College English Notes - Basic Sentence Patterns PDF

COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 LESSON 1: BASIC PATTERN SENTENCE & LISTENING PARTS OF SPEECH DIRECT OBJECT CONTENT WORDS - receives the action done by the...

COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 LESSON 1: BASIC PATTERN SENTENCE & LISTENING PARTS OF SPEECH DIRECT OBJECT CONTENT WORDS - receives the action done by the subject (who/what)  NOUN - in a sentence, the direct object is the  VERB noun or noun phrase that receives  ADVERB the action of the verb. The basic  ADJECTIVE construction works like this:  INTERJECTION Subject + Verb + Who or What FUNCTION WORDS ex. Her secret admirer gave her a  PRONOUN bouquet of flowers  AUXILIARY VERB  PREPOSITION INDIRECT OBJECT  DETERMINER - Precedes the direct object and tells  CONJUNCTION whom or for whom the action of ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE verb is done and who is receiving the direct object SUBJECT - it is a noun, pronoun, or noun - doer of the action/topic of the phrase. The basic construction sentence. works like this: - The subject is what (or whom) the Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to sentence is about. It may be a noun whom, to what, for whom, or for what or a pronoun. ex. Her secret admirer gave her a ex. The little girl is very happy bouquet of flowers PREDICATE - The part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject - Usually consists of verb with or BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers SENTENCE - the predicate tells something about - a word or a group of words put the subject together to express meaning - It is composed of subject and a predicate SUBJECT–INTRANSITIVE VERB (S-IV) example: INTRANSITIVE VERB – a verb without a direct object COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 examples: SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – DIRECT OBJECT – OBJECT COMPLEMENT (S-  The old woman laughs. TV-DO-OC)  She cried. OBJECT COMPLEMENT (OC) – a noun,  People work. pronoun, or adjective which follows a direct  He slept. object and renames it or tells what the  The students ran. direct object has become. SUBJECT – TRANSITIVE VERB – DIRECT OBJECT (S-TV-DO) examples: TRANSITIVE VERB – a verb that requires  He called the cashier beautiful. both a subject and a direct object  The class elected Nadine president.  The child made her mother happy. examples: SUBJECT-TRANSITIVE VERB-  The students helped the barangay. INDIRECT OBJECT-DIRECT OBJECT  Someone ate my sandwich. (S-TV-IO-DO)  I played the piano. INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) – a receiver of the  The boards showed their approval. direct object; to/for whom the action is SUBJECT– LINKING VERB– SUBJECT done COMPLEMENT (S-LV-PN) LISTENING PREDICATE NOMINATIVE/NOUN (PN) – completes a linking verb and renames the - The process of receiving, subject constructing meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/ or non- examples: verbal message.  Teachers are our second parents. HEARING  Anne is the boss.  Whales and sharks are mammals. - The process, function, or power of  Philippines is the “Pearl of the perceiving sound through the ear Orient Seas.” TYPES OF LISTENING SUBJECT – LINKING VERB – APPRECIATIVE LISTENING SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (S-LV-PA) - Listening for pleasure and PREDICATE ADJECTIVE (PA) – completes a enjoyment as when we listen to linking verb and describes the subject music, to a comedy routine, or to an examples: entertaining speech - Describe how well speakers choose  Her pies are very sweet. and use words, use humor, ask  His behavior has been outrageous. questions, tell stories, and argue  Nina is so beautiful. persuasively  That garbage on the street smells bad. EMPHATIC LISTENING COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - Listening to provide emotional - Asks you to make judgements based support for the speaker on your evaluation of the speaker’s - Focuses on understanding and argument identifying with a person’s situation, - Challenges the speaker’s message by feelings, or motives evaluating its accuracy and - There is an attempts to understand meaningfulness, and utility what the other person is feeling - Uses critical thinking skills - Listener does NOT necessarily agree or feel the same way with the speaker, instead understand the LESSON 2: NOUNS type and intensity of feelings the speaker is experiencing without NOUNS judgement - Names of places, persons, plants, COMPREHENSIVE/ACTIVE animals, objects, events, ideas, and LISTENING the like. - They are distinguished from the - Listening to understand the other parts of speech because they message of a speaker exhibit the following characteristics: - Focuses on accurately  as a subject understanding the meaning of the  as subject complement speaker’s words while  as direct object simultaneously interpreting non-  as indirect object verbal cues such as facial  as an appositive expressions, gestures, posture, and vocal quality. STEPS IN ACTIVE LISTENING:  Listening carefully by using all available sense  Paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and verbally  Checking your understanding to ensure accuracy  Providing feedback FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL LISTENING AS SUBJECT - Listening to evaluate a message for - A noun partnered with a predicate purposes of accepting or rejecting it verb. It does an action with an - Focuses on evaluating whether a action verb; is acted upon with a message is logical and reasonable passive verb. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 ex:  Mother cooked us a sumptuous dinner  Enzo plays video games all the time. AS APPOSITIVE  The school suspended the class - A noun that renames another noun; late. it is usually placed next to the noun AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT it renames. - A noun that renames or describes ex: the subject after a linking verb.  Dr. Daing, the associate dean, is Some examples of linking verbs in the famous one. the English language include the  The white sand beach, Boracay, following: is, are, am, be, are, was, is located in Aklan. were, been, being, seem, taste, appoint, become, feel, smell, sound, AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION appear, etc. - A noun that comes after a ex: preposition in a sentence  Ezer is a pharmacy student in ex: OLFU.  I have to give it to the teacher.  OLFU-QC is an autonomous  I will buy books for the children university. today AS DIRECT OBJECT PREPOSITION: - A noun answering "whom" or "what" after an action verb. A direct object "receives" or is the "object" of the action ex:  Erin sent Enzo some funds.  Mother cooked us a sumptuous dinner. SUFFIXES AS INDIRECT OBJECT - Often, suffixes will suggest that a - A noun answering "to whom/what" word is a noun. One added to the or "for whom/what" after an action back. Some examples are verb. It always precedes a direct suggestion, happiness, involvement, object and diner. ex: AFFIX - is added to the root of a word to change its meaning.  Erin sent Enzo some funds. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 PREFIX - An affix added to the front of a - refers to a person or people word ex:  He is my first kiss.  We are sisters by heart. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS - Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate or point out things like people, places, objects, or ideas. LESSON 3: PRONOUNS ex: PRONOUN  I love this. - identify the subject in a variety of  Did Shane give you that? ways, other than by “name”;  Enzo wants these. - substitute for (or take the place of)  Will you be buying those? nouns; DO NOT put a noun after the demonstrative - make the speech and writing less pronoun it will then become an adjective boring; - do not have to repeat the subject INTENSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ANTECEDENT - Pronouns which end in “self” or - the noun that is being replaced by a “selves” pronoun REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – Reflect INTENSIVE PRONOUNS - Intensify TYPES OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - The list of relative and interrogative pronouns is the SAME except for what and that ex:  The ball (that was lost) was found.  The girl (who lives down the street) was absent today. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS  The teacher (who my brother - emphasize (or intensify) another had last year) is now retired. noun or pronoun  The family (whose dog ran away) has bought another one. ex:  The student (whom you might know) was selected for the  Mom cooked the food herself team. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS LESSON 3: PUNCTUATION - refer to the subject and reflect the action of the verb back to the PUNCTUATION subject - is the system of symbols that we use ex: to separate written sentences and parts of sentences, and to make  I bought myself something to their meaning clear. Each symbol is drink. called a "punctuation mark". INDEFINITE PRONOUNS - Refers to a person, a place, or a thing that is not specifically named RELATIVE PRONOUNS - Introduce subordinate clauses TYPES OF PUNCTUATIONS PERIOD (. ) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS - it ends a sentence - Introduce a question (?) RULES: COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  If a sentence otherwise ends  The final comma in a list of items with a question mark or is known as an Oxford comma or exclamation point, the period is serial comma. Some writers omit omitted. it, but doing so can cause confusion.  When a noun is modified by more than one adjective, the  If a sentence ends with an adjectives should be separated abbreviation, the period used for by a comma (ex: It was a long, the abbreviation also serves as noisy, and nauseating flight.) the period for the sentence. This  If sequential adjectives do not is true even if the abbreviation is individually modify a noun, they contained within a quotation. should not be separated by a comma. (ex: He held a bright red balloon.)  When an adjective or adverb is repeated for emphasis, a comma is required. (ex: This is a  An indirect question ends with a very, very violent movie.) period, not a question mark. COLON (:) - introduce a list and create emphasis RULES:  If a sentence ends with a parenthetical that is only part of  The colon is used to introduce a a larger sentence, the period is list of items. placed outside the closing  The colon can be used to parenthesis. emphasize a phrase or single  If the parenthetical is itself an word at the end of a sentence. entire sentence, the period is SEMICOLON ( ; ) placed inside the closing parenthesis. - stronger than a comma but weaker than a period COMMA ( , ) - indicates a pause that would occur if RULES: the sentence were spoken aloud. Separates grammatical components  can be used in lists with internal of the sentence. Used in mechanical commas. In this usage, the and stylistic writing semicolon acts as a sort of super- comma. RULES: ex. The new store will have  The comma separates a series of groceries on the lower level; words, phrases, or independent luggage, housewares, and clauses. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 electronics on the ground floor; ex. And yet, when the car was men’s and women’s clothing on the finally delivered—nearly three second floor; and books, music, and months after it was ordered—she stationery on the third floor. decided she no longer wanted it, leaving the dealer with an oddly HYPHEN ( - ) equipped car that would be difficult - formation of certain compound to sell. items  Dashes are considered less RULES: formal than parentheses  used in place of a colon when  Compound terms are those that you want to emphasize the consist of more than one word conclusion of your sentence. The but represent a single item or dash is less formal than the idea. colon. ex. (examples: eye-opener, check-in, QUOTATION MARKS ( “” ) free-for-all.) - used to indicate material that is  EN DASH ( – ) – is slightly wider than being reproduced word for word the hyphen (-) but narrower than the em dash (—). Used to represent RULES: a span or range of numbers, dates,  Short quotations can generally or time. Read as “to” or “through” be run-in to the main text using RULES: quotation marks.  Longer quotations should be set  If you introduce a span or range off from the main text, and are with words such as from or referred to as block quotations. between, do not use the en  When a run-in quotation dash. contains quotation marks within ex. Incorrect: She served as the quoted material itself, use secretary of state from 1996–1999. single quotation marks in their place. Correct: She served as secretary of  When inserted in the middle of a state from 1996 to 1999. person’s actual name, a EM DASH ( — ) nickname should appear in quotation marks. (ex: Henry M. - the em dash can take the place of “Hank” Paulson Jr.) commas, parentheses, or colons—in  As an alternative to parentheses, each case to slightly different effect. quotation marks can be used to RULES: enclose a translation. (ex: His knowledge of Portuguese is  dashes are always more limited to obrigado, “thank you,” emphatic than commas. and adeus, “goodbye.”) COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  Quotation marks can be used  When a direct question occurs when referring to a specific word within a larger sentence, it takes or letter. (ex: In the previous a question mark. sentence, “letter” was properly  When the question mark is part spelled with two “t”s.) of a title of work, a syntactically necessary comma is retained. APOSTROPHE ( ‘ )  When the question mark in the - has three uses: contractions, plurals, title comes at the end of a and possessives. sentence that would itself require a question mark or RULES: period, the additional question  Contractions (ex: let’s, don’t, mark or period is omitted. couldn’t, it’s, she’s) EXCLAMATION POINT ( ! )  Apostrophe is seldom used to form a plural noun. - a mark of terminal punctuation; as  Rare exception to the rule is such, it should not be followed by a when certain abbreviations, period or question mark letters, or words are used as RULES: nouns, as in the following examples. (ex: He received four  When a quotation ends with an A’s and two B’s, Do we have exclamation point, a comma that more yes’s than no’s?) would ordinarily be placed inside  Individual possession (example: the closing quotation mark is France’s and Italy’s domestic omitted. policies are diverging.)  If the exclamation point is part of  Joint possession (example: This a title of work or a proper noun, course will use Robert Smith and the comma should be retained. Rebecca Green’s psychology ELLIPSES ( … ) textbook.)  Proper noun that is already in - a set of three periods ( … ) indicating possessive form is left as is. an omission (example: McDonald’s menu was simplified in response to COVID- 19.) QUESTION MARK ( ? ) RULES: - used at the end of direct question  In informal writing, an ellipsis can be used to represent a RULES: trailing off of thought.  When a direct question occurs  Can also indicate hesitation, within a larger sentence, it takes though in this case the a question mark. punctuation is more accurately described as suspension points. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025  In informal writing, an ellipsis brackets can be used to remove can be used to represent a it. trailing off of thought.  In the rare event that  Can also indicate hesitation, parentheses are required within though in this case the parentheses, use brackets punctuation is more accurately instead. described as suspension points. PARENTHESES () - allow a writer to provide additional information RULES:  The parenthetical material might be a single word, a fragment, or multiple complete sentences which t must not be grammatically integral to the surrounding sentence.  Numbered or lettered lists should use a pair of parentheses to enclose the numbers or letters.  Short translations in unquoted text can be placed in parentheses. (Use brackets for translations in quoted text.) BRACKETS ( [ ] ) - allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations RULES: LESSON 4: SUBJECT-VERB  If the original material includes a AGREEMENT noun or pronoun that is unclear, 20 RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB brackets can be used for clarification. AGREEMENT  If the original material contains RULE #1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS language you deem MUST AGREE IN NUMBER inappropriate for your audience, Singular S = Singular V COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 Plural S = Plural V TYPICALLY REQUIRE A PLURAL VERB Singular verbs ends in S Except when using quasi-coordinators such as together with, as well as, along with RULE #2: DON’T GET CONFUSED BY RULE #7: IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE THE WORDS THAT COME BETWEEN SEPARATED BY “AND” REFER TO THE SUBJECT AND VERB THE SAME THING, THE VERB IS SINGULAR RULE #8: IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE RULE #3: PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES SINGULAR AND CONNECTED BY BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND VERB “OR,NOR,NEITHER/NOR,EITHER/OR USUALLY DO NOT AFFECT THE AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO” THE AGREEMENT VERB IS SINGULAR RULE #4: IF A SENTENCE STARTS WITH “THERE” OR “HERE”, THE SUBJECT WILL ALWAYS BE PLACED AFTER THE VERB RULE #9: IF BOTH SUBJECTS ARE PLURAL AND CONNECTED BY THE WORDS “OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/ OR, AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO,” THE VERB IS PLURAL RULE #5: SUBJECTS CAN COME AFTER THE VERB IN QUESTIONS RULE #10: IF ONE SUBJECT IS SINGULAR AND ONE PLURAL AND ARE CONNECTED BY THE WORDS “OR, NOR, NEITHER/NOR, EITHER/ OR, AND NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO,” USE THE SUBJECT THAT IS NEAREST THE VERB RULE #6: IF TWO SUBJECTS ARE JOINED BY “AND”, THEY COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 RULES #11: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT USUALLY USE A SINGULAR VERB RULE #17: MOST INDEFINITE PRONOUNS TAKE SINGULAR VERBS RULE #12: COLLECTIVE NOUNS USUALLY TAKE A SINGULAR VERB RULE #13: TITLE OF BOOKS, MOVIES, NOVELS, ETC. ARE TREATED AS SINGULAR RULE #14: TWO INFINITIVES SEPARATED BY AND TAKE A PLURAL VERB RULE #15: GERUNDS ALONE TAKE A SINGULAR VERB. GERUNDS LINKED RULE #18: BOTH, FEW, MANY, BY “AND” TAKE A PLURAL VERB OTHERS, AND SEVERAL TAKE A PLURAL VERB RULE #16: IF THE WORDS “EACH, RULE #19: WHEN THE SUBJECT IS EVERY OR NO” COME BEFORE THE “ALL, ANY, MORE, MOST, NONE, OR SUBJECT, THE VERB IS SINGULAR. SOME” THIS IS THE ONLY TIME YOU MUST LOOK AT THE OBJECT COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE sentences) and Interrogative (asks TO DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS questions) moods SINGULAR OR PLURAL INDICATIVE MOOD - Express a fact, opinion or question RULE #20: REMEMBER ONLY THE SUBJECT AFFECTS THE VERB LESSON 5: MOODS OF VERB IMPERATIVE MOOD - Express a direct command or WHAT IS MOOD? request LIFE DEFINITION: - How one is feeling at a given time LITERARY DEFINITION: - The reader’s emotional response - The atmosphere of a story MOOD IN GRAMMAR: - The form a verb takes to indicate the ATTITUDE of the person using the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD verb  PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE - express a suggestion, a necessity - Shows time (past, present, future) or an indirect command/order  PAST SUBJUNCTIVE VOICE - expresses an untrue condition, or a - Shows who’s doing an action or wish or desire having action done to them COMMON VERBS: ask, demand, determine, MOOD insist, move, order, pray, prefer, - Shows attitude (telling a fact, giving recommend, regret, request, require, a command, expressing a wish) suggest, and wish PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE EXAMPLES: MOODS OF THE VERBS Other references also include Conditional The teacher recommended that I be in her (contains an auxiliary verb and main verb; class. often uses would/should; common in if – I recommend that you be on time the rest of the year. COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 The judge suggested that we be given first - Composed of a time frame (past, prize present, future) and a aspect (simple, progressive, perfect, I demand that he do the assignment. perfect progressive) Her mom instead that she not play - Together, they make up the tomorrow night. complete verb tense I insist that Michael come early, TIME FRAME + ASPECT = COMPLETE VERB TENSE I strongly suggest that he cooperate with the police. Present + (Simple) = Present tense PAST SUBJUNCTIVE EXAMPLES: Present + Progressive = Present progressive tense etc. I wish you were in my English class. ASPECTS OF VERB I wish Mr. McGowan weren’t so awesome. SIMPLE TENSES If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. - Does not involve that use of an IMPLY VS INFER auxiliary verb IMPLY - Used for actions that occurred at a specific time either in the present, - Refers to giving information past, or future, but they do not state - To strongly suggest the truth or whether or not the action is existence of something that is not finished. expressly stated Example: Jason’s scowl implied that he was unhappy with the job. INFER PROGRESSIVE TENSES - Refers to receiving information - Used to indicate an unfinished - To deduce or conclude information action from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statement of the information Example: PERFECT TENSES From the tone of your voce, I am - Describe a finished action inferring that you are angry. LESSON 6: VERB TENSES VERB TENSES PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES COLLEGE ENGLISH NOTES FIRST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 - Describe an action that was in progress but was then finished