English Pointers PDF

ENGLISH POINTERS 1. Parallelism 2. Collocation 3. Linking words & cohesive devices 4. Verbal & non-verbal delivery Parallelism - known as parallel structures can you help you write with more fluidity and strength. Parallelism is a writing technique where similar parts of a...

ENGLISH POINTERS 1. Parallelism 2. Collocation 3. Linking words & cohesive devices 4. Verbal & non-verbal delivery Parallelism - known as parallel structures can you help you write with more fluidity and strength. Parallelism is a writing technique where similar parts of a sentence or series of sentences are structured the same way. It helps to create rhythm and make ideas easier to understand. For example: With parallelism: "I like reading, writing, and swimming." Without parallelism: "I like to read, writing, and to swim." In the first example, all the verbs ("reading," "writing," "swimming") are in the same form, making it clearer and more balanced. It’s often used in speech and writing to emphasize important ideas. Another example: Nouns With parallelism: "We need more time, more resources, and more support." Without parallelism: "We need more time, resources, and support." Verbs With parallelism: "She enjoys hiking, biking, and swimming." Without parallelism: "She enjoys to hike, biking, and swimming." Adjectives With parallelism: "The movie was exciting, funny, and touching." Without parallelism: "The movie was exciting, it was funny, and touching." Adverbs With parallelism: "He ran quickly, spoke loudly, and acted bravely." Without parallelism: "He ran quick, spoke loud, and bravely acted." More examples: Gerunds With parallelism: "Swimming, biking, and hiking are my favorite activities." Without parallelism: "Swimming, to bike, and hiking are my favorite activities." Noun Phrases With parallelism: "The quick fox, the lazy dog, and the curious cat all played together." Without parallelism: "The quick fox, a lazy dog, and the curious cat played together." Verb Phrases With parallelism: "She loves to read, to write, and to draw." Without parallelism: "She loves reading, writing, and to draw." Adverbial Phrases With parallelism: "He spoke softly, danced gracefully, and sang beautifully." Without parallelism: "He spoke softly, danced with grace, and sang beautiful." Gerund Phrases With parallelism: "Running every morning, eating healthy, and sleeping well are essential for good health." Without parallelism: "Running every morning, healthy eating, and to sleep well are essential for good health." Infinitive Phrases With parallelism: "To study hard, to practice regularly, and to stay focused are keys to success." Without parallelism: "To study hard, practicing regularly, and to stay focused are keys to success." Parallel structures - Parallel structure, or parallelism, is a grammatical and stylistic technique where parts of a sentence are expressed similarly, creating balance and rhythm in writing. Clauses can also be used to make parallel structures. SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT An independent clause has a subject and a verb - It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone like a sentence. - For example, in the sentence "I enjoy playing soccer," "I enjoy playing soccer" is the independent clause. It doesn’t depend on anything else to make sense. A subordinate or dependent clause - does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone though it has a subject and a verb.  - It cannot stand alone as a sentence. For example, in the sentence "Although it was raining," the clause "Although it was raining" is a dependent clause because it leaves you wanting more information. You would need an independent clause to complete the thought, like "Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk." Noun Clauses - A noun clause acts like a noun in a sentence. It can be a subject, an object, or a complement. - It contains a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Example: What she said surprised everyone. In this case, "What she said" is the subject of the verb "surprised." - Learners expressed that they were surviving education in the new normal but they did not say that they were having an easy time accomplishing their tasks. Adjective Clauses - An adjective clause describes a noun and usually starts with a relative pronoun like "who," "which," or "that." Example: The book that you gave me was fascinating. Here, "that you gave me" describes the noun "book." - This is a book that is easy to use and (that is) informative to learners. Adverb Clauses - An adverb clause modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, telling us when, where, why, or how something happens. It often starts with a subordinating conjunction like "because," "although," or "if." Example: I’ll call you when I get home. In this case, "when I get home" tells us when the action (calling) will happen. - Since the educational program was easy to operate and (because) it was highly interactive, student liked it so much. TYPES AND FUCTION OF COHESIVE DEVICES - Transition words are used as cohesive devices that can help you correct the ideas in your sentences and paragraphs. - also known as linking words or transition words, help connect ideas and ensure that writing flows smoothly. 1. Conjunctions - These words connect clauses or sentences. And: adds information. ○ Example: I like reading, and I enjoy writing. But: shows contrast. ○ Example: I wanted to go, but it was raining. Or: presents an alternative. ○ Example: Would you prefer tea or coffee? 2. Pronouns - These replace nouns to avoid repetition. Examples: he, she, it, they. ○ Example: Sarah loves music. She plays the guitar. 3. Adverbials -These provide additional information about how, when, where, or why something happens. Examples: however, therefore, in addition. ○ Example: It was raining; however, we went for a walk. 4. Lexical Cohesion -This involves using related words or phrases to link ideas. Examples: synonyms and antonyms. ○ Example: The child was happy. She smiled joyfully. 5. Referencing - This involves using words like "this," "that," "these," or "those" to refer back to something previously mentioned. Example: The book was great. That was my favorite part. 6. Substitution -This involves replacing a word or phrase with another to avoid repetition. Example: I have a car. It’s a fast one. 7. Transitions -These words or phrases help guide the reader through the text and indicate relationships between ideas. Examples: first, next, finally, on the other hand. ○ Example: First, we’ll discuss the problem. Next, we’ll look at solutions. Functions of Cohesive Devices Clarity: They help clarify relationships between ideas. Flow: They improve the overall flow of writing. Coherence: They create a logical connection between sentences and paragraphs. Transitions that show time and sequence Always Before (that time) Since (then) After (a while) Finally So far Afterward In the end Then As soon as Meanwhile (up to) (then) At first Later At last Next Somewhat earlier At (the same time) Immediately Shortly While Next Over the next (2days first,second, etc. Firstly, secondly, thirdly.. As long as Thereafter In the future last Concurrently Subsequently soon At that time Example : The drama had an old fashioned theme but at the same time combined modern production techniques. Transition that show place and position Above Inside Below On top Outside Behind Beyond Adjacent In front In the back Here There Nearby Near Closer to Elsewhere There Father on Opposite to Far To the right In between To the left Along side Example : she looked over the horizon for any sign though in the distance she could not see surprise coming her way Transitions that show comparison and contrast comparison Compared with Like Again In comparison with Likely Also In the same way/ Similarly At the same time manner likewise  contrast Besides Naturally Still But Nevertheless Whereas Conversely Of course While However On the contrary Yet In contrast On the other hand Although Instead Regardless Deespite It may be the case that Granted It is true that Certainly Unlike Notwithstanding otherwise Differently from By contrast alternatively despite Example: the children where happy. Likewise, their parents were very loving in proving good care. Sharing an Original mood speech Mood speech - intends to convey a particular emotion or feeling. - This means that you create a mood with your word induce a positive atmosphere over a negative one. - It influences how the audience feels and reacts to the message. Different moods can include joy, sadness, excitement, anger, or inspiration. Example: - How does it feel when you are depressed? - How can you describe the feeling of happiness? - What is your description of feeling angry? - You do not just enumerate synonyms about these feeling like “burned out”, “joyful”, or “outraged”, but instead focusing on physiological, mental, phychological, and social aspects. Example: Physiological Weak Strong Restless Mental Slow thinking Lack of focus Confusion Physiological Joyless Hating self Confidence Social Rejected Accepted Friendless EXPLORING OTHER TYPES OF COHESIVE DEVICES - Remember that suh cohesive devices are either single words or phrases that connect the ideas in sentences or paragraphs. OTHER TYPES OF COHESIVE DEVICES Transition that limit and function of cohesive devices  Exemplification As (evidence of..) Such as For example To siw what (i mean) For instabce Specifically Thus Let us (take the case of..) To illustrate chiefly Example : My family drove to bauio chiefly to avoid the summer heat. Transition that assert a truth or acknowledge opposition Concession Surely Granted that Of course In fact Naturally It may be case that Although it is true that It is true that No doubt It may appear I admit that doubtless Regardless Conceding that certainly Example : it is true that regardless of culture, people must show respect for others rights. Other types of transitions Inference If not,... Otherwise Then In (that) case That implies summary / conclusion In all In short On the whole In brief In conclusion to sum up To summarize Therefore basically In summary In a nutshell result Accordingly For that reason Then  As a result Hence Therefore Consequently Thus The (consequence) of that is Since If……then Is due ti As a consequence of.. result(s) in Brought about by/because caused Contribute to Lead to In consequence Example : highway came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning.