ENGLISH Q2 PDF

Research | recerchier – to look and search for an answer; knowledge – A systematic and scientific process that is careful, critical and discipline-based Quantitative Research – use of deductive approach aimed in proving, disproving or lending credence. - Measures variables, tests relationships,...

Research | recerchier – to look and search for an answer; knowledge – A systematic and scientific process that is careful, critical and discipline-based Quantitative Research – use of deductive approach aimed in proving, disproving or lending credence. - Measures variables, tests relationships, reveals patterns Qualitative Research – inductive method aimed at generating knowledge; explaining, describing and exploring. Mixed Method – research that integrates both qualitative and quantitative process. Primary Sources | first hand or eye witness - Diary, interview, manuscripts, letter, raw data, photographs, speeches, court records Secondary Sources | second hand - Newspaper report, biography, textbook, dictionary, encyclopedias, criticism Campaigns – set of activities, planned thoroughly, which people execute and carry out over a period of time in order to attain something Advocacies – planned, deliberate with a sustained effort that raises awareness on a particular issue. Different terminologies or languages used in research: 1. Questionnaire – set of questions used in gathering relative information - checklist; open-ended question or interview 2. Thesis Statement – expressing the proposition, argument or view. It tells the reader the main point or claim of the study. 3. Hedging – use of linguistic devices to express hesitation or uncertainty (appear to be, suggest, believe) 4. Cultural Mapping – use of research methods and techniques, including tools to identify, describe, promote and plan future use of particular regions or cites’ combined cultural assets and resources. 5. Interviewing – to gether maximum information from the respondent through conversational practice; interviewer and interviewee. 6. APA (American Psychological Association) Style – style of writing and format for academic and scholarly papers; citing sources. 7. Literature Review – part of paper that discusses published information on a particular subject area. 8. Plagiarism – practice of taking someone’s work and ideas without proper acknowledgement. 9. IMRAD (Introduction, Method, Result, Discussion) – organization of scientific articles that follows a standardized pattern 10. Hypothesis – assumption, supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence Argumentative Essay – presents arguments about the two sides of an issue; objectively and logically. Characteristics: - Presents and explains the issue or case - Gives reasons and supports these reasons to prove its point - Refutes opposing arguments Parts of an Argumentative Essay: 1. Exposition – introduces the problem and gives the background information needed for the argument and thesis statement. To persuade a reader by presenting one side of an argument. 2. Body Part 1 - Evidence – contains the reasons and supporting details 3. Body Part 2 - Counter-Argument – statement that opposes your claim. 4. Body Part 3 - Rebuttal 5. Conclusion – Restatement of Position – restates the main claim and gives general statements that summarize the arguments and support the main premise. Reinforces an action on the part of the audience. Argument – where a number of points are generally presented, logically developed and supported. Modal Adverbs – usually, probable Conjunctions or Connectives – because, therefore, on the other hand Modal Verbs: Shall indicated simply futurity and obligation Should express past obligation Will express simple futurity and willingness Would Expresses invitation or past possibility Might Used in a reported speech for the past time May expresses future possibilities mixed with doubt and uncertainty. Assertion – stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident, and positive statement regarding a belief or fact. Types of Assertion: 1. Basic Assertion – simple and straightforward statement for expressing feelings, opinions and beliefs. Example: “Excuse me, I would like to finish what I’m saying.” 2. Emphatic Assertion – conveys sympathy to someone and usually has two parts: the first encompasses the recognition of the feelings or situations of the other person, and the second is a statement that shows support for the other person’s viewpoint, feelings, or rights. Example: “I know this is making you angry and frustrated because you have not gotten a response yet. But I can help you by giving an estimate of how long it might take.” 3. I-Language Assertion – involves the first person pronoun “I,” and is useful for expressing negative feelings. Description of behavior: “When you _____” How if affects your life: “It affects ______” Describe your feelings: “and I feel ______” Describe your desire: “Therefore, I would like ____” Example: “When you shout, it affects my work and I feel angry. Therefore, I would like you to stop shouting and tell me what you want.” Opinion – statements that express a writer’s feelings, attitudes or beliefs. They are on person’s view about a topic or issue. 1. Biased Words (bad, worse, worst, good, better, best, worthwhile, worthless)  2. Qualifiers (all, always, likely, never, might, seem, possible, probably, should) Example: “I think people should just follow the protocols of the DOH to avoid contracting the virus” Exposition | “exponere” (to put out, exhibit or explain) – act of demonstrating the knowledge and expertise of the writer on a certain topic. Purpose: To present one side of an argument and to persuade the reader to agree or to take action to solve the problem. - Essays - Editorials - Letters to the editor - Speeches Methods for Writing an Expository Essay: 1. Compare and Contrast – points out the similarities and differences between two things 2. Cause and Effect – explains the circumstances leading to an event or situation; may also predict what will happen as a result of a current situation. 3. Problem and Solution – presents an issue and proposes a possible solution 4. Extended Definition – attempts to explain a complex term. Language Features: Conjunctions – join one part of a sentence to another So, and so, because, therefore, if, and, but Modal Verbs – express the writer’s attitude to the topic Can, could, should, must, might Evaluative Languages – suggest the degree of approval Important, best, most, truth, largest, more Thinking verbs – what the person is thinking about Know, believe, feel, agreed Connective Words – firstly, for that reason, for example, as a consequence, because of this Structure of an Exposition: 1. Statement of Position – strong opening sentence that provokes your reader’s interest or captures your reader’s attention – overview of you thesis; providing a brief outline on the key points to be covered. 2. Argument – making a number of points and supporting reasons 3. Reinforcement of the Statement of Position – summing up your argument Public Speaking – form of oral communication that involves a speaker who delivers a message in front of a big audience. 1. Speaker – pertains to the person who uses his/her voice and non-verbal cues to convey the message in front  of the audience. 2. Message – refers to organized thoughts, information and ideas delivered verbally. To convince and inform. 3. Audience – the members of the audience are the receivers of the speech 4. Channel – the medium used by the speaker to deliver the message to the audience a. Non-verbal Channels – gestures, facial expressions, body movements b. Visual Channels – diagrams, drawings, graphs, videos, pictures c. Auditory Channels – tone of voice, distinctions, audio materials 5. Context – physical setting and time in which the event happens. Techniques for Effective Public Speaking 1. Consider the speech requirement 2. Know your audience 3. Organize your material 4. Practice 5. Use voice and gestures judiciously 6. Employ appropriate language 7. Conduct a survey of the environment 8. Watch for and ask for feedback Semiotics (how meaning is created through signs and symbols) Multimodal Texts – combination of two or more modes such as written and spoken language. a. Linguistic – vocabulary, structure, grammar of oral/written language b. Visual: color, vectors and viewpoint in still and moving images c. Audio: volume, pitch and rhythm of music and sound effects d. Gestural: movement, facial expression and body language e. Spatial: proximity, direction, position of layout, organization of objects in space. Types of Multimodal Texts: 1. Printed Multimodal Texts – include picture books, textbooks, graphic novels, comics, and posters, where meaning is conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of visual (still image) written language, and spatial modes. 2. Live Multimodal Texts – include dances, performances, and oral storytelling, which convey meaning through combinations of modes such as gestural, spatial, spoken language, and audio. 3. Digital Multimodal texts – include films, animation, slide shows, e-posters, digital stories, and web pages which convey meaning through combinations of written and spoken language, visual (still and moving image), audio, gestural and spatial modes. Complex – form of production for digital multimodal texts Simple – form of production for printed and live multimodal texts.