English 10 Reviewer (3rd Grading) PDF

English 10 Teacher: Mr. Erwin L. Recto Lesson 1: Kinds of Essay What are the kinds of essays? 1.​ Informative (Expository) Essay – requires the student to investigate, evaluate the evidence, and explain the topic ​ It is held together by a clear, concise, and defined topic sentence...

English 10 Teacher: Mr. Erwin L. Recto Lesson 1: Kinds of Essay What are the kinds of essays? 1.​ Informative (Expository) Essay – requires the student to investigate, evaluate the evidence, and explain the topic ​ It is held together by a clear, concise, and defined topic sentence ​ Techniques: ​ Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion ○​ Transitions – the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together ​ Body paragraphs that include support ○​ Each paragraph should be limited to one general idea ​ Support or proof (factual, logical, statistical, or story-like) ​ A bit of creativity ​ A conclusion that does not simply restate the topic sentence, but readdresses it in the evidence provided 2.​ Persuasive Essay – utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea ​ Attempts to persuade the reader to adopt a certain point of view or take a particular action ​ Introduction: ​ Hook – an interesting first sentence ​ Background Information – gives context to your subject; familiarizes the reader with the content ​ Definitions – define any terms that the reader might find unfamiliar ​ Thesis – a clear, concise statement of your main argument; the overall idea you’ll be arguing ​ Body Paragraph: ​ Only one point to support your thesis per paragraph ​ Topic Sentence – reflects the main idea, links back to support the thesis ​ Evidence – information from a reliable source supporting the main idea  ​ Analysis – show how your evidence supports an argument ​ Conclusion: ​ Tie up the essay ​ Establish significance ​ Bonus: Give the reader food for thought (the information that the reader will be able to remember) ​ Techniques: ​ Know your audience ○​ Know whom you’re talking to first ​ Hook the reader’s attention ○​ A persuasive writer should state their opinion with a declarative statement that clearly expresses their point of view ​ Be empathetic ○​ Relate and understand the experience of the audience 3.​ Argumentative Essay – the confirmation of opinion about an issue whether it is correct or more reliable than others Techniques: ​ State your opinion ​ Give reasons to support your opinion ​ Argue against the opposite opinion ○​ You must convince the audience that your side of the argument is correct ○​ Perspectives must be balanced while writing an argumentative essay (address your opinion and the opposition) ​ Organization – commonly has six paragraphs ○​ It always has an introduction, body, and a conclusion ○​ In between the body paragraphs, you must: ​ Support your opinion ​ Present the opposing point of view, and ​ Tell the reader why that view is wrong Additional: ​ Persuasive Essay – attempts to persuade the reader to agree with the writer’s idea by using emotions  ​ Argumentative Essay – attempts to convince the reader that the writer’s idea is true using statistics Lesson 2: Literary Critique and its Techniques Critique ​ An act of criticizing ​ A genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept ​ Can be used to analyze a variety of works Critique Writing ​ Employs a formal, academic writing style ​ It has a clear structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion Body ​ Includes a summary of the works and a detailed evaluation ​ Purpose: to gauge the usefulness or impact of a work in a particular field Why do we write critiques? ​ To help students enhance their knowledge of the subject area of related works ​ To provide students an understanding of the work’s purpose, intended audience, development of arguments, the structure of the evidence, or creative style How to write a critique? 1.​ Make sure to have a close reading of the literary piece to be critiqued 2.​ Make notes on key parts of the work 3.​ Develop an understanding of the main argument being expressed in the work 4.​ Consider how the work relates to a broader issue or context Parts of a Critique 1.​ Introduction ​ Name the work being reviewed ​ Describe the main argument or purpose ​ Explain the context ​ Have a concluding sentence that signposts ○​ Signposts – words or phrases that guide the reader through the structure and argument of a literary piece 2.​ Summary  ​ Briefly summarize the main points ​ Objectively describe how the creator portrays these by using techniques, styles, media, characters, or symbols 3.​ Critical Evaluation ​ Read and study the selection to be critiqued; form an opinion about it ○​ Criteria – systems or standards for evaluation you can utilize to make your judgment ​ Some Guide Questions: a)​ Is the work presented objectively or subjectively? b)​ What are the aims of the work? Were the aims achieved? c)​ What techniques or styles were used in the work? d)​ Are they effective in portraying the purpose? e)​ What assumptions underlie the work? f)​ Has the evidence been interpreted fairly? g)​ How is the work structured? 4.​ Conclusion ​ A brief paragraph which includes: ○​ A statement indicating the overall evaluation ○​ Summary of the key reasons identified ○​ Recommendations for improvement Lesson 3: Formalism (Literary Approach) Literary Criticism ​ A comparison, analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of literary works ​ An opinion supported by evidence related to the themes, style, setting, or historical/political context Importance of Researching, Reading, and Writing Works of Literary Criticism ​ Makes a better sense of the work ​ Forms judgment about literature ​ Studies ideas from different points of view (POVs) ​ Determines on an individual level whether a literary work is worth reading Formalist (Structuralist) Approach ​ Refers to a critical approach that analyzes, interprets, or evaluates the inherent features of a text ​ Analyzes the text the way it is  ​ Reduces the importance of the text’s historical, biographical, and cultural context ​ It began in Russia in 1916 by the Moscow Linguistic Society (Roman Jacobson) and Prague Linguistic Circle (Viktor Shklovsky) ​ Formalists placed an “emphasis on the medium” by analyzing how literature was able to alter artistically Things to Remember in the Formalist Approach ​ Formalist criticism analyzes one work/literary text at a time ​ Analyzes the structure of a text without looking at “outside” factors ​ The approach requires close reading ​ Look for patterns within the text ​ The text explains how characters, settings, plot, images, symbols, and themes interact to create meaning, rather than listing elements of fiction ​ Examines form, diction, and unity Strengths Weaknesses ​ Criticism is done without research ​ Text is viewed in isolation ​ Emphasizes the literature’s value ​ Ignores the context of the work apart from its context ​ Reduces literature to nothing more ​ Makes literature timeless than a collection of rhetorical devices Additional: Elements of Poetry Only for review purposes 1.​ Lines – a group of words arranged into a row that ends for a reason 2.​ Stanzas – a series of lines grouped together and separated by empty lines from other stanzas 3.​ Form – the overall structure of a poem 4.​ Rhyme – the repetition of similar sounds at the end of each line 5.​ Rhythm – the recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in a poem 6.​ Meter – the unit of rhythm or the pattern of beats 7.​ Persona – refers to the person speaking in the poem 8.​ Addressee – to whom the poem is being dedicated Three General Types of Poems ​ Lyric poetry – expresses thoughts and feelings ​ Narrative poetry – tells a story  ​ Descriptive poetry – describes the world, a person, or an object Sound Devices – used to stress sounds and create a dramatic effect in the poem ​ Alliteration – the repetition of initial consonant sounds ​ Assonance – the repetition of vowel sounds ​ Consonance – the repetition of consonant sounds ​ Onomatopoeia – the words that imitate the natural sounds of things Organization of Devices 1.​ Form – can be examined in the work’s recurrences, repetitions, relationships, and motifs 2.​ Diction – choice of words, imagery, and symbols that a writer makes to effectively convey an idea, a POV, or tell a story 3.​ Unity – if a work has unity, all its aspects fit together in significant ways that create a whole Guide Questions a)​ How does the narrator’s point of view shape the meaning? b)​ How do the characters, setting, imagery, and plot relate to the theme and each other? c)​ How are the various parts of the work interconnected? d)​ How do these parts and their collective whole contribute/not contribute to the aesthetic quality of the work? e)​ What words, images, and symbols appear more than once and have a certain effect on the text? Lesson 4: Moralism Moralism (Moralist Approach) ​ Judges a literary work according to morals rather than its formal principles ​ It promotes a moral view of relationships, assuming one value system is superior ​ Is more concerned with content and values Key Ideas ​ It doesn’t look at the story as a “piece of art” with no moral implications, but rather with value that can help us understand our situations in life ​ Literature can affect the readers either subtly or directly ​ It perceives the value of the message as important as the story itself Disadvantages: ​ Too “judgmental” ​ Literature should be judged primarily (if not surely) on its artistic merits, not its moral/philosophical content In what way can people’s experience as part of different socio-economic groups be best evaluated in the literary text? ​ By interpreting the context, the relation between groups, and the class condition Lesson 5: Marxism (Marxist Approach) Karl Marx ​ A German philosopher during the 19th century ​ He worked primarily in the realm of political philosophy and was a famous advocate of communism Marxist Theory ​ The society is divided into two classes: ○​ Bourgeoisie – controls the world’s economic, natural, and human resources ​ Can manipulate the culture to