English Exam Review 2025 PDF

English-PERIOD 1 Laiba ghauri ENGLISH EXAM REVIEW DATE FOR EXAM: January 22 2025 TIPS FOR EXAM! ​ Understand major historical events and their significance. ​ Remember the theorists and theories ​ Make sure that you will pass as long as you practice daily and have good time...

English-PERIOD 1 Laiba ghauri ENGLISH EXAM REVIEW DATE FOR EXAM: January 22 2025 TIPS FOR EXAM! ​ Understand major historical events and their significance. ​ Remember the theorists and theories ​ Make sure that you will pass as long as you practice daily and have good time management. Some tips to help me are Get information from your professor. Find out early on as much as you can about what your exam will be like (open book, proctored, etc.) ​ Map out your study time.... ​ Test your knowledge.... ​ Schedule in a final review.... ​ Be mindful of your environment.... ​ Create brain space ​ Practice  2 EXAM TOPICS TO STUDY 1.​ Equity 101: UNDERSTANDING EQUITY 2.​ Prejudice 3.​ Got privilege 4.​ oppression 5.​ dangerous - isms and phobias 6.​ Implicit and unconscious bias 7.​ Understanding of common body language 8.​ Systemic racism 9.​ Racism 10.​Microaggression 11.​Literary theory 12.​Superior 13.​Amygdala hijack 14.​Allyship /Co-Conspirator 15.​Short stories 16.​Annotations 17.​Comparative essay EXAM FORMAT: -Section 1: Multiple-Choice Questions (30 marks) Number of Questions: 30 Section 2: Poem Analysis (10 marks) ​ Task: Annotate and analyze a poem by a Black author. Section 3: Short-Answer Questions (30 marks) ​ Number of Questions: 3 ​ Marks per Question: 10  3 Section 4: Comparative Essay (30 marks) ​ Task: Write a comparative essay on two short stories from the course. EQUITY 101: understanding equity 1.​ EMPATHY: To recognize biases, prejudices and stereotypes in others and in ourselves 2.​ Privilege: A special right or Advantage,immunity granted to ONLY A GROUP or person 3.​ GOT privilege People always pronounce your name correctly… : 4.​ Your sexuality has never been considered scary, offensive, or misunderstood 5.​ You do not need to call any public building you need to visit for work or pleasure to find out if they have an elevator 6.​ You have never been cat called and travel around the world with little fear of sexual assault 7.​ Oppression: using power or privilege for its own benefit while disempowering marginalizing, silencing and suborning act both systemically—----> (within societies and institutions) Individually—---> (between two interacting people). 8.​ Dangerous isms: AGEISM:discrimination of age, ABLEISM: Discrimination against age and their ability, sexism: discrimination against gender, homophobia: discrimination against LGBTQ+, ISLAMOPHOBIA: Phobia or discrimination against islamic people/ muslims 9.​ Prejudice: prejudgment or preconceived feelings or notions about another person 10.​ Implicit/ unconscious bias: refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding  4 11.​ Understanding common language: "racialized" is often used to stand in for "visible minority." It acknowledges that race is a social construct that can change over time and across different contexts. 12.​ Racism: Refers to ideas and or practices that establish, maintain or perpetuate the racial superiority or dominance of one group than another 13.​ Systemic racism: when institutions or systems create or maintain racial inequality 14. Microaggression: A comment or action that subtly and often unconsciously or unintentionally expresses a prejudiced attitude toward a member. 15. Intersectionality: acknowledges the ways in which people's lives are shaped by their multiple and overlapping identities and social locations, which can produce a unique and distance experience 16. What an Allyship: Allyship is a lifelong process of building relationships based on trust, consistency, and accountability with marginalized individuals and traditionally oppressed groups of people. 17. Steps of allyship: Allyship is an active practice that requires action. ➔ Allyship requires an understanding and self-awareness around power and privilege. ➔ Allyship’s purpose is to achieve equity and inclusion. ➔ Allyship requires us to hold ourselves accountable to advancing marginalized people’s Needs.  5 18. ACCOMPLICE: The Accomplice framework challenges the morality of the legal system -just because a practice is legal and lawful does not mean its moral or its just. 19.co-conspirator: Understanding where we stand in relation to systems of privilege and oppression, and unlearning the habits and practices that protect those systems, which is lifelong work for all of us, without exception ➔ Authentic relationships of solidarity and mutuality, which are not possible when we try to avoid or transcend power imbalances ➔ Honestly acknowledging and confronting those imbalances to create authentic relationships ➔ Social change work is always rooted in collaboration, humility, and accountability ➔ The interior journey into silence, mediation, inner wisdom, and deep joy is inextricably linked to the outer work of social change Literary elements ​ First person: uses "I" - The protagonist is telling the story directly to the reader. ​ Second person: uses "you" - The author speaks directly to the reader. ​ Third person: uses "he," "she," or "it" - The author is telling about the ​ Limited omniscient: we are told the thoughts and feelings of only one character, but from the perspective of someone "outside" the story.  6 ​ Omniscient: we are told everything about the story, including the thoughts and feelings of all the characters ​ Protagonist: the central character (person, animal, or personified object) in the plot's conflict. ​ Antagonist: the force in conflict with the protagonist. It may be society, nature, or fate, as well as another person. ​ Character foil: a character whose traits are in direct contrast to those of the principal character. ​ Stereotype: a character who possesses expected traits of a group rather than being an individual. ​ Flat character: not fully developed; we know only one side of the character. Round character: fully-developed, with many traits--bad and good--shown in the story. We feel that we know the character so well that he or she has become a real person. ​ Static character: does not experience a basic character change during the course of the story. ​ Dynamic character: experiences a basic change in character through the events of the story ​ Character-against-self: the protagonist struggles within himself or herself. The protagonist is pulled by two courses of action or by differing emotions. ​ Character-against-character: pits the protagonist against someone else. ​ Character-against-society: the protagonist is in conflict with the values of his or her society. ​ Character-against-nature: the protagonist is threatened by an element of nature  7 ​ Character-against-fate: the protagonist must contend against a fact of life or death over which people have little control, such as death or disability. ​ climax is the peak or turning point of the action. It is the point where the protagonist makes a decision or takes an action ​ denouement or falling action is the part after the climax. It gives any necessary explanation and ends with resolution ​ Closed ending: readers feel that they know what will happen. The various. ​ Open ending: readers must draw their own conclusions; they do not know what will happen. ​ Suspense: a state of tension, a sense of uncertainty, an emotional pull which keeps the reader reading. All plots need some suspense to sustain interest. ​ Flashback: the author narrates an event that took place before the current time of the story. ​ Foreshadowing: the author plants hints about what will happen later in the story. It prepares readers for the outcome and reassures them when the suspense is very high. ​ SETTING: the place and the time period in which the story takes place. ​ STYLE: the language used in a book, the way the words are put together to create the story. Writers use many devices of style to make stories interesting. Literary theory:  8 Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. ​ Example: In The Great Gatsby, the green light symbolizes Gatsby's hopes and dreams. Diction: The choice and use of words in speech or writing. Diction affects tone, meaning, and the writer’s style. ​ Example: The use of formal language in a legal document vs. the casual tone in a text message. Tone: The attitude or approach that the author takes toward the work’s central theme or subject. ​ Example: The tone of To Kill a Mockingbird is serious and reflective. Mood: The atmosphere or emotional tone created by a piece of writing, which evokes certain feelings in the reader. ​ Example: The mood of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is dark and eerie. Juxtaposition: The placement of two or more things side by side, often to highlight their differences or to create contrast. ​ Example: The juxtaposition of light and dark in Macbeth emphasizes themes of good vs. evil. Foreshadowing: A technique used to hint at future events in a story, often creating suspense. ​ Example: In Of Mice and Men, the death of the puppy foreshadows the tragic ending. Flashback: A scene in a story that takes place earlier than the main story, often used to provide background information. ​ Example: A character recalling their childhood in The Catcher in the  9 Rye. ​ Verbal Irony: Saying one thing but meaning another. ○​ Example: Saying "What a beautiful day!" when it’s raining heavily. ​ Situational Irony: When the expected outcome does not happen. ○​ Example: A fire station burns down. ​ Dramatic Irony: When the audience knows something that the characters do not. ○​ Example: In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows Juliet isn’t really dead, but Romeo doesn’t. Theme: The central idea, topic, or message of a literary work. ​ Example: The theme of 1984 is the dangers of totalitarianism. Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces in a story. ​ Internal Conflict: A struggle within a character (e.g., moral dilemmas). ​ External Conflict: A struggle between a character and an outside force (e.g., another character, society, nature). Characterization: The process by which an author reveals the personality and traits of characters, either directly or indirectly. ​ Example: In The Outsiders, Ponyboy’s thoughts and actions reveal his sensitive, thoughtful nature. Metaphor: A comparison between two things without using "like" or "as," implying one thing is another.  10 ​ Example: "Time is a thief." Simile: A comparison using "like" or "as." ​ Example: "Her hair was like a golden river." Allegory: A narrative in which characters and events symbolize abstract concepts or moral lessons. ​ Example: Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory for the Russian Revolution. Imagery: The use of vivid or descriptive language to create pictures in the reader’s mind. ​ Example: "The golden sun dipped below the horizon, casting a warm glow over the sea." Anachronism: Something that is out of place in time, such as something from the future in a historical setting. ​ Example: A character in a 19th-century novel using a smartphone. Hyperbole: An exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally. ​ Example: "I’ve told you a million times." Pun: A play on words, often for humorous effect. ​ Example: "I used to be a baker, but I couldn't make enough dough."  11 Literary theory formalism: Focuses on structure, style, and form in the text itself, disregarding outside context. Historical/Biographical: Examines the author’s life and historical context to understand the work better. Marxist: Analyzes class, power, and social issues in literature, focusing on economic and societal influences. Feminist: Explores gender roles, equality, and representation of women in literature. Psychoanalytic: Uses Freudian theories to explore characters' subconscious desires and motivations. Postcolonial: Examines the effects of colonialism on cultures, identities, and literature. Structuralism: Analyzes literature through underlying structures like language and systems of meaning. Archetypal Theory: treat literature resonates globally by incorporating mythic elements. Archetypal criticism identifies these universal elements in a text, revealing its deeper, timeless appeal. ANNOTATIONS: Poem: "The Roots We Plant" We walk through streets, cracked and cold,​ Where history’s echo still resounds,​ In shadows cast by stories told,​ Of dreams that bloom beneath the ground.  12 The past, it whispers through the trees,​ In roots that twist, yet still they grow,​ And though the winds may bend the leaves,​ The strength beneath them we will know. We rise, with hands to the sky,​ And fight for what we cannot see,​ For in our hearts, we cannot lie,​ We plant the roots of liberty. HOW TO ANNOTATE Understanding Stress ​ Stress: English words have syllables that are stressed (strong) or unstressed (weak). ○​ Example: In "rebel," the stress differs based on usage: ​ Noun: RE-bel (stressed-unstressed) ​ Verb: re-BEL (unstressed-stressed) ​ Notation: ○​ Stressed syllables: / or – ○​ Unstressed syllables: ˘ or x 2. What is Meter? ​ Definition: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. ​ Structure: A line of poetry is made up of feet, and each foot has a specific combination of stresses. ○​ Example: "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." ​ Pattern: u / u / u / u / u / (Iambic Pentameter) 3. Common Types of Feet ​ Iamb (u /): Unstressed followed by stressed. ○​ Example: "The curfew tolls." ​ Trochee (/ u): Stressed followed by unstressed. ○​ Example: "There they are." ​ Anapest (u u /): Two unstressed followed by stressed.  13 ○​ Example: "The Assyrian came down." ​ Dactyl (/ u u): Stressed followed by two unstressed. ○​ Example: "Éve, with her basket." ​ Spondee (/ /): Two stressed syllables. ○​ Example: "Cold dead weight." 4. Steps to Identify Meter and Feet 1.​ Read the Line Aloud: ○​ Focus on the natural stresses of the words. ○​ Notice which syllables feel stronger or lighter. 2.​ Mark Stress Patterns: ○​ Use / for stressed and ˘ for unstressed syllables. ○​ Example: "How now brown cow?" → / ˘ / ˘ 3.​ Group the Syllables into Feet: ○​ Identify repeating patterns (iamb, trochee, etc.). ○​ Example: "Once upon a midnight dreary." ​ u / u / u / u / (Iambic Tetrameter) 5. Naming the Meter ​ Count the Feet in Each Line: ○​ 1 foot: Monometer ○​ 2 feet: Dimeter ○​ 3 feet: Trimeter ○​ 4 feet: Tetrameter ○​ 5 feet: Pentameter ○​ 6 feet: Hexameter ​ Combine the foot type with the count: ○​ Example: "Iambic Pentameter" = 5 iambs per line. 6. Special Meter Features ​ Masculine vs. Feminine Endings: ○​ Masculine: Ends with a stressed syllable. ​ Example: "Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse."  14 ○​ Feminine: Ends with an extra unstressed syllable. ​ Example: "Not a creature was stirring, not even a mousing." ​ Elision: Merging two vowels into one syllable (e.g., "the infernal"). ​ Substitutions: Replacing one foot type with another for variation -​ SHORT STORIES: