English Exam Notes PDF

English exam notes Short stories Setting ​ Place: Where the story occurs (location). ​ Time: When the story occurs (historical period, time of day, etc.). ​ Weather: Conditions like rainy, sunny, or stormy. ​ Social Conditions: Daily li...

English exam notes Short stories Setting ​ Place: Where the story occurs (location). ​ Time: When the story occurs (historical period, time of day, etc.). ​ Weather: Conditions like rainy, sunny, or stormy. ​ Social Conditions: Daily life, local color (speech, customs, dress). ​ Mood: Emotional tone at the start, e.g., cheerful or dark. Characters ​ Protagonist: The central figure driving the story. ​ Antagonist: Person/force opposing the protagonist. Character Types ​ Round: Well-developed with depth. (we know about them but they dont really change) ​ Dynamic: Changes due to story events. ​ Flat: Simple, with little detail. ​ Static: Stays the same throughout. Characterization ​ Physical appearance, actions, thoughts, feelings, and reactions of others (indirect characterization). Plot 1.​ Exposition: Introduces setting, atmosphere, and key characters. 2.​ Initiating Event: Sparks the conflict; shapes the story. 3.​ Rising Action: Events building tension and conflict. 4.​ Climax: The story’s peak and most exciting moment. 5.​ Denouement: Resolves conflicts and ties up loose ends. Conflict ​ Human vs. Human: Physical struggle against others. ​ Human vs. Nature: Struggle against natural forces. ​ Human vs. Society: Struggle against societal norms. ​ Human vs. Self: Internal, psychological conflict. Point of View (POV) ​ First Person: Told by a character using “I.” ​ Innocent Eye: From a child’s perspective. ​ Stream of Consciousness: Inside a character’s thoughts. ​ Omniscient: All-knowing narrator. ​ Limited Omniscient: Focused on one character’s viewpoint. ​ Objective: Neutral, like a camera recording events. Theme The theme of a story is the underlying message or central idea that the author wants to convey, often revealed through the plot, characters, and symbols. It can reflect universal truths or life lessons, such as friendship, hope, or overcoming challenges, and is often explored through elements like the title, symbols, and figurative language. Figurative Language ​ Simile: Comparison using “like” or “as.” ​ Metaphor: Direct comparison without “like” or “as.” ​ Personification: Giving human traits to nonhuman things. ​ Hyperbole: Exaggeration for effect. ​ Alliteration: Repeated initial consonant sounds. ​ Onomatopoeia: Words mimicking sounds. ​ Oxymoron: Contradictory terms combined. ​ Symbolism: Symbols with deeper meanings. ​ Idiom: Phrases with non-literal meanings. ​ Imagery: Sensory, descriptive language. On the Sidewalk Bleeding - Summary Setting ​ Place: An alley in an unnamed city. ​ Time: Night, likely 1950s or 1960s. ​ Weather: Light rain adds to the cold, desolate atmosphere. ​ Social Conditions: Gang violence and division define the community. ​ Mood: Bleak, tense, and somber, with a sense of helplessness. Characters ​ Protagonist: Andy, a 16-year-old gang member reflecting on his life as he dies. ​ Antagonists: The Guardians gang and society's apathy, which reduce Andy to his gang identity. Characterization ​ Andy regrets joining the Royals and dreams of a different life. ​ He removes his purple jacket, symbolically reclaiming his individuality, but bystanders and a cop see him only as "a Royal." Character Types ​ Round/Dynamic: Andy undergoes internal change. ​ Flat/Static: Bystanders and the Guardians dont have depth or growth. Plot ​ Exposition: Andy, stabbed by the Guardians, lies bleeding. ​ Initiating Event: The attack happens because of his Royals jacket. ​ Rising Action: Andy reflects on his choices and longs to be more than a gang member. ​ Climax: He removes the jacket but realizes he will die. ​ Denouement: A cop finds him and dismisses him as "just a Royal." Conflict ​ Human vs. Society: Andy struggles against societal labels (getting ignored for being a royal.) ​ Human vs. Self: He wishes he never joined the royals and he is filled with regret and a desire for individuality. Point of View ​ Limited omniscient, focusing on Andy’s thoughts only. Themes ​ Identity and Labels: Society reduces individuals to stereotypes. ​ Consequences of Violence: Gang violence leads to senseless tragedy. ​ Human Apathy: Bystanders ignore suffering. ​ Search for Individuality: Andy wants to be remembered as himself, not a gang member. The Stolen Party - Summary Setting ​ Place: Luciana’s wealthy home during a birthday party. ​ Time: A single day in modern times (likely the 1980s). ​ Weather: Unspecified, likely pleasant for a party. ​ Social Conditions: Highlights class divisions and their impact, even among children. ​ Mood: Starts joyful but shifts to somber as Rosaura confronts inequality. Characters ​ Protagonist: Rosaura, a poor girl excited to attend a party, not knowing how people really think of her ​ Antagonist: Class separations and societal norms that stop Rosaura from being accepted. Characterization ​ Rosaura is proud to help at the party, believing her contributions are valued. ​ She realizes her role as "the maid’s daughter" when Luciana’s mother gives her money instead of a gift, revealing the class divide. Character Types ​ Round/Dynamic: Rosaura grows from innocent excitement to painful awareness. ​ Flat/Static: Luciana and her mother represent societal attitudes, remaining unchanged. Plot ​ Exposition: Rosaura’s mother warns her about class separations, but Rosaura is eager to attend. ​ Initiating Event: Rosaura arrives, feeling included.  ​ Rising Action: She enjoys the party, winning games and helping out, feeling important. ​ Climax: Luciana’s mother gives Rosaura money instead of a gift, making her realize she was seen as a servant. ​ Denouement: Rosaura is heartbroken, realizing the social separation overshadowed her friendship. Conflict ​ Human vs. Society: Rosaura struggles against societal norms and class discrimination. ​ Human vs. Self: She confronts the painful truth about her social status. Point of View ​ Limited omniscient, focusing on Rosaura’s thoughts and emotions. Themes ​ Class and Social Inequality: Barriers created by wealth divide relationships. ​ Innocence and Disillusionment: Rosaura’s loss of innocence highlights harsh societal realities. ​ Exploitation of the Poor: Rosaura’s efforts are taken for granted as the work of "the maid’s daughter." ​ Illusion of Friendship: The story critiques the fragility of relationships across class lines. The Pedestrian Setting ​ Place: A dystopian city in America, marked by deserted streets and homes glowing with television light. ​ Time: Set in 2053, a futuristic period dominated by technological control. ​ Weather Conditions: A chilly November evening, adding to the eerie atmosphere. ​ Social Conditions: Technology isolates people, who no longer interact or engage with the outside world, creating a disconnected and conformist society. ​ Mood: The atmosphere is eerie and desolate, creating a sense of unease and oppression. Characters ​ Protagonist:​ Leonard Mead, a reflective, solitary man who resists societal norms by enjoying nightly walks.​ ​ Antagonist:​ Society itself, symbolized by the robotic police car that enforces conformity and suppresses individuality.​ Characterization ​ Leonard Mead’s Appearance: Ordinary, likely middle-aged, dressed for quiet walking. ​ Thoughts and Feelings: Nostalgic for a time when human connection and outdoor activity were valued; he rejects the passive life dictated by technology. ​ Actions: Leonard walks alone each night, a defiant act of individuality. ​ Reactions: Society, through the police car, sees Leonard’s behavior as abnormal, leading to his detainment. Character Types ​ Round Characters: Leonard Mead, with his nuanced thoughts and resistance to conformity. ​ Flat Characters: The robotic police car, representing a monolithic, faceless authority. ​ Static Characters: Society, which remains oppressive and unchanging. Plot 1.​ Exposition: Leonard Mead is introduced walking alone in a silent, futuristic city. 2.​ Initiating Event: Society’s view of Leonard’s nightly walks as abnormal becomes evident. 3.​ Rising Action: Leonard reflects on societal changes and the loss of human interaction while continuing his solitary habit. 4.​ Climax: Confrontation with the robotic police car, which deems Leonard’s behavior deviant. 5.​ Denouement: Leonard is taken to the "Psychiatric Center for Research on Regressive Tendencies," symbolizing the ultimate rejection of individuality. Conflict  ​ Human vs. Society: Leonard’s individuality clashes with a conformist, oppressive society. ​ Human vs. Technology: Leonard doesn't like how technology is taking over the world and dehumanising humanity. Point of View ​ Third Person Limited Omniscient: The narration focuses on Leonard Mead’s thoughts and experiences, offering insight into his perspective. Theme ​ Dehumanizing Effects of Technology: A critique of technology replacing human connection and creativity. ​ Conformity vs. Individuality: Leonard symbolizes individuality in a rigidly conformist society. ​ Isolation and Loneliness: Emphasizes the emotional and social isolation caused by technological obsession. ​ Loss of Freedom: The police car represents the suppression of personal freedom and creativity in a controlled society. Alike - (the little boy who had color then didn't) Setting ​ Place: A rigid, geometric city dominated by monotony, where individuality is stifled. ​ Time: Abstract and timeless, emphasizing universal themes. ​ Weather Conditions: Implied sterility complements the oppressive tone. ​ Social Conditions: Conformist society prioritizes productivity over individuality and creativity. ​ Mood: Transitions from bleak and monotonous to hopeful and inspiring. Characters ​ Protagonist:​ Copi, a loving father navigating the tension between societal expectations and  fostering his son Alegre’s individuality.​ ​ Antagonist:​ The society, represented by the lifeless city, school, and workplace that enforce uniformity.