ENG01_Lesson 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 PDF Grammar

Lesson 2: Pronoun pronoun in the sentence. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words , acting as a noun, or another pronoun. The word or group of words to which a pronoun refers is called its antecedent....

Lesson 2: Pronoun pronoun in the sentence. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words , acting as a noun, or another pronoun. The word or group of words to which a pronoun refers is called its antecedent. A reflexive pronoun refers, or English pronoun fall into these categories: reflects back, to a noun or pronoun A.Personal Pronouns earlier in the sentence. It always These refer to the first person (I), adds information to a sentence second person (you), and third Examples: person (he, she it) Like nouns, You outdid yourself when you personal pronouns have three wrote that song. cases: 1) nominative - used for Cathy always timed herself when subject and predicate nominative, jogging. 2) Objective - used for the objects An intensive pronoun adds of verbs and prepositions; and 3) emphasis to another noun or Possessive - used to show pronoun in the same sentence. ownership or belonging. Examples: I myself ate the pizza. The team itself chose the captain. An intensive pronoun does not add information to a sentence. If the intensive pronoun is left out, the sentence still has Some possessive forms are used the same meaning. An intensive pronoun before nouns. Other possessive usually comes immediately after its forms can be used by themselves. antecedent. Notice that possessive pronouns do not contain an apostrophe. C. Demonstrative Pronouns USED BEFORE A NOUN: Take your A demonstrative pronoun points bathing suit. out specific persons, places, things, USED ALONE: That bathing suit is yours. or ideas B.Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns These are formed by adding - self (s.) - selves (p.) to personal pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are Examples: used to reflect an action back to the This is your homeroom. subject, while intensive pronouns These are your classmates add emphasis to another noun or A demonstrative pronoun can come before or after its antecedent. Sometimes the antecedent is understood D. Indefinite Pronouns Examples: An indefinite pronoun refers to The people who invented persons, places, or things in a more Monopoly were surprised by its general way than a noun does. success. They do not have antecedents. [The relative pronoun who begins Examples: the subordinate clause who Everyone needs food. invented Monopoly.] [The indefinite pronoun everyone Dominoes is a game that many refers to people in general.] Texans play. Did you get enough to eat? [The relative pronoun that begins [The indefinite pronoun enough the subordinate clause that many refers to a general, not a specific, Texans play.] amount] II. PROPERTIES OF PRONOUNS A. Number - a pronoun is either singular or plural. This is dependent on the number of nouns it stands for. B. Gender - a pronoun has the same gender E. Interrogative Pronouns as the noun it stands for. An interrogative pronoun is used to C. Person - there are three points of views form questions. that are referred to in pronouns, these are Who? Whom? whose? what? which? the first, second, and third persons. Examples: D. Case - just like nouns, the case of Who will lead the way? pronouns is determined by its function in What makes a good leader? the sentence. The interrogative pronouns include the forms whoever, whomever, whichever, and Lesson 3: Verbs whatever Verbs are words that are used to express and action, a condition or a state of being F. Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun is used to begin I.Types of Verbs a special subject-verb word group A. Action Verbs called a subordinate clause. An action verb tells what someone These kinds of pronouns refer to or something does. Some action the kin fog noun or pronoun they verbs express physical action; follow. It can be in its singular or others express mental action. plural forms. PHYSICAL ACTION -The catcher often signals to the pitcher. Examples: dance, sing, throw, jump, paddle MENTAL ACTION -A good catcher understands the batter's technique. Examples: trust, consider, analyze, generalize  A transitive verb is an action verb Example: I am an athlete. The players are that is followed by a word or words fast that answer the question what? or C. Verb Phrases whom? The verb in a sentence may consist Transitive verbs transfer the action of more than one word. The words from the subject towards the direct that accompany the main verb are object called auxiliary, or helping, verbs. Ex. Cats see their prey in the dark. These verbs help the main verb to [The action verb see is followed by express action or make a statement. the noun prey, which answers the These are also used to indicate question see what?] voice, mood or tenses. An intransitive verb is an action verb that is not followed by a word that answers the question what? or whom? Intransitive verbs do not transfer actions and do not have a direct II. Properties of Verbs object. A. Number - verbs can either be singular Ex. Cats see well in the dark. [The or plural. To form a singular verb, you can action verb may be followed by add -s or -es (present tense). words that tell how and where or B. Tense- this is determined by the time of by no words at all.] action the verb is expressing (present, past, B. Linking Verbs future). A linking verb links, or joins, the Generally, there are three sets of tenses 1) subject of a sentence (often a noun simple, 2) progressive, and 3) perfect or pronoun) with a word or tenses. expression that identifies or C. Mood-this shows the state of mind or describes the subject the manner in which a statement is made. It can connect the subject with a It can be 1) Indicative, Imperative, or noun, a subject to a pronoun, or an subjunctive. adjective in the predicate. D. Voice - this is determined by the In addition, most linking verbs functions of the subjects; it is either a express a state of being and some receiver or the doer. express condition. Also, some verbs can function as both action III. Verb Forms and linking verbs. A. Infinitive This is a verb in its dictionary form. This form is used if the action happens in the present and the subject is a plural noun or pronoun. An infinitive usually begins with the word "to" and is followed by the base form of a verb (the simple  form of the verb that you would the infinitive. Some irregular verbs find in the dictionary). are not covered by this form. An infinitive is a non-finite verb. In other words, it cannot be the main verb in a sentence. An infinitive can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. NOUN To dance was her passion. (The infinitive is the subject of "was.") C. Past Participle Versus In this form, verbs are used with Dancing was her passion. the verbs 'have', 'has', 'had'. The (This proves that the infinitive "to past participle form is also used to dance" is being used as a noun.) modify nouns and pronouns. ADJECTIVE Example: He has lied to me too many Give him an ornament to polish. times! (The infinitive modifies D. Present Participle "ornament." This means it is This kind of verb can modify functioning as an adjective.) nouns and pronouns. This is also Versus called a 'gerund'. This also is used Give him an ornament that he can to create the progressive tense. polish. Example: She is babysitting tonight. (The clause "that he must polish" is E. -s or -es form an adjective clause. This proves This is added to the verb when the that the infinitive "to polish" is action is in the present and the being used as an adjective.) subject is third-person singular. ADVERB The addition of this to the verb The officer returned to help. depends on the last letter of the (The infinitive modifies the verb verb. "returned." This means it is functioning as an adverb.) Versus The officer returned so he could help. (The clause "so he could help" is an adverbial clause. This proves that the infinitive "to help" is being used as an adverb.) Lesson 4: Adjectives B. Past Tense An adjective is a word that modifies a This shows that the verb's action noun or pronoun by limiting its meaning. occurred in the past. The very is An adjective tells what kind, which one, usually made by adding -d or -ed to how many, or how much.  A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter. Ex. Rembrandt was a Dutch painter. Other examples: The Berlin Wall came down in 1989. round window, six oranges, that hat, adult The following suffixes are often used to cat create proper adjectives: an, lan, n, -ese, and -ish. Sometimes there are other I.Categories of Adjectives changes as well. In some cases, the noun A. Articles and adjective forms are the same. Articles are the adjectives a, an and the. A and an are called indefinite articles. They can refer to any one of a kind of person, place, or thing. A is used before consonant sounds and an is used before vowel sounds. This is called a definite article. It refers to a specific D. Predicate Adjectives person, place, or thing. These adjectives follow linking Example: verbs and modify the subject of a INDEFINITE sentence. Unlike most adjectives, She found a ring. these are separated from the words They spotted an iceberg. they modify. DEFINITE is, am, were, smell, feel, taste, She found the ring. look, sound, have been, did seem I bought the used mask A predicate adjective helps to B. Nouns as Adjectives describe the subject or subjects in a Nouns can also be used as sentence by giving information adjectives. They tell what kind or about characteristics such as the which one about the noun subjects' appearances and feelings. modified. Example: I have been sleepy lately. Examples: afternoon class The flag is red, white and blue. music lesson The car sounds strange. football practice The noun as an adjective always II. Position of Adjective comes first. If you remember this, A. Adjectives can come before nouns. it will help you to understand what Ex. I found some hilarious pictures is being talked about: B. Adjectives can come after the linking Examples: verb and function as a complement to the a race horse is a horse that runs in subject. races Ex. Most students are happy. a horse race is a race for horses C. Adjectives can come after an object and C. Proper Adjectives function as objective complements. Ex. I paint the plaster walls white. D. Adjectives can come after intensifiers. Ex. His feet are not very cold E. Adjectives can come between the noun marker and the noun. Ex. The clouds, white and fluffy, floated across the sky. III. Derivation of Adjective Listed below are the common derivations of adjectives (N- noun) Lesson 5: Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making its meaning more specific. I. FIVE TYPES OF ADVERBS A. Adverbs of Manner answer how something happens. Ex: quickly, terribly, fast, well B. Adverb of Place answers where an action takes place. III. Comparing with Adjectives Ex: outside, down, everywhere, One