English Study Sheet Grade 10 PDF

ENGLISH EXAM STUDY SHEET Literacy devices: alliteration – sound device; repetition of initial (beginning) consonant sounds antagonist – the character in a narrative or play who is in conflict with the main character; an antagonist may not even be a person -- or may be the same person as the main c...

ENGLISH EXAM STUDY SHEET Literacy devices: alliteration – sound device; repetition of initial (beginning) consonant sounds antagonist – the character in a narrative or play who is in conflict with the main character; an antagonist may not even be a person -- or may be the same person as the main character antecedent – the noun that a pronoun refers back to in a sentence or closely related sentences apostrophe – addressing someone or something, usually not present, as though present. E.g.: “ Death, be not Proud.” A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something non-human. Often, apostrophe is to a god, ghost, or some supernatural thing, like Death, Night, or Fate. It may also be to a person, if the person isn’t there, or if the speaker doesn’t think the person is there. ----AP exam literature often contains this device archetype – a character or plot element known throughout all cultures and time periods (examples, the quest, the wise old man, the tyrannical king, the temptress, etc. arguments – assertions made based on facts, statistics, logical reasoning, hard evidence, etc. A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s ideas or actions aside – a statement delivered by an actor in such a way that the other characters on stage are presumed not to have heard him assonance – similarity or repetition of a vowel sound in two or more words, especially in a line of verse. Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Bells” contains numerous examples: short e in “Hear the mellow wedding bells…” and the long o in “…the molten-golden notes” attitude – a person’s opinion or way of thinking. Examines the author’s attitude to his subject and to his audience. autobiography – author’s own life story; first-person account bildungsroman – this is a coming-of-age novel that recounts the development of its protagonist from youth to maturity. The main character discovers his place in the world as a result blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter; metrical verse with no ending rhyme (Shakespeare) cacophony – a combination of harsh, unpleasant sounds which create an effect of discordance (pus, vomit). Its opposite is euphony characterization – the method a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character in a literary work. Personality may be revealed (1) by what the character says about himself or herself; (2) by what others reveal about the character; and (3) by the character's own actions chronological ordering – arrangement in the order in which things occur; may move from past to present or in reverse chronological order, from present to past. colloquial expressions – informal, not always grammatically correct expressions that find acceptance in certain geographical areas and within certain groups of people—e.g.: Southerners saying “Ya’ll.” Words and phrases used in everyday speech but avoided in formal writing-- e.g. “Kent was bummed out about his algebra grade” instead of “Kent was upset about his algebra grade.” See vernacular or slang. comedy – a work which strives to provoke smiles and laughter comic relief – something of humor interrupts an otherwise serious, often tragic, literary work comparison/contrast – comparison involves showing the similarities between two things while contrast shows their differences complement – the part of a sentence that comes after a subject and verb and completes the thought (see direct and indirect objects, predicate nouns and predicate adjectives—grammar) complication – the part of a plot in which the entanglement caused by the conflict is developed conflict – a struggle between opposing forces: person versus person; person versus nature; person versus him or herself conjunction – part of speech used to link words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or, nor) connect independent clauses. Subordinate conjunctions connect a subordinate clause to an independent clause, a complete thought connective or transition – word or phrase that links ideas, sentences, or paragraphs together to create logical organization in writing—may be one word “also,” a phrase “along with___,” or a subordinate clause crisis – the climax or turning point of a story or play (may have more than one crisis when there are several almost-equal major characters) crux – the most crucial line(s) in a poem or prose passage, the part that best shows the main point denouement – the resolution of a plot after the climax dialect – speech peculiar to a region; exhibits distinctions between two groups or even two persons. Dialects in this country are peculiar to various regions (Newfoundland, Montréal, etc.) dialogue – conversation between two or more characters, usually set off with quotation marks diction – an author’s choice of words—i.e., simple, sophisticated, colloquial, formal, or informal. Note that diction needs an adjective - ____________ diction direct object – noun complement that comes after an action verb in an English sentence drama – story performed by actors on a stage dramatic irony – irony in which characters use words which mean one