​ Characterization ​ Copi’s Appearance: Blue, symbolizing care and individuality. His rounded figure contrasts with the gray, angular environment. ​ Thoughts and Feelings: shown through expressions and actions, Copi’s internal struggle and deep love for Alegre are evident. ​ Actions: Balances work responsibilities with supporting Alegre’s creativity, ultimately prioritizing Alegre’s joy. ​ Others’ Reactions: Society pressures Copi and Alegre to conform, but their defiance brings hope for change. Character Types ​ Round Characters: Copi and Alegre, portrayed with depth and personal struggles. ​ Dynamic Characters: Copi evolves, choosing his son’s happiness over societal expectations. ​ Flat Characters: The gray citizens represent the faceless conformity of society. ​ Static Characters: The oppressive societal norms remain unchanged throughout. Plot 1.​ Exposition: Introduction to Copi and Alegre in a gray, conformist city. Alegre’s creativity contrasts with societal rigidity. 2.​ Initiating Event: Alegre’s imagination dims as the school enforces conformity. Copi struggles to navigate societal and parental responsibilities. 3.​ Rising Action: Alegre’s spirit fades, and Copi grows increasingly aware of the consequences of conformity. 4.​ Climax: Copi recognizes Alegre’s broken spirit and decides to reject societal norms for the sake of his son’s individuality. 5.​ Denouement: Copi rekindles Alegre’s creativity, bringing color and hope to their lives. Conflict ​ Human vs. Society: A struggle against the oppressive, conformist norms of the city.  ​ Human vs. Self: Copi’s internal battle between societal obligations and his son’s happiness. Point of View ​ Objective: The story is told visually without dialogue, relying on actions, expressions, and the environment to communicate its themes. Theme ​ Creativity and Individuality: Highlights the importance of resisting societal conformity to preserve creativity. ​ Parent-Child Relationships: Explores a parent’s role in fostering a child’s individuality and joy. ​ Consequences of Conformity: Depicts a gray, lifeless society as a warning against suppressing individuality. ​ Hope and Change: Ends optimistically, suggesting that nurturing creativity can transform even the most oppressive environments. The Luckiest (happy pill guy) Setting ​ Place: Urban city, modern metropolis focused on individualism and routine. ​ Time: Present day or near future. ​ Weather: Mild, underscoring an ordinary environment. ​ Social Conditions: People are isolated, focusing on their own struggles and taking blessings for granted. ​ Mood: Transitions from mundane to heartwarming as the protagonist’s perspective shifts. Characters ​ Protagonist:​ A middle-aged father overwhelmed by life’s small inconveniences, who eventually learns gratitude. ​ Antagonist:​ The man’s own negative perspective, which prevents him from seeing his blessings, the lady telling him everything, what to do and society itself. Characterization ​ Physical Appearance: Average and slightly disheveled, mirroring his dissatisfaction. ​ Thoughts and Feelings: Evolves from frustration to gratitude after reflecting on his life and observing others. ​ Actions: Shifts from ignoring joy to showing affection and appreciation for his family. Plot 1.​ Exposition: The man’s life is mundane, and his attitude is negative. 2.​ Initiating Event: A series of minor inconveniences leave him frustrated. 3.​ Rising Action: Encounters with less fortunate people prompt reflection. 4.​ Climax: Realizes his blessings, such as family and stability. 5.​ Denouement: Returns home with gratitude, embracing his family. Conflict ​ Human vs. Self: Overcoming a negative outlook to embrace gratitude. ​ Human vs. Society: Critiques modern life's focus on routine and minor frustrations. Themes ​ Gratitude and Perspective: Shifting one’s mindset can lead to fulfillment. ​ Family and Connection: Highlights the joy of relationships. ​ Modern Discontent: Warns against losing sight of life’s blessings amidst everyday challenges. Us and Them Setting ​ Place: Suburban neighborhood, focused on the Tomkey family’s house. ​ Time: Late 1960s/70s, reflecting societal norms and traditional family values. ​ Weather: Not significant to the narrative. ​ Social Conditions: Conformity and societal norms dominate; nonconformity is viewed as peculiar. ​ Mood: Humorous and reflective, with a mix of judgment and eventual guilt. Characters ​ Protagonist:​ Young David Sedaris, curious and judgmental toward the Tomkeys.  ​ Antagonist:​ His own mindset, fueled by envy and judgment of the Tomkeys’ unconventional lifestyle. Characterization ​ Physical Appearance: Not emphasized; the focus is on his thoughts and behaviors. ​ Thoughts and Feelings: Judgemental of the Tomkeys, then guilt-ridden after his selfishness. ​ Actions: Spies on the Tomkeys, hoards candy, mocks their differences, and reflects on his behavior. Plot 1.​ Exposition: Introduces the narrator’s family and the Tomkeys as unconventional neighbors. 2.​ Initiating Event: The narrator’s fixation on the Tomkeys’ lifestyle. 3.​ Rising Action: Hoards candy and mocks the Tomkeys for trick-or-treating late. 4.​ Climax: Eats the candy greedily and confronts his own selfishness. 5.