maintain their position of power ○​ Proletariat – the working class who only sunk deeper into poverty ​ The bourgeoisie treat the proletariat poorly, resulting in an unequal and unjust system ​ Karl Marx believed that societies evolve toward a classless society with socialism after the working class rises against the dominant class. Marxism ​ A political, social, and economic theory fathered by Karl Marx ​ An approach to diagnosing political and social problems in terms of the struggles between socio-economic classes ​ Marxist critics are also interested in how the lower classes are oppressed in everyday life and literature ​ A Marxist analysis needs to end with an interpretation of what all this means ○​ It cannot be a statement of class divisions Look for the following details:  ​ Social classes that constitute the setting of the story ​ Characteristics of such social classes ​ The author’s idea about the prevailing social issue ​ Resolving the embedded issue or problem ​ Author’s message on the issue whether stated directly through characters or merely implied ​ The author’s main purpose in writing the story far from entertaining the reader ​ The background of the author and his views on economics, politics, and society, and the place where the piece was written Key Concepts to Focus on When Writing a Marxist Criticism 1.​ Class Struggle – the inherent conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat within a capitalist society 2.​ Alienation – a feeling of being disconnected from one's work and the society around them as a result of the capitalist mode of production 3.​ Base – the economic foundation of a society 4.​ Superstructure – encompasses the legal, political, cultural, and ideological aspects of society Remember: ​ It is important to determine its historical and social reality ​ The lens of Marxism provides a bigger picture in understanding class relations and social conflict to advocate social transformation Application across other fields 1.​ Broadcast and print company owners direct and control media content relating to socio-economic and political policy 2.​ Marxism reflects society's class structure through control of health institutions, health worker organizations, and service utilization 3.​ Marxism highlights the inequality in labor and development, wages and productivity, commodities and values, wealth and capitalism Additional: Definition of Terms Technical Definition ​ Also known as conceptual or theoretical definition ​ Refers to the universal meaning of a word ​ The literal or core sense of a word Operational Definition ​ Refers to how the term is used in different fields  ​ Has a specific meaning given by a group of people ​ The application of a word Guidelines for Writing the Definition of Terms 1.​ Only terms that have special meanings in the study are defined 2.​ Define important words in the title (eg. variables) 3.​ Define terms technically, operationally, or both 4.​ Don’t forget to acknowledge your sources 5.​ Include, spell out, and define unfamiliar acronyms 6.​ Definitions should be short, clear, and unambiguous Lesson 6: Feminism (Feminist Approach) Feminism (Feminist Criticism) ​ Seeks to understand how gender and sexuality shape the meaning and representation of literary texts ​ Concerned with how literature reinforces or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women ​ Also concerned with less obvious forms of marginalization What does Feminist Criticism do? It observes, analyzes, and challenges: ​ The language, institutions, and power which have reflected patriarchal interest and had a profound impact on women’s expression and quality of life ​ Women’s resistance and subversion of patriarchal oppression ​ Empowerment for women through representation Common Space in Feminist Theories from Tyson (92) 1.​ Women are oppressed by patriarchy economically, politically, socially, and psychologically; patriarchal ideology is the primary means by which women are oppressed 2.​ In every domain where patriarchy reigns, a woman is other: she is marginalized, defined only by her difference from male norms and values 3.​ All of Western (Anglo-European) civilization is deeply rooted in patriarchal ideology 4.​ While biology determines our sex, culture determines our gender 5.​ All feminist activity has its ultimate goal to change the world by prompting gender equality 6.