thing to them but another to those who understand the situation better ellipsis – in grammar, the omission of a word or words necessary for complete construction but understood in context—“If (it is) possible, (you) come early.” The sign (...) that something has been left out of a quotation: “To be or not...that is the question.” (Emily Dickinson uses a dash (—) for ellipsis.) epic- a long narrative, usually written in elevated language, which relates the adventures of a hero upon whom rests the fate of a nation epiphany – an awakening; a sudden understanding or burst of insight; key moment in Greek plays euphemism – substitute word(s) that sounds better than another (lingerie instead of underwear); the use of inoffensive or neutral words to describe a harsher, more serious concept euphony – a quality of style marked by pleasing, harmonious sounds (e.g. the word “butterfly”), the opposite of cacophony exposition – the introductory material which sets the tone, gives the setting, introduces the characters, and supplies necessary facts explication – an analysis of the a piece of writing, looking at all facets of its creation fable – a tale in which beasts behave like humans; it usually communicates a moral fairy tale – a fictional tale, marked by fantasy and magic, often appealing to the imagination falling action – everything that happens in plot between the climax or crisis and the denouement farce – a totally ridiculous comedy; a light dramatic composition that uses highly improbable situations, stereotyped characters, exaggerations, and violence figurative language – writing or speech not meant to be taken literally figure of speech; states something that is not literally true in order to create an effect. Similes, metaphors and personification are figures of speech based on comparisons. Metonymy, synecdoche, apostrophe, oxymoron, and hyperbole are other figures of speech first person – subjective narrator point of view when a character relays a narrative using “I” flashback – a device by which an author can present action or scenes that occurred before the opening scene in a work flat character – a character who is not fully developed by an author; character who has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at the most a few distinguishing marks foil – character who provides a contrast to another character, thus emphasizing the other’s traits folk tale – a story which has been composed orally and then passed down by word of mouth foreshadowing – the arrangement and presentation of events and information in such a way that prepare for later events in a work form – the structure, shape, pattern, organization, or style of a piece of literature free verse – unrhymed poetry with lines of varying lengths, containing no specific metrical pattern genre – a specific kind or category of literature, e.g., mystery story, sonnet, romance novel gothic – a form of literature in which magic, mystery, horrors and chivalry abound grotesque – focuses on physically or mentally (warped, deluded, mentally challenged) impaired characters hero/heroine – main character who has strength or moral character, a noble cause humor – writing whose purpose it is to evoke some kind of laughter hyperbole – exaggeration for effect and emphasis, overstatement idioms – expressions that do not translate exactly into what a speaker means; idioms are culturally relevant; when a person uses an idiomatic expression, he or she truly "thinks" in the language imagery – devices which appeal to the senses: visual, tactile, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, kinetic; a group of words that create a mental “picture” (e.g.: animal, water, death, plant, decay, war, etc.); devices which appeal to the senses: visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, kinetic indirect object – noun complement used after an action verb, with implied “to” or “for” before it inverted sentence/inversion – reversing the normal subject - verb - complement order irony – surprising, amusing, or interesting contrast between reality and expectation juxtaposition – the positioning of ideas or images side by side for emphasis or to show contrast—e.g.: In Romeo & Juliet, love and hate are juxtaposed as the two teenagers’ love is forced into the same arena as the families’ hatred or “foolish, mulish, religious donkeys.” legend – a widely told tale about the past, one that may have a foundation in fact line – unit of poetic verse. When writing verse in prose, use a / to indicate when lines change. literary devices – another term for figures of speech/figurative language lyrical – emotional writing showing author’s ardent expression metaphor – a figure of speech wherein a comparison is made between two unlike quantities without the use of the words “like” or “as.” Jonathan Edwards, in his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” has this to say about the moral condition of his parishioners: “There are the black clouds of God’s wrath now hanging directly over your heads, full of the dreadful storm and big with thunder.” mood – is often defined as being synonymous with atmosphere, with tone, or with both narrative – a story narrator – speaker or persona, the one who tells a story (see point of view). Reliable narrator: everything this narrator says is true, and the narrator knows everything that is necessary to the story. Unreliable narrator: may not know all the relevant information; may be intoxicated or mentally ill; may lie to the audience novel – an extended prose narrative omniscient – see narrator point of view onomatopoeia – the use of a word to represent or to imitate natural sounds. E.g.: sizzle, buzz, pop, hiss organization – the way a passage is structured or put together. The most common method is chronological organization oxymoron – technique used to produce an effect by a seeming self-contradiction. E.G. cruel kindness, jumbo shrimp paradox – a statement which contains seemingly contradictory elements or appears contrary to common sense, yet can be seen as perhaps true when viewed from another angle, such as Alexander Pope’s statement that a literary critic would “damn with faint praise” or “That I may rise, and stand, o’erthrow me” or “The more you know, the more you know you don’t know.” paraphrase – a restatement of an idea in such a way as to retain the meaning while changing the diction and form parody – ludicrous imitation, usually for comic effect but sometimes for ridicule, of the style and content of another work. The humor depends upon the reader's familiarity with the original pathos – from the Greek for “emotion” or “suffering,” a quality in a work that makes the reader experience pity, sorrow, or tenderness periodic sentence – saves the subject and verb of the independent clause until the end of the sentence—E.g.: “Having been strolling across the playground, and having come from behind a deserted house, the small child emerged slowly.” personification – figure of speech in which inanimate objects are given qualities of speech and/or movement. E.g.: Carl Sandburg’s “Chicago”: “Stormy, husky, brawling, / City of the big shoulders.” playwright – a person who writes a play; it is NOT the play itself plot – the structure of a story or the sequence in which the author arranges events. The structure of a five-act play often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the resolution point of view – the narrator or speaker’s perspective from which story is told. Point of view is the perspective from which a narrative is presented; it is analogous to the point from which the camera sees the action in cinema. The two main points of view are those of the third-person narrator, who stands outside the story itself, and the first-person narrator, who participates in the story. The first type always uses third-person pronouns (“he,” “she,” “they”), while the latter narrator also ​ ​ (CONTINUED) uses the first-person (“I” or “we”). An objective third person narrator can relay only occurrences outside the characters' thoughts--like dialogue and actions. An omniscient third person narrator sees into people’s thoughts, as evidenced by words like “they knew deep down that they were wrong” or “remembering the past, she shivered in fear.” If you can see many of the characters’ thoughts, the narrator’s point of view is omniscient. If you only see through the point of eyes of one person (“She thought”; “He felt”), then the vantage point is limited omniscient. Second person view is the use of indefinite “you” or the placement of the reader within the story to involve him or her on a deep level--like the children’s Choose Your Own Adventure tales. This type of vantage point only occurs occasionally for effect predicate nominative (or noun) – complement that comes after a linking verb, linking to the subject, e.g. Bob became a salesman. prose – all forms of written expression not having a regular rhythmical pattern protagonist – the main character in a story pun – a play on words wherein a word is used to convey two meanings at the same time. The line below, spoken by Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet, is an example of a pun. Mercutio has just been stabbed, knows he is dying and says: “Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.” repetition – repeating some part of a passage for effect resolution – the part of a story or drama which occurs after the climax and which establishes a new norm, a new state of affairs - the way things are going to be from then on rhyme – is the similarity of likeness of sound existing between two words. Perfect or true rhyme consists of identical sounding syllables (fun – run). Imperfect or slant rhyme is based on an imperfect correspondence of end syllable sounds (love – move). End rhyme consists of the similarity occurring at the end of two or more lines of verse. Internal rhyme consists of the similarity occurring between two or more words in the same line of verse (“On a Christmas Day we were mushing our way over the Dawson Trail”). Masculine rhyme occurs when one syllable of a word rhymes with another word (bend – send). Feminine rhyme occurs when more than one syllable of a word rhymes with another word (showers – flowers). rhythm – the metrical or rhythmical pattern in a poem rising action – the development of conflict leading to a crisis; the second section of the typical plot, in which the main character begins to grapple with the story’s main conflict; the rising action contains several events which usually are arranged in an order of increasing importance romance – works having extravagant characters, remote or exotic settings, adventure, magic, chivalry, and love round character – a fully developed character; character who is complex, multi-dimensional, and convincing sarcasm – the caustic and heavy use of apparent praise for