​ Denouement: Reflects on his guilt and misplaced judgment of the Tomkeys. Conflict ​ Human vs. Self: Struggles with judgment, envy, and selfishness. ​ Human vs. Society: Examines societal pressures to conform and not avoid people because they are different. Themes ​ Judgment and Superiority: Critiques the narrator’s baseless sense of superiority. ​ The Danger of Conformity: Highlights the pressure to fit societal norms. ​ Self-Awareness and Guilt: Reflection brings understanding of personal flaws. ​ Childhood Innocence and Greed: Explores the selfish tendencies of children and moments of growth.  Romeo and Juliet Setting: ​ Place: Verona, Italy, mainly the Capulet and Montague homes, the streets, Juliet's balcony, Friar Laurence’s cell, and the Capulet tomb. ​ Time: The events happen in just 5 days. ​ Social conditions: Verona is divided by a long-standing feud between the two families, Capulets and Montagues. This causes hatred and conflict between them. ​ Mood: The mood changes from exciting and romantic to tragic and heartbreaking. Main Characters: The Montagues: ​ Lord Montague: The head of the Montague family. ​ Lady Montague: His wife. ​ Romeo: Their son, one of the main characters, who falls in love with Juliet. ​ Benvolio: Romeo’s cousin and friend. ​ Balthasar: Romeo's servant. ​ Mercutio: Romeo's best friend The Capulets: ​ Lord Capulet: The head of the Capulet family. ​ Lady Capulet: His wife. ​ Juliet: Their daughter, who falls in love with Romeo. ​ Tybalt: Juliet’s cousin, who hates the Montagues. ​ The Nurse: Juliet’s caretaker and close confidante. Plot Overview: ​ Exposition: The story starts with a street fight between the Capulets and Montagues. Romeo, who is sad because his love, Rosaline, doesn’t love him back, goes to a Capulet party and meets Juliet. They fall in love, not knowing their families are enemies. ​ Climax: Mercutio and Tybalts fight which leads to mercutio's death and Romeo killing Tybalt +Juliet takes a potion to fake her death so she can be with Romeo. Romeo doesn’t get the message about her plan and believes she is really dead. He drinks poison to join her in death. When Juliet wakes up and finds Romeo dead beside her, she kills herself. ​ Resolution: The death of Romeo and Juliet causes their families to stop fighting and finally make peace. Themes: ​ Love vs. Family: Romeo and Juliet’s love is strong, but their families’ hatred makes it impossible for them to be together openly, leading to their tragic end. ​ Fate: They are often called "star-crossed lovers," meaning their love was doomed from the start by fate, no matter what they did. ​ Youth and Impulsiveness: Romeo and Juliet act quickly without thinking, letting their emotions take over, which causes many problems. ​ Reconciliation: Their deaths bring the families together, ending the long feud between them. Key Events: ​ Romeo and Juliet meet at the Capulet party: They instantly fall in love, but they don’t know they come from different families. ​ The balcony scene: Juliet and Romeo confess their love and secretly promise to marry each other. ​ Mercutio and Tybalt’s fight: Tybalt kills Mercutio, and in revenge, Romeo kills Tybalt. Romeo is banished from Verona. ​ Juliet’s plan to fake her death: She takes a potion given to her by Friar Laurence, which makes her appear dead for 42 hours. ​ Romeo’s mistake: He doesn’t know about Juliet’s plan, so he buys poison and kills himself next to her. When Juliet wakes up and sees him dead, she stabs herself. Tragic Conclusion: Romeo and Juliet both die because of misunderstandings. Their deaths make their families realize how pointless their feud was, and they agree to stop fighting. EXTRA What Happens Between Mercutio and Tybalt? ​ When: This happens during the day, in Act 3, Scene 1, on the streets of Verona. ​ What Happens: ○​ Tybalt is angry because Romeo crashed the Capulet party, so he’s looking for Romeo to fight him. ○​ When Tybalt finds Romeo, he challenges him to a duel. But Romeo refuses because he has secretly married Juliet, Tybalt’s cousin, and now sees Tybalt as family. ○​ Mercutio, Romeo’s best friend, gets mad that Romeo won’t defend himself. He steps in and challenges Tybalt instead. What Happens Next? ​ Tybalt and Mercutio start fighting, and Romeo tries to stop them. ​ While Romeo is holding Mercutio back, Tybalt stabs Mercutio under Romeo’s arm. Mercutio is badly hurt and later dies, cursing both families with the famous line: “A plague o’ both your houses!” How Is Romeo Involved? ​ Romeo blames himself for Mercutio’s death, thinking his refusal to fight caused it. ​ Full of anger and grief, Romeo fights Tybalt to get revenge and kills him. ​ After Tybalt’s death, the Prince arrives, and Romeo is banished from Verona as punishment. I will always write back Setting ​ Place:​ The story alternates between Hatfield, Pennsylvania, where Caitlin lives in suburban America, and Mutare, Zimbabwe, where Martin struggles with extreme poverty. ​ Time:​ The events begin in 1997 and span several years as the pen pals grow from middle school students to young adults. ​ Weather conditions:​ Not a central focus, though Martin’s narrative occasionally mentions the harsh environmental conditions of Zimbabwe, including droughts