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1-organization =Institution 2-performance =Achievement 3-supervisor =Foreman 4-strategy =Method 5-subordinate =Less power or authority 6-promotion =Advance V.lecture 2 7-Trainee=Learner 8-Allocate=Earmark 9-Banker=Financier 10-Chairmen=Contr...

1-organization =Institution 2-performance =Achievement 3-supervisor =Foreman 4-strategy =Method 5-subordinate =Less power or authority 6-promotion =Advance V.lecture 2 7-Trainee=Learner 8-Allocate=Earmark 9-Banker=Financier 10-Chairmen=Controller 11-distributor=Supplier 12-Investor=supporter 13-Merchandiser=Goods 14-director=Leader and organizer 15-Competitive =Aggressive 16-innovation =Creation 17-Manageable =Tractable V.lecture 4 1-System of authority with different levels one above the other =hierarchy 2-A special activity in company e.g production marketing finance =Function 3-independent able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority =Autonomous 4-People working under someone else in hierarchy =Subordinates 5-dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled =Decentralization 6-The power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command=Line authority 7-to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her =Report to 1-Agriculture 2-Infrastructure 3-Labour 4-Manufacturing V.lecture 5 5-Consumer 6- product 7-Economic 8-Employment 9-Goods 10- Industry 11-Primary sector 12-Secondary sector 12-Tertiary sector lecture 2 What is management and how did each of them define management? ‫ماهي االدارة وكيف عرف كل واحد منهم لإلدارة ؟‬ Is management a science or an art ? ‫هل االدارة علم ام فن ؟‬ 1-Management as a science : 1-Systemized body of knowledge ‫مجموعة منظمة من املعرفة‬ 2-Theoretical knowledge ‫املعرفة النظرية‬ 3-Observation and experiment ‫املالحظات والتجارب‬ 4-Causes and effect relationship ‫العالقات بني األسباب والنتائج‬ 5- Universal validity ‫الصالحية العاملية‬ Management as an art : 1-person skills. ‫املهارات الشخصية‬ 2-Creativity ‫اإلبداع‬ 3-Perfection through practice ‫االتقان من خالل املمارسة‬ Drucker's view on management : Drucker suggested that the work of a manager can be divided into five tasks: planning (setting objectives), organizing, integrating (motivating and communicating), measuring performance, and developing people lecture 3 Work: is what people do to make money and reach their goals. Responsibility :is about doing tasks well, following rules, and helping the organization succeed. Motivation at work refers to the factors that encourage employees to perform at their best and achieve their goals Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. 1- Physiological needs : Essentials. Food ,water,air,sleep ,and rest This needs are the essential necessities for human. 2-Safety needs : Security,protection,stability 3- Love and belonging needs : Social relationships Friendship,family relationships,work group 4-Esteem needs: Achievement,status,recognition,reputation 5-Self actualization needs : This involves achieving ambitions, innovation, personal growth, and self- development. Personal growth and fulfillment The relationship between work and responsibility according to Maslow's theory: : ‫العالقة بني العمل واملسؤولية حسب نظرية مراسلو‬ Providing a work environment that meets basic needs (fair wages, a safe work environment) Creating a sense of belonging (teamwork, social interaction). Promoting appreciation (recognizing achievements, promotion). Theory X and Theory Y : Theory X : 1- Dislike work ‫اليحبون العمل‬ 2-Prefer direction ‫يفضلون التوجيه‬ 3-Lack ambition ‫يفتقرون الى الطموح‬ 4- Needs supervision‫يحتاجون الى اإلشراف‬. Theory Y: 1-Enjoy work ‫االستمتاع للعمل‬ 2-Seek responsibility ‫السعي الى املسؤولية‬ 3-Are creative ‫مبدعون‬ 4- Are self directed ‫لديهم القدرة على التوجية الذاتي‬ Herzberg's motivation : There are two types of factors that influence employee and performance at work... Motivation. Hygiene factor. ‫العوامل املحفزة‬ ‫عوامل النظافة‬ 1-Motivators: are factors that are related to the employee's work itself and lead to increased satisfaction and motivation. These factors include: Achievement. ‫اإلنجاز‬ Recognition. ‫تعرف‬ The work itself ‫العمل نفسه‬ Responsibility ‫املسؤولية‬ Advancement and growth ‫التقدم والنمو‬ 2-Hygiene factors: Hygiene factors are the ones that surround the work environment and if not met, can lead to dissatisfaction. However, they do not necessarily lead to increased motivation if provided ‫عوامل النظافة هي العوامل التي تحيط بيبئة العمل وإذا لم تتوفر فقد الى عدم الرضا ومع ذلك فإنها ال تؤدي بالضرورة الى‬ ‫زيادة الدافعية‬ 1-Policies and management. ‫السياسات واإلدارة‬ 2. Supervision ‫اإلشراف‬ 3. Relationships with colleagues‫العالقات مع الزمالء‬ 4. Working conditions‫ظروف العمل‬ 5. Compensation‫التعويضات‬ 6. Job security‫األمن الوظيفي‬ 7. Personal life‫الحياة الشخصية‬ lecture 4 How are companies organized? 1-Companies are structured in a way that determines the division, coordination 2-The organizational structure plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient operation and goal achievement of the company 3-The way companies are organized impacts their overall performance and success in the market The Arranging of individual and the determination of goals within the company is the organizational structure or hierarchy ‫ترتيب األفراد وتحديد األهداف داخل الشركة هو الهيكل التنظيمي او التسلسل الهرمي‬ 1-Work specialization ‫التخصص في العمل‬ Division of labor ‫تقسيم العمل‬ Employee specialization ‫تخصص املوظف‬ 2-Departmentalizations ‫التقسيم االداري‬ Functional departmentalizations ‫التقسيم الوظيفي‬ Geographic departmentalizations ‫التقسيم الجغرافي‬ 3-Chain of command ‫سلسلة القيادة‬ Authority :Includes rights in the administrative role Responsibility :it includes the urgency to achieve takes Unity of command :Every employee must have a manager 4-Centralization and decentralization: Centralization: the extent of the influence of decisions making authority at higher levels of the organizational structure.. ‫مدى تأثير سلطة اتخاذ القرارات في املستويات العليا من الهيكل التنظيمي‬ Decentralization:the extent of the impact of employee participation at lower levels in making decisions or ideas ‫مدى تأثير مشاركة املوظفني في املستويات األدنى في اتخاذ القرارات او االفكار‬ Factors Affect Centralization or Decentralization Organizational Culture Speed of Decision-Making -Leadership Style Geographic Dispersion Size of the Organization 5- Span of control: design of an organization influence the ability of managers It is necessary to achieve balance in 1-Hierarchy structure ‫الهيكل الهرمي‬ definition:a traditional organizational structure where authority flows top to lower levels Structure:senior,middle,operational Chain of command:flows top to down Decisions making:centralized Advantages:provides control and supervision.ensures consistency and offer clarity in roles and responsibilities Disadvantage: Limited flexibility, potential for bureaucracy, slower decision- making, and reduced innovation. 2-Flat structure:‫الهيكل املسطح‬ definition:An organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. Structure: Simplified hierarchy, where most employees report directly to a few top-level managers or the CEO Chain of Command:Short, direct, and less hierarchical, allowing for open communication and faster decision-making. Decision-Making:Decentralized Advantages:Faster communication, increased employee empowerment, quicker decision-making, and greater flexibility. Disadvantage:Potential for role confusion, overburdened managers, and challenges in managing larger teams effectively. 3-Functional structure: definition:An organizational structure that groups employees based on specialized functions or roles. Structure: Organized into departments like Marketing, Finance, HR, IT, Operations, each managed by a department head. Chain of Command:Vertical, with each function reporting to a central authority Decision-Making:Centralized Advantages:Efficient use of resources, specialization increases productivity, clear career paths within functions. Disadvantages:Limited cross-department communication, potential silos, less flexibility in adapting to market changes 4-Matrix structure:‫هيكل املصفوفة‬ definition:where employees report to both a functional manager and a project or product manager Structure:Dual reporting lines, where employees have two managers: one for their functional role (e.g., Marketing) and one for the project or product they are working on. Chain of Command:Complex, with employees reporting to both functional and project managers Decision- Making:Decentralized Advantages:Efficient use of resources, promotes collaboration across departments, allows for flexible and dynamic project management. Disadvantages:Can create confusion in reporting, potential power struggles between managers, and higher complexity in coordination. lecture 5 What is the business? A business refers to an entity that is involved in commercial, industrial, or professional endeavours, usually with the objective of generating profits. There are three economic sectors: 1- primary 2-secondary 3-tertiary 1-primary: Focuses on obtaining natural resources directly from the earth, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining 2-secondary: Concentrates on transforming these resources into usable products, like manufacturing and construction 3-tertiary: Provides services needed by people and businesses, such as education, healthcare, and trade. The economic infrastructure: Infrastructure encompasses the essential systems and structures necessary for the efficient functioning of a society 1- transportation infrastructure ‫البنية التحتية للنقل‬ 2-Social infrastructure ‫البنية التحتية االجتماعية‬ 3- Water and sanitation infrastructure ‫البنية التحتية للمياه والصرف الصحي‬ 4-communication infrastructure ‫البنية التحتية لالتصاالت‬ I think just read