavender\ **Explanation:** Ginger has been shown to effectively relieve nausea and vomiting 85.