that exacerbate poverty and its very hot for him. ​ Social conditions:​ The story highlights the difference between Caitlin’s life in the U.S. and Martin’s life in Zimbabwe. Caitlin enjoys a comfortable, middle-class lifestyle with plenty of opportunities and material wealth. In contrast, Martin faces poverty, struggling to meet even basic needs, which shows the difficulties of living in a poor,  underdeveloped society. This contrast sets the stage for their relationship and the challenges they both face. ​ Mood or atmosphere:​ The tone varies from hopeful and heartfelt to poignant and inspiring as Caitlin and Martin’s friendship evolves and they face different challenges. The overarching mood is one of compassion, connection, and resilience. Characters ​ Protagonists:​ ○​ Caitlin Alifirenka: A curious and empathetic American girl who matures through her correspondence with Martin, gaining a broader understanding of the world and a desire to help others. ○​ Martin Ganda: A determined and resourceful boy from Zimbabwe whose intelligence and resilience help him overcome poverty with Caitlin’s support. ​ Antagonists:​ ○​ Systemic poverty and inequality: These societal forces challenge Martin at every turn, threatening his education and future. ○​ Ignorance and cultural gaps: Early in their correspondence, Caitlin’s limited understanding of Martin’s struggles reflects the broader cultural divide that they work to bridge. Characterization ​ Caitlin’s physical appearance: Described as a typical American teenager, Caitlin’s appearance is secondary to her growing empathy and maturity. ​ What Caitlin says, thinks, feels, and dreams:​ Caitlin is initially naive, viewing Martin’s life through a lens of curiosity rather than deep understanding. Over time, she becomes more compassionate and committed to helping Martin and his family. ​ What Catlin does or does not do:​ She sends letters, gifts, and money to Martin, making sacrifices to support him and eventually enlisting her family in her efforts. ​ What others say about her and how others react:​ Caitlin’s family is initially skeptical but later supports her generosity, reflecting her positive influence on those around her.  ​ Martin’s physical appearance: Martin is described as thin due to malnutrition, wearing clothes that are often too small or worn out. ​ What Martin says, thinks, feels, and dreams:​ Martin dreams of escaping poverty and getting an education. His letters reveal his gratitude, resilience, and hope, even in the face of immense hardship. ​ What Martin does or does not do:​ Martin works tirelessly to excel in school despite his challenges. He prioritizes his family and often sacrifices his own comfort for their well-being. ​ What others say about him and how others react:​ His teachers and peers recognize his intelligence and determination, and Caitlin’s family admires his perseverance and humility. These are examples of indirect characterization, showing the personalities of Caitlin and Martin through their actions, words, and interactions. Character Types ​ Round characters: Caitlin and Martin are both well-developed characters with emotional depth, growth, and realistic struggles. ​ Dynamic characters: Both protagonists undergo significant transformations. Caitlin matures and gains a global perspective, while Martin overcomes immense challenges to achieve his dreams. ​ Flat characters: Supporting characters like Caitlin’s classmates and some of Martin’s neighbors are flat, serving only to highlight aspects of the main characters’ lives (her neighbour, damon, the guy who took her to the bar.) ​ Static characters: Caitlin’s parents and Martin’s family remain largely static, consistently supporting the protagonists. (her friends) Plot ​ Exposition:​ Caitlin and Martin are paired as pen pals through their schools. Caitlin lives in a comfortable, suburban neighborhood in the U.S., where she enjoys a life of privilege. Martin, on the other hand, lives in a poor village in Zimbabwe, where life is much harder. Through their letters, they begin to share details about their very different lives. ​ Initiating Event:​ After Caitlin sends Martin a photograph of herself, Martin is inspired to open up about the reality of his life in Zimbabwe. He starts sharing the struggles he faces, including poverty, hunger, and the challenges of attending school. This honesty helps to deepen their connection and build trust between them. ​ Rising Action:​ Moved by Martin’s story, Caitlin starts sending him money and gifts to support him and his family. Over time, their letters reflect a growing friendship, and Caitlin learns more about Martin’s dreams and struggles. Despite the hardships, Martin works hard to stay in school, but his financial struggles make it difficult. Caitlin continues to offer her support, and their bond strengthens. ​ Climax:​ Caitlin’s family takes significant steps to help Martin. They raise money to pay for his schooling and even help him apply to colleges in the U.S. This act of generosity opens up new possibilities for Martin, allowing him to pursue education beyond what he had ever dreamed was possible. ​ Denouement:​ Thanks to Caitlin’s support and Martin’s determination, he earns a scholarship to study at a U.S. university. The story ends with a sense of hope, showing how their friendship changed both of their lives. Martin’s future is brighter, and Caitlin learns the power of kindness and the importance of making a difference in someone else’s life. Conflict ​ Human vs. Society: Martin faces systemic poverty, lack of resources, and barriers to education. ​ Human vs. Self: Caitlin must overcome her initial ignorance and naivety to fully understand and support Martin. Point of View ​ First Person (Dual Perspectives): The story alternates between Caitlin’s and Martin’s perspectives, giving readers insight into their individual thoughts and experiences. Theme ​ The Power of Friendship: The story highlights how genuine connections can bridge cultural divides and create lasting change. ​ Empathy and Generosity: Caitlin’s growth demonstrates the importance of understanding others’ struggles and taking action to help. ​ Resilience and Hope: Martin’s determination to succeed despite immense challenges inspires readers to persevere in their own lives. ​ Cultural Exchange and Understanding: The story shows the value of learning from people with different backgrounds and experiences. ​ The Ripple Effect of Kindness: Caitlin’s initial small acts of kindness have a profound impact on Martin’s life, illustrating the far-reaching effects of compassion. Quotes + Figurative Language (the sheet she gave us) 1.​ "You really and truly earned this," she said, handing them over. "Thank you for all your help, my pet." Speaker/story- The stolen party - senora ines Importance- She's showing rosaura what she really thinks of her and its opening her eyes to what the world is really like Figurative language used- Metaphor: The phrase "earned this" is a metaphorical expression. It implies that the person has worked or done something to deserve the reward or recognition, even though the word "earned" does not literally mean the person worked for it in a physical sense.​ 2.​ "I'm the daughter of the employee," she said. Her mother had said very clearly: "If someone asks, you say you're the daughter of the employee; that's all." She also told her to add: "And proud of it." But Rosaura thought that never in her life would she dare say something of the sort. Speaker/story- The stolen party - Rosaura’s mother Importance- She's proving rosaura's moms point that rich people see poor people as peasants and only look at them based on what they have  Figurative language used- Irony: The irony here is that Rosaura’s mother instructs her to be proud of their social position, but Rosaura’s own thoughts reveal that she does not feel proud of it. This contrast between the mother’s expectation and Rosaura's reality creates an ironic situation, highlighting Rosaura’s awareness of the social divide she experiences.​ Symbolism: The phrase "daughter of the employee" serves as a symbol of Rosaura’s class and her family's social standing. It symbolizes her family's lower economic position, which is a point of pride for her mother, but a source of shame or discomfort for Rosaura. This symbolizes the social class divide and how it affects personal identity and self-perception.​ 3.​ “Hello, in there,” he whispered to every house on every side as he moved. “What’s up tonight on Channel 4, Channel 7, Channel 9? Where are the cowboys rushing, and do I see the United States Cavalry over the next hill to the rescue?” Speaker/story- The pedestrian - leonard mead Importance- He's showing us how in 2053 peoples life only revolves around technology Figurative language used- Personification: The speaker, Leonard Mead, is speaking to the houses, which are inanimate objects, as if they were living beings capable of responding. This gives the houses human-like qualities, implying that they might be "watching" or "listening" to him. This technique emphasizes Leonard's isolation in a society where people are disconnected and indifferent to each other.​ Metaphor: The reference to the "United States Cavalry" is metaphorical. The Cavalry, traditionally a heroic and rescue force in historical contexts, is used here to convey Leonard's hope for someone or something to rescue him from his lonely, dystopian world. It also reflects the idea of a heroic figure coming to save the day, which contrasts with the lack of human connection in his environment.​ Allusion: The mention of "cowboys" and the "United States Cavalry" is an allusion to American Western movies and historical figures. These references to adventure and heroism create a nostalgic and imaginative contrast to Leonard’s lonely reality, where such heroic figures do not exist.​ 4.​ Crime was ebbing; there was no need now for the police, save for this one lone car wandering the empty streets Speaker/story- The pedestrian - leonard mead Importance- Shows us how life is like 2053 Figurative language used- Personification: The phrase "crime was ebbing" personifies crime by suggesting that it can "ebb," like the tide. This metaphor implies that crime is gradually receding or lessening, as if it were a force of nature that moves in and out. It helps set the tone of a quiet, almost deserted world where criminal activity is decreasing.​ Metaphor: The "lone car wandering the empty streets" can be interpreted as a metaphor for isolation or desolation. The image of a single, solitary car moving through empty streets suggests a sense of loneliness or abandonment in the environment. The car is not actively engaged in fighting crime but is rather aimlessly drifting through an otherwise calm, silent setting.​ Imagery: The "empty streets" evoke a vivid image of desolation and stillness. The absence of people and activity contrasts with the earlier presence of crime, emphasizing a quiet, almost eerie atmosphere.​ 5.​ “Where are you taking me?” The car hesitated, or rather gave a faint whirring click, as if information, somewhere, was dropping card by punch-slotted card under electric eyes. “To the Psychiatric Centre for Research on Regressive Tendencies.”  Speaker/story- The pedestrian- the police officer Importance- Shows us people judge when we break social norms Figurative language used- Personification: The "car hesitated" gives human-like qualities to the car, suggesting it can make decisions or pause in the way a person might. This personification enhances the sense of unease and gives the car a more sinister or mysterious nature, implying that it might be thinking or choosing where to go, though it is an inanimate object.​ Simile: The description of the car's action—“as if information, somewhere, was dropping card by punch-slotted card under electric eyes”—uses a simile to compare the car's function to an old-fashioned computer or data-processing system. The simile evokes an image of mechanical or bureaucratic processes, with punch cards being used to input information, suggesting that the car’s actions are part of a highly systematic, impersonal process.​ Imagery: The phrase “punch-slotted card under electric eyes” creates a vivid image of outdated, mechanical technology. It invokes a sense of a cold, controlled system where actions are dictated by logic or technology, emphasizing the lack of human warmth or agency.​ Irony: The name of the destination, “Psychiatric Centre for Research on Regressive Tendencies,” is ironic because it suggests a place focused on studying mental health, yet the way the car behaves (hesitating and processing information) seems more like a mechanical or controlling action rather than a human-centered, empathetic approach. It hints at the dehumanizing nature of the society or system depicted in the story. 6.​ When my mother reported that Mr. Tomkey did not believe in television, my father said, “Well, good for him. I don’t know that I believe in it, either.”“That’s exactly how I feel,” my mother said, and then my parents watched the news, and whatever came on after the news Speaker/story- Us and them - the mother and the father  Importance- Showing us how the tomkeys are kind of making fun of the tomkey without really knowing them only basing opinions on how they aren't normal Figurative language used- Irony: The ironic element here is in the parents' statement about not "believing" in television. They express doubt or skepticism about television, but despite their claims, they go on to watch it anyway. This highlights a contradiction between their words and actions, which underscores how people can critique something while still engaging with it. This irony reveals their lack of self-awareness or a critical stance on their own behaviors.​ Hyperbole: The phrase "I don’t know that I believe in it, either" might be a slight exaggeration, used humorously to suggest that the father, like Mr. Tomkey, is skeptical of television. However, this hyperbole also hints at the absurdity of the belief system surrounding something as universally accepted as television in their society.​ 7.​ Because they had no TV, the Tomkeys were forced to talk during dinner. They had no idea how puny their lives were, and so they were not ashamed that a camera would have found them uninteresting. Speaker/story- Us and them- Dave thinking Importance- Showing us how they are judging because of what they see Figurative language used- Irony: The irony here lies in the contrast between the Tomkeys' simple life and the assumption that a lack of television would lead to a dull or "puny" life. They are "forced to talk during dinner," which is presented ironically, as if having to engage in conversation is an unfortunate circumstance. This plays on the idea that a richer, more dynamic life would be defined by watching TV, which is humorous because it suggests that the opposite—having a simple, conversation-filled dinner—is somehow lacking.​ Metaphor: The phrase "puny their lives were" is a metaphor, suggesting that the Tomkeys' lives are small, insignificant, or lacking excitement. It contrasts their life with the assumption that larger-than-life or more interesting lives are better, often depicted in media or entertainment, such as on television.​ 8.​ Here is a boy sitting on a bed, his mouth smeared with chocolate. He’s a human being, but also he’s a pig, surrounded by trash and gorging himself so that others may be denied. Were this the only image in the world, you’d be forced to give it your full attention, but fortunately there were others. This stagecoach, for instance, comes round the bend with a cargo of gold. This shiny new Mustang convertible. Speaker/story- Us and them - dave thinking Importance- Telling us how sometimes humans can suck Figurative language used- Metaphor: The comparison of the boy to a "pig" is a metaphor that emphasizes his greed and overindulgence. The boy is depicted as a pig, surrounded by trash and gorging himself, highlighting his gluttony and the idea that he consumes more than he needs, potentially at the expense of others. This metaphor critiques selfishness and excess.​ Imagery: There is vivid imagery in the description of the boy's appearance: "his mouth smeared with chocolate," and the "trash" surrounding him. This creates a clear, unflattering picture of indulgence and waste. Additionally, the "stagecoach...with a cargo of gold" and the "shiny new Mustang convertible" provide imagery of wealth and materialism, drawing attention to luxury and excess in contrast to the boy's greedy behavior.​ Irony: The irony here lies in the idea that "were this the only image in the world, you’d be forced to give it your full attention"—indicating that the boy’s behavior, though shameful, would demand attention if isolated. However, the narrator suggests that there are other images—more alluring or impressive things—like wealth and luxury—that will likely capture more attention, despite the moral implications of greed and consumption being ignored.​ Symbolism: The "cargo of gold" and the "shiny new Mustang convertible" are symbolic of wealth, materialism, and the pursuit of status. These objects represent the larger societal values that focus on possession and appearance, which are juxtaposed with the image of the boy to criticize the obsession with excess.​ Fill in the blanks 1.​ Capulet, Montague, see what a scourge is laid upon your hate, that the heavens find means to kill your joy's love! And i for winking at you, discords too have lost a brace of kinsmen. all are punished Speaker/story- Romeo and juliet - the prince Importance- Prince reflects on the tragic consequences of the feud between the two families, stating that all involved—both the families and himself—have suffered as a result.​ 2.​ Oh i am fortune's fool Speaker/story- Romeo and juliet - romeo Importance- He killed tybalt and is regretting it slightly 3.​ These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. Speaker/story- Romeo and juliet - friar lawrence Importance- To show how rash love and going too fast can be dangerous and lead to a destructive ending. He is warning Romeo about acting impulsively and advising him to cool his extreme passion 4.​ Romeo romeo where art thou romeo Speaker/story- Romeo and juliet- juliet  Importance- Shes calling for romeo after expressing her deep love to him and realizing he's a montague 5.​ I fear too early, for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this night’s revels, and expire the term Speaker/story- Romeo and juliet - romeo Importance- foreshadows the tragic events to come, reflecting Romeo's sense of impending doom and the inescapable fate that ties his love for Juliet to death. 6.​ The photo actually captured avery happy moment in my life and froze it forever “send her that” my mother said “really” i asked it was the only photo we owned Speaker/story- I will always write back - martin Importance- Shows us how martin cant even afford a photo showing us his poverty 7.​ As I addressed the envelope I felt another kind of fluttering in my stomach. It was different from my boy crushes. It felt more like an awakening. The world was gigantic and i had a friend who lived halfway across it Speaker/story- I will always write back - caitlin Importance- She's finally realizing how valuable martins friendship is 8.​ I was also thrilled he loved the reebok t-shirt he made a strange comment at the end of the letter that it greatly increased his wardrobe i had no idea what that meant  Speaker/story- I will always write back - caitlin Importance- She still doesn't understand martins struggles and her privileges 9.​ In hindsight I'm almost ashamed of how ridiculous my teen dramas were. I had no idea Martin was going through because he never let on. Instead he responded to my silly stories and never said much about his own life. But there were clues hidden in these upbeat cheerful notes Speaker/story- I will always write back - caitlin Importance- She understands martins struggles and feels silly about worrying so much about hers 10.​Thank you for your effort, love and time. Thank you for the shoes you gave ys. My mom i repeat is now counted as human in society Speaker/story- I will always write back- martin Importance- He's telling caitlin about how they need possessions to be counted as human and thats sad 11.​Kindness is contagious. It changes lives. It changed mine. What will it do for you? Speaker/story- I will always write back - caitlin Importance- Shows us how a small bit of kindness goes a long way