way on how adjectives describe a downstairs noun is by comparison. Below are some C. Adverb of Time answers when the verb rules for comparing with adjectives. happened or will happen. Ex: afterwards, everyday, recently, yesterday, tomorrow, eventually, all day D. Adverbs of Degree answer how much or to what extent. Ex: very, almost, pretty, extremely, more, most, less, least E. Adverb of frequency answers how often. Ex: never, rarely, often, sometimes, Many adjectives have different forms to usually, always, occasionally, indicate degree of comparison. seldom Adverbs modify adjectives: form the comparative and most to form the Rex is very happy. (Very modifies superlative. the adjective happy and answers the question, To what extent?) Adverbs modify verbs: John ate quickly. (How did he eat?) Adverbs modify other adverbs: Warren walks too quickly. (Too modifies the adverb quickly and answers the question, How Some adverbs do not form the comparative quickly?) and superlative in the regular manner. II. POSITION OF ADVERBS IN SENTENCES A. The adverb can be found before the adjective B. The adverb can be found between the LV and the adjective. C. The adverb of frequency is used after BE but before other verbs Lesson 6: Prepositions D. The adverb can be found between a NP A common preposition is a word that + AUX and MV. shows the relationship between a noun or a E. The adverb can be found after an pronoun and another word in the sentence. action V I. Common Prepositions Adverbs That Compare Listed below are the common prepositions Like adjectives, some adverbs have used in the English language different forms to indicate degree of comparison. The comparative form of an adverb compares two actions. The superlative form of an adverb compares more than two actions. For adverbs of only one syllable, add -er to make the comparative form and -est to make the superlative form. Examples: The silverware is inside the cabinet. [Inside shows the spatial relationship of the silverware and the object of the preposition, cabinet.] All the guests arrived before When an adverb ends in -ly or has more dinner. [Before tells the time than one syllable, use the word more to relationship between the guests’  arrival and the object of the two or more words. Here are the most preposition, dinner.] common compound prepositions: II. What Preposition Indicate A. Place or position Examples: under, near, between, in, at, around, above, across, along, below, beneath B. Direction and motion Examples: to, from, at, by, across, around, Lesson 7-8: Conjunctions and about, up, down, toward, over Interjections C. Time A conjunction connects words or groups of Example: at, by, before, after, in, on, words. Coordinating Conjunctions: and, during, while, throughout, till, since, but or, so, nor, for, yet. about, for Three types of Conjunctions 1.A coordinating conjunction is a single III. Prepositional Phrases - A preposition connecting word. This connects words or always introduces a prepositional phrase. groups of words that have equal A prepositional phrase ends in a noun or importance in a sentence. These seven pronoun called object of the preposition. If words are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. the object has modifiers, they also are part Examples: of the prepositional phrase. The boys and girls worked at the Examples: fair. (And joins the names boys and At morning, she began her walk. girls.) (beginning) Paula or Jeannine can go with you The light at the area was useful. tonight. (Or join the names Paula (middle) and Jeannine.) Their house is near the forest and a I would like to help you, but I will large lake. (end) be busy tonight. (But joins two sentences or complete ideas.) IV. Object of Prepositions – these are We must leave early so we can get nouns or pronouns that can be found in the to the wedding reception on time. prepositional phrase. Objects complete the (So joins two sentences or two meaning of prepositions they may or may complete ideas.) not be modified. 2.Correlative conjunctions are pairs of A. Nouns as objects of prepositions connecting words. These five pairs of Example: near Jenny, behind Lovegrace words are: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, B. Pronouns as object of prepositions not only/but also, and whether/or. Examples: to her, like you, from them Examples: Both Henry and Henrietta are Another type of preposition is the leaving the dance now. (The compound preposition. It does the same as correlative conjunctions join two a common preposition but is composed of names.)  Not only will they leave now, but sentence. An interjection is often followed they will also not be here to help by an exclamation point (!) when the clean up. (The correlative emotion is strong or a comma (,) when the conjunctions join two sentences or emotion is mild. complete ideas.) Either go with them or stay here and help. (The correlative conjunctions illustrate a choice.) He went neither to the stadium nor to the concert hall during this vacation. (The correlative conjunctions join two prepositional phrases.) 3.Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other. The idea, or clause, that a subordinating conjunction introduces is said to be “subordinate,” or dependent, because it cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. Example: We raked the leaves because so many had fallen. We raked the leaves before we had lunch. Interjections An interjection is a word that expresses a strong feeling or emotion. An interjection usually comes at the beginning of the