English Poetry Techniques PDF

ENGLISH #  Rhyme and Sound devices Rhyme the correspondence : of sounds between different words , or...

ENGLISH #  Rhyme and Sound devices Rhyme the correspondence : of sounds between different words , or ending of words 1 ) End v -u Rhyme -u 3 Masculine Rhymea. v =v -v -Zin U ~ External Rhyme ~ Rhyme that o c c u rs in the last words of each line in a poem. - - - - - - - - - - - Internal The sound Rhyme a repetition due to internal rhyme makes a poem or story unified. - - - - - - - -  3 Slant Rhymes. that have Rhyme some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rhymes They. may share similar consonants but the sound or rowels , is not perfect. = => “I met a traveler from an antique land, Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of Examples “On top of the hill, stone The moon is full.” Stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand, “Give this to the man, He’ll know what I mean.” Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown…” Eye Rhyme words look similar word could be pronounced similarly in other when contexts. or when endings Example : Scatter, as from an unextinguished’d hearth A = Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! B Be through my lips to unawakened’d earth A The trumpet of prophecy! O wind, B If Winter comes, can spring be far behind? B - Sound Devices · Sound Devices certain device that type of literary enhance the are emphasize auditory a or experience of the poem. · Oftentimes the sound of , a poem amplifies its meaning. Euphony the sounds quality of being pleasing to the ear , especially through a harmonious combination of words and. The sounds associated with commonly euphony include : 1. Vowel sounds: words or phrases with a higher proportion of vowel sounds tend to be viewed as more euphonic. Long vowels especially tend to sound more pleasant. 2. Liquid consonants: “L” or “r” sounds are considered liquid consonants and contribute to the fluidity and smoothness of a line. 3. Sibilance: the repetition of soft “s” and “sh” sounds, which can create a soothing whispering effect. 4. 5. Nasals: sound like “m” and “n” that are produced through the nose can add a resonant, humming quality to the verse. Glides: “w” and “y” sounds help to create smooth transitions between vowel sounds. note Cacophony A mixture of harsh discordant sounds used to create and. effect , a jarring unsettling cacophony include : 1. Plosive consonants: hard consonant sounds produced by stopping the airflow and then releasing it suddenly. Examples include: p, b, t, d, k, and g 2. Fricative consonants: consonant sounds produced by forcing air through narrow channel, creating friction. Examples include: f, v, th, and z 3. Affricate consonants: consonant sounds that begins as plosives and release fricatives. Examples include “ch” and “j”. Onomatopoeia Words that phonetically imitate or resemble the sounds they describe. Onomatopoeia can be often euphonic or cacophonic depending on the context. Examples: hum, bang, murmur, crash, bark, meow, etc.  Rhythm & Meter Meter:noun The rhythm of a piece of poetry. Determined by the number of feet in a line Each line of a poem will have its own structure , and the meter is the rhythm and sound pattern of a line of poetry. The rhythm is important as it gives the sound and differentiates it from prose. What are syllables. & fot A syllable is a single unit of sound in a word, consisting a vowel sound with or without surrounding consonants. For example : 2 Foot 7). A foot is a combination of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. There are many types of feet depending on the different combinations of stressed and unstressed syllables -j Table Banana Stressed W na Unstressed When studying poetry and determining under, we use the following symbols to make syllables: ↑ Types of feet Pentameterrla-Dum Imbis Lamb: a foot with two syllables followed by a stressed (as in “reduce” or “shall I” ) ve - VDUM-da/U Trochee:a foot with two syllables, a stressed followed by an unstressed ( as in “banjo” or “mermaid” ) - vv Anapest: a foot with three syllables; two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed (as in “overcome” ) - > da-da-DUM VV / -ru Dactyl: a foot with three syllables; one stressed follow by two unstressed ( as in “capital” ) > DVM - -da-da/VU - Spondee: a foot with two syllables; both stressed (as in “birds song” ) - > DUM-DUM v - v - Amphibrach: a foot with three syllables; one