​ Gender issues play a part in every aspect of human production and experience, whether we are consciously aware of these issues or not Guide Questions  a)​ How are women’s lives portrayed in the work? b)​ Is the form and content of the work influenced by the writer’s gender? c)​ How do male and female characters relate to one another? Are these relationships sources of conflict? Are these conflicts resolved? d)​ Does the work challenge or affirm traditional views of women? e)​ How do the images of women in the story reflect patriarchal social forces that have impeded women’s efforts to achieve full equality with men? f)​ What marital expectations are imposed on the characters? What effect do these expectations have? g)​ What behavioral expectations are imposed on the characters? What effect do these expectations have? h)​ If a female character were male, how would the story be different (and vice versa)? i)​ How does the marital status of a character affect her decisions or happiness? Lesson 7: Historical Approach Historical Approach ​ Analyzes literature as evidence of contemporary economic and political events, while also using historical context to explain literary content. ​ To understand a literary work, we must consider the author’s biography, the social context, and the cultural environment of the time. ​ Involves looking beyond literature at the broader historical and cultural events occurring at the time the piece was written ​ The key goal is to understand the effect of literary works on their original readers ​ Seeks a greater understanding of the biblical texts by analyzing the historical and social contexts they developed ​ Traditionally, the goal has been to try to understand the text’s meaning in its original context and to answer questions about the text Methods of Historical Literary Approach 1.​ Source Criticism – questions whether texts came from a singular source, and seeks to untangle the sources present within any given text 2.​ Form Criticism – seeks to understand the claims of a text by analyzing its linguistic patterns 3.​ Redaction Criticism – analyzes how redactors wove together various traditions into one whole Old Historicism  ​ A literary work has to be read with a sense of time and place of its creation ○​ Every work is a product of its time and its world New Historicism ​ States that the relationship between the history and the text is not mono-linear, but bi-linear ○​ Mono-linear – if you learn history, you understand literature ○​ Bi-linear – if you read a literary piece, you understand history ​ Literature must be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the critic ​ Critics using this approach examine the work alongside related writings and the author's life to understand its context The Goal of Historical Criticism ​ Seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text How to Use Historical Criticism? 1.​ Examine the text’s historical origins (eg. the time and place it was written, sources) 2.​ Examine the events, dates, persons, places, things, and customs that are implied in the text Guide Questions a)​ How does it reflect the time in which it was written? b)​ How accurately does the story depict the time in which it is set? c)​ What literary or historical influence helped to shape the form and concept of the work? d)​ How does the story reflect the attitudes and beliefs of the time in which it was written or set? e)​ What other literary works may have influenced the writer? f)​ What historical events or movements might have influenced this writer? Lesson 8: Reader-Response Approach/Criticism Reader-Response Criticism (RRC) ​ An approach to literary criticism that focuses on how readers are actively engaged in the creation of meaning in a text ​ A text is an experience, not an object. ​ The text is a living thing that lives in the reader’s imagination  ​ Emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, emphasizing the reader's active role in creating meaning, and challenging formalist and structuralist views. Key Ideas 1.​ The Reader ​ RRC focuses on the reader’s psychological experience of reading a text and how they create meaning from the text ​ Interpretations always need to have textual support ​ The reader must create a meaning out of what the text has given them ○​ Implied Reader – the intended audience the author has in mind, expecting them to react to, interpret, and experience the text in a specific way (concept by Wolfgang Iser) ○​ Resisting Reader – who refuses to fulfill the role of the implied reader and refuses to read how the text was “supposed to be read” ○​ Interpretive Community – grouping readers that share historical and cultural contexts 2.​ The Text ​ RRC argues that the text is a performance, an event, and an interactive process ​ RR critics also focus on the importance of the reading experience ○​ Performing art, event, interaction – the text is an interactive event; it is alive in the interaction between the reader and the words on the page ○​ Experience – the reader’s experience of movement through a text is an important factor in the creation of meaning ​ “As we move onwards through a text, we fill in the blanks and form expectations” — Stanley E. Fish RR critics focus on different aspects of the reader experience, such as: ​ How the text tries to structure a specific experience ​ The extent to which the reader’s experiences match the intended experience ​ How the reader’s experiences differ from the intended experience To write your reaction to a literary text, you must consider the following: ​ Write the introduction ​ Write the body paragraphs ​ Remember to explain how, why, and what ​ Incorporate specific examples into your analysis ​ Keep quotations short and sweet ​ Write the conclusion ​ Proofread, proofread, proofread!