dispraise scene – short division within an act in a play; a particular setting in any work of literature second person – the narrator uses “you” as the narrator telling the story setting – the place(s) and time(s) of the story, including the historical period, social milieu of the characters, geographical location, descriptions of indoor and outdoor locales, etc. short story – also called tale. Has many of the same characteristics as the novel but details are arranged to achieve a single effect, with action moving rapidly and with minimal complication or detail of setting. The significant characteristics of the protagonist’s life are revealed economically through a central incident simile – a figure of speech which takes the form of a comparison between two unlike quantities for which a basis for comparison can be found, and which uses the words “like” or “as” in the comparison, e.g. “clear as frost on the grass-blade” slang – expressions that are usually fleeting and may or may not be particular to a certain region or group. See colloquial expression and vernacular soliloquy – a long speech made by a character who is alone on the stage in which he reveals his innermost thoughts and feelings stanza – a related group of lines in a poem, equivalent to a paragraph in prose static character – a character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as s/he was at the beginning stereotype – a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that one aspect (such as gender, age, ethnicity, religion, race) determines what humans are like and so is accompanied by certain traits, actions, and even value structure – the planned framework for a piece of literature style – a writer’s typical way of expressing himself; the way writers assemble words and the choice of words in the service of content subordinate (dependent) clause – not as important as the main sentence; alone, it stands as a fragment (When I was young) subordinate conjunction – a word that links an adverb dependent clause to the main sentence (words like “although,” “unless,” “while,” “because,” “if,” etc.) sweeping generalization – a broad and general statement that cannot be proven easily symbol – anything that stands for or represents anything else symbolism – using an image to represent an idea. E.G.: Storms often symbolize impending disaster, red rose = love, dove = peace, black cat = bad luck syntax – the arrangement of words in a sentence (sentence structure), the grammar of a sentence theme – an ingredient of a literary work which gives the work unity. The theme provides an answer to the question, “What is the work about?” Unlike plot, which deals with the action of a work, theme concerns itself with a work’s message or contains the general idea of a work and is worded in a complete sentence thesis – the statement of the main position in an essay or speech; defines scope or answers the prompt tone – expresses the author’s attitude toward his or her subject. Tone refers to those techniques and modes of presentation that reveal or create attitude – watch for tone shifts tragedy – depicts the downfall or destruction of a character tragic flaw – a tragic flaw or error in judgment Transitional adverb – an adverb or adverbial phrase that acts as a connective: however, therefore, in addition, consequently, etc. voice – the “speaker” or narrator, the person—and the style—of the one who tells the story 📖 Elements of a Story 📖 ⛰️ Exposition ⛰️ The story begins with the exposition, where we're introduced to the characters and the setting. This sets the stage for the events to come. The exposition provides background information, introducing the characters, setting, and initial situation. 💥 Conflict 💥 Next, a conflict or a significant problem is introduced. This is the central struggle that drives the plot forward. The conflict is the main problem or challenge that the characters face. It can be internal (within a character) or external (between characters or with the environment). 📈 Rising Action 📈 As the characters try to resolve the conflict, we enter the rising action. This is a period of increasing tension and suspense, where the conflict intensifies. Rising action is the series of events that build suspense and lead to the climax. 💥 Climax 💥 The climax is the most exciting part of the story, where the conflict reaches its peak. This is often a turning point in the story. The climax is the point of highest tension or excitement in the story, often a turning point. 📉 Falling Action 📉 After the climax, the falling action occurs. The tension decreases, and the consequences of the climax are explored. Falling action is the series of events that follow the climax, leading to the resolution. 🤝 Resolution 🤝 The resolution is the conclusion of the story. Loose ends are tied up, and the conflict is resolved. Characters may reflect on their experiences. The resolution is the conclusion of the story, where the conflict is resolved and loose ends are tied up. 🚀 TLP: Starbound - A Case Study 🚀 Let's apply these elements to a reimagined version of Three Little Pigs, titled TLP: Starbound: Exposition: Setting: The future, in space. Characters: Three little pigs. Conflict: The notorious space pirate, Captain Wolf (part robot, with a cybernetic eye), wants to destroy the pigs' spaceships and eat them. Rising Action: Captain Wolf attacks the straw spaceship; the pig escapes. Captain Wolf attacks the