unstressed, followed by a stressed, followed by unstressed (as in “archaic” ) > ja-DUM-da U/U -u Cretic: a foot with three syllables; one stressed, followed by an unstressed, followed by a stressed (as in “trampoline” ) - > DUM-da-Dum Ur 3 Meter- The meter is the number of feet in a line. A line with 1 foot Monometer So line in 5 feet all (as a poetry with , of which iambs a re in example earlier) , would be called a line of iambic pentameter. A line with 2 feet Dimeter A line with 3 feet Trimeter A line with 4 feet Tetrameter A line with 5 feet Pentameter A line with 6 feet hexameter A line with 7 feet Heptameter A line with 8 feet Octameter Stanza and Line Structure Epigraphs Definition: Lines, usually a quotation, that precede a literary work that provides context to its themes and interpretation. Example: “did I request thee, maker, from my clay to mould me man, did I solicit thee from darkness to promote me?” He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely hands, Ring’d with azure world, he stands. 3 Stanza I The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls; And like thunderbolt he falls. 3 Stanza 2 Types of Stanza (No. of lines) 2 lines: Couplet Note : Some poems will stick to a rigid stanza structure with each stanza consisting of the same number of 3 lines: Tercet lines, while other poems may be composed of a mix of different lengths of stanzas. 4 lines: Quatrain Stanzas are also often characterized by a certain rhyme scheme. For example, a couplet typically is two 5 lines: Cinquian lines of the same length which rhyme. 6 lines: Sestet Is the stanza structure of a 7 lines: Septet poem significant? 8 lines: Octave group ideas or images together He clasps the crag with crooked hands; STercet Indicate change in tone, idea, or focus Close to the sun in lonely lands, Pause for thought or create a brief Ring’d with the azure world, he stands. silence Stanzas work together to create a 3 The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; meaning. He watches from his mountain walls, Tercet And like a thunderbolt he falls. Line Structure: why is it Sonnets important? Stanza structure determines the type of poem. For instance, a sonnet is typically 14 lines long, but Emphasis, whether due to pauses or the length of lines Affects reading pace and contributes to a poem’s tone English sonnets are composed of 4 stanzas, 3 and mood quatrains and couplet that concludes the poem. End stopped Italian sonnets are composed of an octave Effect : Brief parse and a sestet. The first line of the sestet is “The woods are lovely, dark and deep, Each line ends with a pause. This typically considered volta, or the “turn” of the But I have promises to keep, slows your reading of this final And miles to go before I sleep, stanza and makes each line more poem. And miles to go before I sleep.” deliberate, which conveys the labored and tired feeling of the speaker.. 1. End-stopped It is denoted by a comma, period, semicolon, or other punctuation mark. 2 Enjambment It is the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break; the thought runs on from one line to the next. “April is the cruelest month, 3 breeding Note how these lines flow from one to the next without a break at the lilacs out of the dead land, mixing end. This mimics the ongoing process of the seasons. It also creates Memory and desire, stirring tension as the reader gets to the last word and wonders what follows. Dull roots with sprain rain.” Breeding…..what? Mixing….what? Stirring…what? 3 Laesura. A strong pause or stop within a line. It will usually occur in the middle of a line(medial) of poetry, but can occur towards the beginning (initial) or the end (terminal) of a line (but not between lines). Effect : It creates a brief silence for thought or reflection , and can emphasize certain words. Note the break between “Humane” and “to”, “Good-natured and Good-Sense must ever join; created by the semi-colon. This break emphasizes To err is Humane; to Forgive, Divine.” the comparison and contrast between human and the divine. What is the last / first word of the line? When a reader gets to the end of a line of poetry, the last word of the line is emphasized as it takes a split second longer for the reader’s eye to move from the end of a line to the beginning of the next. Therefore, that last word stays in the mind of the reader just a fraction of a second longer. Often poets end their line with rhymes, which adds to the emphasis of these words.