College English Notes 2024-2025 - PDF

COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 LESSON 1: BASIC PATTERN SENTENCE & LISTENING PARTS OF SPEECH DIRECT OBJECT CONTENT WORDS - receives the action done by the  NOUN...

COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 LESSON 1: BASIC PATTERN SENTENCE & LISTENING PARTS OF SPEECH DIRECT OBJECT CONTENT WORDS - receives the action done by the  NOUN subject (who/what)  VERB - in a sentence, the direct object is the noun or noun phrase that receives  ADVERB the action of the verb. The basic  ADJECTIVE construction works like this:  INTERJECTION Subject + Verb + Who or What FUNCTION WORDS ex. Her secret admirer gave her a  PRONOUN bouquet of flowers  AUXILIARY VERB  PREPOSITION INDIRECT OBJECT  DETERMINER - Precedes the direct object and tells  CONJUNCTION whom or for whom the action of ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE verb is done and who is receiving the direct object SUBJECT - it is a noun, pronoun, or noun - doer of the action/topic of the phrase. The basic construction sentence. works like this: - The subject is what (or whom) the Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to sentence is about. It may be a noun whom, to what, for whom, or for what or a pronoun. ex. Her secret admirer gave her a ex. The little girl is very happy bouquet of flowers PREDICATE - The part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject - Usually consists of verb with or without objects, complements, or BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN adverbial modifiers SENTENCE - the predicate tells something about - a word or a group of words put the subject together to express meaning - It is composed of subject and a predicate SUBJECT–INTRANSITIVE VERB (S-IV) example: INTRANSITIVE VERB – a verb without a direct object COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 examples: SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – DIRECT OBJECT – OBJECT  The old woman laughs. COMPLEMENT (S-TV-DO-OC)  She cried. OBJECT COMPLEMENT (OC) – a noun,  People work. pronoun, or adjective which follows a direct  He slept. object and renames it or tells what the  The students ran. direct object has become. SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – DIRECT OBJECT (S-TV-DO) examples: TRANSITIVE VERB – a verb that requires  He called the cashier beautiful. both a subject and a direct object  The class elected Nadine president.  The child made her mother happy. examples: SUBJECT-TRANSITIVE VERB-  The students helped the barangay. INDIRECT OBJECT-DIRECT OBJECT  Someone ate my sandwich. (S-TV-IO-DO)  I played the piano. INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – a receiver of the  The boards showed their approval. direct object; to/for whom the action is SUBJECT– LINKING VERB– SUBJECT done COMPLEMENT (S-LV-PN) LISTENING PREDICATE NOMINATIVE/NOUN (PN) – - The process of receiving, completes a linking verb and renames the subject constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/ or non- examples: verbal message.  Teachers are our second parents. HEARING  Anne is the boss.  Whales and sharks are mammals. - The process, function, or power of  Philippines is the “Pearl of the perceiving sound through the ear Orient Seas.” TYPES OF LISTENING SUBJECT – LINKING VERB – APPRECIATIVE LISTENING SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (S-LV-PA) - Listening for pleasure and PREDICATE ADJECTIVE (PA) – completes a enjoyment as when we listen to linking verb and describes the subject music, to a comedy routine, or to an examples: entertaining speech - Describe how well speakers choose  Her pies are very sweet. and use words, use humor, ask  His behavior has been outrageous. questions, tell stories, and argue  Nina is so beautiful. persuasively  That garbage on the street smells EMPHATIC LISTENING bad. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - Listening to provide emotional - Asks you to make judgements based support for the speaker on your evaluation of the speaker’s - Focuses on understanding and argument identifying with a person’s situation, - Challenges the speaker’s message by feelings, or motives evaluating its accuracy and - There is an attempts to understand meaningfulness, and utility what the other person is feeling - Uses critical thinking skills - Listener does NOT necessarily agree or feel the same way with the speaker, instead understand the LESSON 2: NOUNS type and intensity of feelings the speaker is experiencing without NOUNS judgement - Names of places, persons, plants, COMPREHENSIVE/ACTIVE LISTENING animals, objects, events, ideas, and the like. - Listening to understand the - They are distinguished from the message of a speaker other parts of speech because they - Focuses on accurately exhibit the following characteristics: understanding the meaning of the  as a subject speaker’s words while  as subject complement simultaneously interpreting non-  as direct object verbal cues such as facial  as indirect object expressions, gestures, posture, and  as an appositive vocal quality. STEPS IN ACTIVE LISTENING:  Listening carefully by using all available sense  Paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally  Checking your understanding to ensure accuracy  Providing feedback FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL LISTENING AS SUBJECT - Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it - A noun partnered with a predicate - Focuses on evaluating whether a verb. It does an action with an message is logical and reasonable action verb; is acted upon with a passive verb. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 ex:  Mother cooked us a sumptuous dinner  Enzo plays video games all the time. AS APPOSITIVE  The school suspended the class - A noun that renames another noun; late. it is usually placed next to the noun AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT it renames. - A noun that renames or describes ex: the subject after a linking verb.  Dr. Daing, the associate dean, is Some examples of linking verbs in the famous one. the English language include the  The white sand beach, Boracay, following: is, are, am, be, are, was, is located in Aklan. were, been, being, seem, taste, appoint, become, feel, smell, sound, AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION appear, etc. - A noun that comes after a ex: preposition in a sentence  Ezer is a pharmacy student in ex: OLFU.  I have to give it to the teacher.  OLFU-QC is an autonomous  I will buy books for the children university. today AS DIRECT OBJECT PREPOSITION: - A noun answering "whom" or "what" after an action verb. A direct object "receives" or is the "object" of the action ex:  Erin sent Enzo some funds.  Mother cooked us a sumptuous dinner. SUFFIXES AS INDIRECT OBJECT - Often, suffixes will suggest that a - A noun answering "to whom/what" word is a noun. One added to the or "for whom/what" after an action back. Some examples are verb. It always precedes a direct suggestion, happiness, involvement, object and diner. ex: AFFIX - is added to the root of a word to change its meaning.  Erin sent Enzo some funds. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 PREFIX - An affix added to the front of a - refers to a person or people word ex:  He is my first kiss.  We are sisters by heart. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS - Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate or point out things like people, places, objects, or ideas. LESSON 3: PRONOUNS ex: PRONOUN  I love this. - identify the subject in a variety of  Did Shane give you that? ways, other than by “name”;  Enzo wants these. - substitute for (or take the place of)  Will you be buying those? nouns; DO NOT put a noun after the demonstrative - make the speech and writing less pronoun it will then become an adjective boring; - do not have to repeat the subject INTENSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ANTECEDENT - Pronouns which end in “self” or - the noun that is being replaced by a “selves” pronoun REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – Reflect INTENSIVE PRONOUNS - Intensify TYPES OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - The list of relative and interrogative pronouns is the SAME except for what and that ex:  The ball (that was lost) was found.  The girl (who lives down the street) was absent today. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS  The teacher (who my brother - emphasize (or intensify) another had last year) is now retired. noun or pronoun  The family (whose dog ran away) has bought another one. ex:  The student (whom you might  Mom cooked the food herself know) was selected for the team. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS LESSON 3: PUNCTUATION - refer to the subject and reflect the action of the verb back to the PUNCTUATION subject - is the system of symbols that we use ex: to separate written sentences and parts of sentences, and to make  I bought myself something to their meaning clear. Each symbol is drink. called a "punctuation mark". INDEFINITE PRONOUNS - Refers to a person, a place, or a thing that is not specifically named RELATIVE PRONOUNS TYPES OF PUNCTUATIONS - Introduce subordinate clauses INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS PERIOD (. ) - it ends a sentence - Introduce a question (?) RULES: COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  If a sentence otherwise ends  The final comma in a list of items with a question mark or is known as an Oxford comma or exclamation point, the period is serial comma. Some writers omit omitted. it, but doing so can cause confusion.  When a noun is modified by more than one adjective, the  If a sentence ends with an adjectives should be separated abbreviation, the period used for by a comma (ex: It was a long, the abbreviation also serves as noisy, and nauseating flight.) the period for the sentence. This  If sequential adjectives do not is true even if the abbreviation is individually modify a noun, they contained within a quotation. should not be separated by a comma. (ex: He held a bright red balloon.)  When an adjective or adverb is repeated for emphasis, a comma is required. (ex: This is a  An indirect question ends with a very, very violent movie.) period, not a question mark. COLON (:) - introduce a list and create emphasis RULES:  If a sentence ends with a parenthetical that is only part of  The colon is used to introduce a a larger sentence, the period is list of items. placed outside the closing  The colon can be used to parenthesis. emphasize a phrase or single  If the parenthetical is itself an word at the end of a sentence. entire sentence, the period is SEMICOLON ( ; ) placed inside the closing parenthesis. - stronger than a comma but weaker than a period COMMA ( , ) - indicates a pause that would occur if RULES: the sentence were spoken aloud. Separates grammatical components  can be used in lists with internal of the sentence. Used in mechanical commas. In this usage, the and stylistic writing semicolon acts as a sort of super- comma. RULES: ex. The new store will have  The comma separates a series of groceries on the lower level; words, phrases, or independent luggage, housewares, and clauses. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 electronics on the ground floor; ex. And yet, when the car was men’s and women’s clothing on the finally delivered—nearly three second floor; and books, music, and months after it was ordered—she stationery on the third floor. decided she no longer wanted it, leaving the dealer with an oddly HYPHEN ( - ) equipped car that would be difficult - formation of certain compound to sell. items  Dashes are considered less RULES: formal than parentheses  used in place of a colon when  Compound terms are those that you want to emphasize the consist of more than one word conclusion of your sentence. The but represent a single item or dash is less formal than the idea. colon. ex. (examples: eye-opener, check-in, QUOTATION MARKS ( “” ) free-for-all.) - used to indicate material that is  EN DASH ( – ) – is slightly wider than being reproduced word for word the hyphen (-) but narrower than the em dash (—). Used to represent RULES: a span or range of numbers, dates,  Short quotations can generally or time. Read as “to” or “through” be run-in to the main text using RULES: quotation marks.  Longer quotations should be set  If you introduce a span or range off from the main text, and are with words such as from or referred to as block quotations. between, do not use the en  When a run-in quotation dash. contains quotation marks within ex. Incorrect: She served as the quoted material itself, use secretary of state from 1996–1999. single quotation marks in their place. Correct: She served as secretary of  When inserted in the middle of a state from 1996 to 1999. person’s actual name, a EM DASH ( — ) nickname should appear in quotation marks. (ex: Henry M. - the em dash can take the place of “Hank” Paulson Jr.) commas, parentheses, or colons—in  As an alternative to parentheses, each case to slightly different effect. quotation marks can be used to RULES: enclose a translation. (ex: His knowledge of Portuguese is  dashes are always more limited to obrigado, “thank you,” emphatic than commas. and adeus, “goodbye.”) COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  Quotation marks can be used  When a direct question occurs when referring to a specific word within a larger sentence, it takes or letter. (ex: In the previous a question mark. sentence, “letter” was properly  When the question mark is part spelled with two “t”s.) of a title of work, a syntactically necessary comma is retained. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )  When the question mark in the - has three uses: contractions, plurals, title comes at the end of a and possessives. sentence that would itself require a question mark or RULES: period, the additional question  Contractions (ex: let’s, don’t, mark or period is omitted. couldn’t, it’s, she’s) EXCLAMATION POINT ( ! )  Apostrophe is seldom used to form a plural noun. - a mark of terminal punctuation; as  Rare exception to the rule is such, it should not be followed by a when certain abbreviations, period or question mark letters, or words are used as RULES: nouns, as in the following examples. (ex: He received four  When a quotation ends with an A’s and two B’s, Do we have exclamation point, a comma that more yes’s than no’s?) would ordinarily be placed inside  Individual possession (example: the closing quotation mark is France’s and Italy’s domestic omitted. policies are diverging.)  If the exclamation point is part of  Joint possession (example: This a title of work or a proper noun, course will use Robert Smith and the comma should be retained. Rebecca Green’s psychology ELLIPSES ( … ) textbook.)  Proper noun that is already in - a set of three periods ( … ) indicating possessive form is left as is. an omission (example: McDonald’s menu was simplified in response to COVID- 19.) QUESTION MARK ( ? ) RULES: - used at the end of direct question  In informal writing, an ellipsis can be used to represent a RULES: trailing off of thought.  When a direct question occurs  Can also indicate hesitation, within a larger sentence, it takes though in this case the a question mark. punctuation is more accurately described as suspension points. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  In informal writing, an ellipsis brackets can be used to remove can be used to represent a it. trailing off of thought.  In the rare event that  Can also indicate hesitation, parentheses are required within though in this case the parentheses, use brackets punctuation is more accurately instead. described as suspension points. PARENTHESES () - allow a writer to provide additional information RULES:  The parenthetical material might be a single word, a fragment, or multiple complete sentences which t must not be grammatically integral to the surrounding sentence.  Numbered or lettered lists should use a pair of parentheses to enclose the numbers or letters.  Short translations in unquoted text can be placed in parentheses. (Use brackets for translations in quoted text.) BRACKETS ( [ ] ) - allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations RULES: LESSON 4: SUBJECT-VERB  If the original material includes a AGREEMENT noun or pronoun that is unclear, 20 RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB brackets can be used for AGREEMENT clarification.  If the original material contains RULE #1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS language you deem MUST AGREE IN NUMBER inappropriate for your audience, Singular S = Singular V COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 Plural S = Plural V TYPICALLY REQUIRE A PLURAL VERB Singular verbs ends in S Except when using quasi-coordinators such as together with, as well as, along with RULE #2: DON’T GET CONFUSED BY RULE #7: IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE THE WORDS THAT COME BETWEEN SEPARATED BY “AND” REFER TO THE SUBJECT AND VERB THE SAME THING, THE VERB IS SINGULAR RULE #8: IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE RULE #3: PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES SINGULAR AND CONNECTED BY BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB “OR,NOR,NEITHER/NOR,EITHER/OR USUALLY DO NOT AFFECT THE AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO” THE AGREEMENT VERB IS SINGULAR RULE #4: IF A SENTENCE STARTS WITH “THERE” OR “HERE”, THE SUBJECT WILL ALWAYS BE PLACED AFTER THE VERB RULE #9: IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE PLURAL AND CONNECTED BY THE WORDS “OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/ OR, AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO,” THE VERB IS PLURAL RULE #5: SUBJECTS CAN COME AFTER THE VERB IN QUESTIONS RULE #10: IF ONE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR AND ONE PLURAL AND ARE CONNECTED BY THE WORDS “OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/ OR, AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO,” USE THE SUBJECT THAT IS NEAREST THE VERB RULE #6: IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE JOINED BY “AND”, THEY COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 RULES #11: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT USUALLY USE A SINGULAR VERB RULE #17: MOST INDEFINITE PRONOUNS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS RULE #12: COLLECTIVE NOUNS USUALLY TAKE A SINGULAR VERB RULE #13: TITLE OF BOOKS, MOVIES, NOVELS, ETC. ARE TREATED AS SINGULAR RULE #14: TWO INFINITIVES SEPARATED BY AND TAKE A PLURAL VERB RULE #15: GERUNDS ALONE TAKE A SINGULAR VERB. GERUNDS LINKED RULE #18: BOTH, FEW, MANY, BY “AND” TAKE A PLURAL VERB OTHERS, AND SEVERAL TAKE A PLURAL VERB RULE #16: IF THE WORDS “EACH, RULE #19: WHEN THE SUBJECT IS EVERY OR NO” COME BEFORE THE “ALL, ANY, MORE, MOST, NONE, SUBJECT, THE VERB IS SINGULAR. OR SOME” THIS IS THE ONLY TIME YOU MUST LOOK AT THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE TO COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS INDICATIVE MOOD SINGULAR OR PLURAL - Express a fact, opinion or question RULE #20: REMEMBER ONLY THE SUBJECT AFFECTS THE VERB IMPERATIVE MOOD LESSON 5: MOODS OF VERB - Express a direct command or request WHAT IS MOOD? LIFE DEFINITION: - How one is feeling at a given time LITERARY DEFINITION: - The reader’s emotional response - The atmosphere of a story MOOD IN GRAMMAR: - The form a verb takes to indicate the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ATTITUDE of the person using the  PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE verb - express a suggestion, a necessity TENSE or an indirect command/order  PAST SUBJUNCTIVE - Shows time (past, present, future) - expresses an untrue condition, or a VOICE wish or desire - Shows who’s doing an action or COMMON VERBS: ask, demand, determine, having action done to them insist, move, order, pray, prefer, MOOD recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish - Shows attitude (telling a fact, giving a command, expressing a wish) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE EXAMPLES: MOODS OF THE VERBS The teacher recommended that I be in her class. Other references also include Conditional (contains an auxiliary verb and main verb; I recommend that you be on time the rest often uses would/should; common in if – of the year. sentences) and Interrogative (asks The judge suggested that we be given first questions) moods prize COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 I demand that he do the assignment. - Together, they make up the complete verb tense Her mom instead that she not play tomorrow night. TIME FRAME + ASPECT = COMPLETE VERB TENSE I insist that Michael come early, Present + (Simple) = Present tense I strongly suggest that he cooperate with the police. Present + Progressive = Present progressive tense etc. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE EXAMPLES: ASPECTS OF VERB I wish you were in my English class. SIMPLE TENSES I wish Mr. McGowan weren’t so awesome. - Does not involve that use of an If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. auxiliary verb IMPLY VS INFER - Used for actions that occurred at a specific time either in the present, IMPLY past, or future, but they do not state - Refers to giving information whether or not the action is - To strongly suggest the truth or finished. existence of something that is not expressly stated Example: Jason’s scowl implied that he was unhappy with the job. PROGRESSIVE TENSES INFER - Used to indicate an unfinished action - Refers to receiving information - To deduce or conclude information from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statement of the information PERFECT TENSES Example: - Describe a finished action From the tone of your voce, I am inferring that you are angry. LESSON 6: VERB TENSES VERB TENSES PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES - Composed of a time frame (past, - Describe an action that was in present, future) and a aspect progress but was then finished (simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive) COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  She moved quietly. (Manner and tell how)  I waited there for an hour. (Place and tell where)  You may leave soon. (Time, tells when)  I called you once. (Number, tell how many)  He sat very still. (Degree, tells how much) INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS - Introduces a sentence that asks a question - Where, when, why and how Ex: ( __, verb, interrogative adverb)  When will you return?  How is the trunk being sent? NEGATIVE ADVERBS - Denies or contradicts a statement - No, not, never, only, scarcely and hardly Note: two negative adverbs should not be used together. Ex. ( __, verb, negative adverb)  I can scarcely believe my eyes. (correct)  I haven’t no more sea shells. (incorrect) LESSON 1: ADVERB ORDER OF ADVERBS ADVERB ADVERB OF MANNER - Modifies an active verb or a verb - This adverb tells us how an action is phrase by expressing manner, place, done. It describes the way time, degree or number. something happens. TYPES OF ADVERBS Ex. ( __, verb, adverb of manner) SIMPLE ADVERBS  She sings beautifully. Ex: ( __, verb, bold, simple adverb) ADVERB OF PLACE COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - This adverb tells us where the action AUDIENCE happens. It indicates the location or - Is your reader/listener, the recipient position of the action of you verbal or written Ex. ( __, verb, adverb of place) communication.  The cat is sitting here. DICTION ADVERB OF FREQUENCY - Word choice/choice of words - Word choice is important in - This adverb tells us how often an establishing tone. action occurs. It describes how frequently something happens. 3 LEVELS OF DICTION Ex. ( __, verb, adverb of frequency)  High-formal Diction  Neutral Diction  They go to the gym sometimes.  Informal or Low Diction ADVERB OF TIME FORMAL INFORMAL - This adverb tells us when an action Serious Light happens. It provides information Objective Humorous about the timing or duration of the Impersonal Casual action. Reasoned Personal Controlled Offhanded Ex. ( __, verb, adverb of time)  We’ll meet you tomorrow. SITUATIONS: ADVERB OF PURPOSE FORMAL INFORMAL - This adverb tells us why an action is Job interviews Text Messages done. It explains the reason or Business Letter Love Letters intention behind the action Class Essay Locker Conversation Ex. ( __, verb, adverb of purpose) Journal Style  She studies hard to get good grades. FORMAL LANGUAGE FORMAL - Is spoken or written is expected to - Used in a formal corporate setting be in standard ENGLISH INFORMAL - Not so formal in speaking but in writing it’s a MUST - Is how you usually speak to your friends or salitang kalye. INFORMAL LANGUAGE TONE - Simple grammatical structure - Personal evaluation - Defined as the writer’s attitude  Using first POV toward the subject matter and his or  Using forms of “YOU’ her readers. - Colloquial or slang vocabulary COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  Contractions Ex.  The water feels cold.  She runs fast. LESSON 2: ADJECTIVES  The road is rough. ADJECTIVE THAT ENDS WITH “-ly” - Is a word that modifies or describes - These are formed by adding “-ly” to a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can an adverb. They modify nouns and be used to describe the qualities, are the opposite of the previous quantity, or characteristics of type. someone or something. Ex. Ex:  He spoke softly. The small puppy slept soundly  They danced gracefully. (adjective + noun)  He smiled happily. They have a friendly dog (adjective + HAVE TWO FORMS pronoun) - Some adjectives can have two TYPES OF ADJECTIVES forms: one with “-ly” and one DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES without. The form depends on the meaning or usage. - Are words that describe or provide more information about a noun or Ex. pronoun by giving details about its  She answered quickly. qualities, characteristics, or  He solved the problem easily. attributes.  He performed well in the test. Ex. FORMED FROM NOUNS  She has a tiny dog. - These adjectives are derived from  He wore a blue shirt. nouns by adding suffixes like “-y”, “-  The round table is in the center of ish”, or “-al”. They often indicate the room origin, material, or resemblance.  The blanket feels soft and warm  He drives an old car. Ex.  He enjoys British literature.  He has a childish sense of TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE humor. ADJECTIVES  She wore a leathery jacket. DO NOT END WITH “-ly” QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES - Are words that have the same form - Are adjectives that describe the as adverbs but function as adjectives quantity or amount of a noun or when modifying nouns or pronouns pronoun. They are also called COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 numeral adjectives. The can be something among a group of people cardinal (one, two, three, etc.), or things. They include words like ordinal (first, second, third, etc.). or each, every, either, neither, etc. fractional (half, quarter, etc.) They are always followed by a singular noun and singular verb Ex. Ex.  Ten students must submit.  I found the first clue.  Each people has a pencil.  Every room requires cleaning. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES DEFINITE QUANTITATIVE - Are adjectives that point out or ADJECTIVES indicate a specific noun or pronoun. They are also called pointing - Are adjectives that describe the adjectives. They include this, that, quantity or amount of noun or these, and those pronoun. They can be used to describe how many, how much, or Ex. what proportion of something  This book is fascinating. there is.  That car over there is mine. Ex.  These cookies are delicious.  She ate the two donuts. TYPES OF DEMONSTRATIVE  I found the first clue. ADJECTIVES INDEFINITE QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSING ITS POSITION AS ADJECTIVES NEAR OR FAR (INCLUDING IN TIME) - Are adjectives that show a general or approximate quantity of - Are special adjectives that identify a something. They include words like noun or pronoun by expressing its some, any, many, few, several, etc. position as near or far (including in They can be used with both time) countable and uncountable nouns. Ex. Ex.  This pen (near) is blue.  She has some food on the table.  That mountain (far) is stunning.  They brought a few foods.  These shoes (near) are comfortable, while those shoes (far) over there are on sale. The words “this” and “these” indicate DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES items that are close, while “that” and - Are adjectives that show the “those” refer to items that are far. distribution or division of POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - Are adjectives that show ownership Ex. There is a choice of three desserts or possession of a noun or pronoun. on the menu. Which dessert would you They are also called possessive like? determiners. They include my, your,  Use of “whose” indicates possession his, her, its, our, and their. or ownership Ex. Ex. Whose jacket did you borrow?  She loves her husband. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES  Our vacation was fun. - Are adjectives that do not refer to a  MY: indicate ownership by the specific quantity or number, but speaker. rather to an uncertain or non- specific amount. They modify nouns Ex. She likes your clothes. by giving a general idea of “how  YOUR: indicate ownership by the many” or “how much” without listener. specifying an exact number or quantity. Ex. My puppy likes her. Ex.  HIS: show ownership by a male.  She brought some cookies to the Ex. His degree in engineering is party. impressive.  Do you have any money left?  HER: show ownership by a female.  Many people attended the events. Ex. She loves her taro cake.  I have a few friends in that city. INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES  There are several options to choose from. - Are adjectives that are used to ask questions about a noun or pronoun. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS They also called interrogative - Are words that replace nouns and determiners. They include what, refer to nonspecific people, things, which, and whose. or amounts. They include words like Ex. someone, anyone, none, everybody, nobody, many, all,  Which movie are we going to several, something. watch?  What book are you reading? Ex.  Whose jacket is this?  Someone left their bag in the  Use “what” when the options are room. unknown:  Nobody knew the answer. Ex. What dessert would you like?  All were invited to the party.  Use “which” when the options are ARTICLES known: COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - Are adjectives that are used to  An orange a day keeps the introduce a noun or pronoun. They doctor away. are also called definite and  A movie night sounds fun. indefinite articles. They include the, Using articles with adjectives: Articles a, and an often modify nouns already modified by Ex. adjectives.  A cat is sitting on the chair. Ex.  An apple a day keeps the doctors  The small dog barked loudly. away. (Definite article before adjective  The car in the parking lot is new. “small”) TYPES OF ARTICLE  An exciting movie captured our attention. (Indefinite article before DEFINITE ARTICLE the adjective “exciting”) - The definite article is represented by  A beautiful sunset painted the sky. the word “the” (Indefinite article before the - It is used to define something adjective “beautiful”) specific: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES - Refers to something previously mentioned or known, unique, or - Are adjectives made up of two or being more words that work together to describe a noun. These words are Ex. often connected by a hypen ( - ) to  The dog is in the backyard is show that they function as a single barking. adjective.  The teacher gave us extra Ex. homework.  The cake on the table looks  We live in a smoke-free building. delicious.  She wore a long-sleeved shirt. INDEFINITE ARTICLE  They took a five-minute break.  That is a well-known restaurant. - They indefinite article are  He gave me an open-ended represented by the words “a” or question. “an” - The indicate something unspecific - Refers to something generic or LESSON 3: PREPOSITION mentioned for the first time. - Used only with Singular nouns PREPOSITION - NOT used with non-countable - A word, which is used before a nouns (e.g. water, air, integrity) noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun. Ex. It indicates relationships such as place, time, direction, possession,  A dog can be a great companion. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 etc. Prepositions are typically before specific time periods. It helps us a noun or pronoun. understand when something is occurring.  At: Use “at” for precise times or specific moments KINDS OF PREPOSITION Ex. The meeting is at 3:00 PM (specific SIMPLE PREPOSITION time) - Consists only of one word  In: Use “in” for months, years, and COMPOUND PREPOSITION centuries, indicating a general period of time - Two or more prepositions Ex. TYPES OF PREPOSITION  We’ll go on vacation in July PREPOSTION OF PLACE/LOCATION (specific month)  At: Use “at” for specific points or  The event happened in the 19th addresses. It’s like pin pointing a century (a general time period) location  On: Use “on” for specific days and dates Ex. She lives at 123 Main Street (a specific address). Ex.  In: Use “in” when something is  We’ll meet on Monday (specific inside or enclosed within a place, day of the week) like a room or a building.  Her birthday is on May 10th (a specific date) Ex, The book is in the library (inside the library) COMMON PREPOSITIONS OF TIME WITH EXAMPLES:  On: Use “on” when something is resting or touching a surface, or for  During: Used when something general, less specific locations. happens within the time something else is happening Ex. Ex. We stayed at a student hostel during  The cup is on the table (touching the the conference. table’s surface)  The school is on the corner of the  For: Indicates a period of time street (a general location, not a Ex. I’m just going to bed for two hours specific point) or so. PREPOSITION OF TIME  Until/Till: Means up to a certain - A preposition of time is a time preposition that allows us to discuss COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 Ex. We’ll wait till/until half past six for  With: Used with objects, materials, you. animals, accents, and physical characteristics  Since: refers back to a point in time when something began Ex. I saw a girl with a pink purse. Ex. The factory has been here since the  To: Shows possession or connection, 1970’s often used in the expression “belong to” PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION Ex. This garden belong to my old aunt - Indicate where something is moving Mercy. or directed PREPOSITIONS OF CAUSE OF REASON - Establish a relationship between an event (cause) and its consequence (effect). They are often used to explain reasons, justify actions, or express motivations.  Because of: Indicates the reason behind an event. Ex. She missed the train because of heavy traffic.  Due to: Similar to "because of," emphasizing causality. Ex. The flight delay was due to bad weather.  Thanks to: Expresses a positive outcome or reason. Ex. Thanks to her hard work, she got PREPOSITION OF POSSESSION promoted. - Are words that show ownership or  From: Indicates the origin or source belonging. They help us express of something. relationships between people, Ex. The cake recipe is from my things, and places. Common grandmother. prepositions of possession include: of, with, and to  As a result of: Shows the  Of: commonly used for cities, consequence of an action. people, and possessive pronouns Ex. The team won the championship as Ex. Canberra is the capital of Australia. a result of their teamwork. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  Out of: Suggests a motive or reason.  Or – options or choices Ex. He helped her out of kindness. Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza?  For the sake of: Indicates doing  Yet – contrast or exemptions something for a specific purpose. Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also want pizza. Ex. He sacrificed for the sake of his  So – to connect sentences when the family. results are shown Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some. LESSON 4: CONJUNCTION SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION - Connects a dependent clause (a - a conjunction joins words, phrases, clause that cannot be written as a and sentences, which are called separate sentence) with an clauses. independent clause. TYPES OF CONJUNCTION Words used: COORDINATING CONJUNCTION If, While, Because, Although, After, Before, Unless, When, Until, Since, - They connect words, phrases, and Then, As clauses which are sentence - They connect things of equal value. Ex. We celebrated after we won the (This means that they would connect game. a noun with another noun or a CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION prepositional phrase with another prepositional phrase) - Connect things of equal value. (This - There are seven coordinating means that they will connect a verb conjunctions: with another verb or sentence) - Are not single words. They work in FANBOYS pairs.  For – shows reason or purpose FIVE PAIRS OF CORRELATIVE Ex. I ordered pizza, for I was hungry. CONJUNCTIONS:  And – express addition  Both – And  Whether – Or Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.  Neither – Nor  Nor – when we are trying to  Either – Or connect non-contrasting negative  Not Only – But also ideas Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.  But – show contrast Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 LESSON 5: INTERJECTION Examples: INTERJECTION  Shh, be quiet.  Come on! Let’s get moving before it - An Interjection is a word or phrase starts raining. used to express a feeling, request, or demand. Interjections are not EMOTIVE INTERJECTION grammatically connected to other - Express emotions such as surprise, parts of a sentence. They are agreement, celebration, or anger. common in everyday speech and informal writing. Examples: Examples:  Really? I didn’t know that.  Yay! Let’s celebrate!  Wow! That was the best goal of the entire tournament.  Great! We can leave now COGNITIVE INTERJECTION  We’re not lost, we just need to go, um, this. - Express thoughts or hesitation. TYPES OF INTERJECTIONS Examples: PRIMARY INTERJECTIONS - Well, it’s time to say good night. - Actually, um, it’s not my dog. - These are words or sounds used only as interjections. They don’t GREETINGS AND PARTING WORDS have alternative meanings and can’t - Interjections also include greetings function as other parts of speech. and farewells Examples: Examples:  Wow! The sunset is beautiful. - Hello!  Oops! I drop my phone. - Goodbye SECONDARY INTERJECTION - These words are typically used as other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) but can also be used as interjections Examples:  Well, I guess I can give it a try.  Great! That’s exactly what we needed. VOLITIVE INTERJECTION - Used to give a command or make a request. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 HESITATION DEVICES - Some interjections are used to stall for time or indicate that the speaker is thinking of something. These interjections are also used when someone doesn’t know what to say.