Energy Materials 2024 PDF

Energy Materials (U2 slot) 1-0-0 course Course instructor: Srijan Sengupta (MT) Teaching assistant: Ankit Dev Singh, Ayan Dey, Ghanshyam Varshney, Andrew Cyril, Indu Gupta, Sougato Attendance HaldarAs per institute norm. policy: Evaluation pattern Ev...

Energy Materials (U2 slot) 1-0-0 course Course instructor: Srijan Sengupta (MT) Teaching assistant: Ankit Dev Singh, Ayan Dey, Ghanshyam Varshney, Andrew Cyril, Indu Gupta, Sougato Attendance HaldarAs per institute norm. policy: Evaluation pattern Events Objective Marks Classes/lectures Wt. Lectures 8 (intro + 7) Class tests 1 (50 marks: T/F, MCQ) 20 1 Presentation/ Each day 6 (8 + 2 Q/A minutes) [total 6 x 3] 30 3 fabrication Assignments Hands on demonstrations 10 1 End Semester (20 objective + 20 subjective/numerical) 40 - Total Books/NPTEL Courses: 100 13 1. ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER SOURCES: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors; VLADIMIR S. BAGOTSKY, ALEXANDER M. SKUNDIN, YURIJ M. VOLFKOVICH 2. Robert A. Huggins; Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects 3. HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES; David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy  Grading policy: Relative grading MTL2016 Corrosion [1-0-0] (GMC meeting: 15-05-2024) Instructor: Srijan Sengupta (Dept. of M&ME, IIT Jodhpur) Range : Grade frequency Range Gap 8.5 – 92.5 A 3 84 – 92.5 8 Mean : 55.06 A- 10 76 - 73 1.5 Stdev : 14.85 E D C- C B- B A- Median : 56 B 23 71.5 - 65 1.5 F A Grade bins B- 21 63.5 – 58.5 1.5 have been C 19 57 – 53 2 chosen C- 19 51 - 47 1.5 based on clustering D 14 45.5 – 34.5 - and gap E 0 30 < E < 34 - (1.5 or more) F 8 F < 30 - between Total 117 the cluster boundaries Teaching philosophy: Narrow down approach Energy materials/ Materials for Battery materials Lithium-ion materials for energy electrochemical storage and energy storage batteries 1. Primary conversion (1-0-0/3- (3-0-0) batteries Intro 0-0) 2. Secondary Negative 1. Battery batteries electrode 1. Electrical 2. Fuel cell Lead-acid 2. Electrochemical 3. Positive Researc Zn-silver oxide electrode h 3. photoelectrochemi Supercapacitor Ni-cadmium cal Electrolyte Ni-iron Construction 1. Corrosion 4. Mechanical Ni-Zn Testing 2. Electrodeposit 5. Thermal Ni-H2 Failure and  SOURC FROM TO APPLICATION Energy E Sun heat heat Heat exchanger Thermoelectric, Materials heat mechanic al Sterling engine, steam engine Photovoltaic, fuel heat electrical thermoelectric cell light electrical Solar cells Efficiency, Reduce light chemical Solar fuel, artificial photosynthesis Source is fixed Unlimited supply Balance supply supply, demand output electric Chemical, Electrochemical, LEDs Thermal, Mechanical Reduce Manage the excess, Input Demand Role of materials: R&D FROM TO APPLICATION Heat Heat Exhaust gases to heat- exchanger Electrical Electrical Capacitor Heat Mechanic Steam turbine, al Sterling engine Chemical Mechanic Combustion al engine (via Heat) Mechanica Electrical Generator l Heat Electrical Thermoelectric Chemical Electrical Fuel cells, Primary & secondary  Fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms. In 2022, over 80% of primary energy consumption in the world and over 60% of its electricity was from fossil fuels. Why such dominatio  LIB Supercapacitor Coal Natural gas (NG, Petroleum 0.25 kWh/Kg0.025 kWh/Kg CNG, LNG) or crude oil 0.6 kWh/L 24 MJ/kg (gasoline, Gas. diesel, kerosene) 6.7 kWh/Kg Hydrocarbons Liq. 1kWh NG: 55 MJ/kg Hydrocarbons = 1000*W*3600S CNG: 9 MJ/L G/P: 47.5 MJ/kg = 3.6 x 106 J LNG: 22.5 MJ/L 13.2 = 3.6 MJ kWh/Kg 34.6 MJ/L IC engines are 45 % efficient Electricity cost = 153.8 kWh * 8 Rs/kWh = 1230.4 INR Electrochemical devices are 90 % Gasoline cost = 35*106 = 3710 INR efficient Specific energy - = 13.20*0.4=26. Li-ion battery cost = US$132/kWh Specific energy gasoline - Total battery cost = 132*153.8*70 = 1514905.4 50.25*0.9 4 Li-ion cell alto car petrol tank capacity = 35 L INR 35 L gasoline weighs = 0.74*35 = 25.9 Kg For alto: let say after x times of filings cost will be equal Battery weight required for same specific energy = 25.9*26.4 = 683.76 Kg 450000 + 3710x = (1514905.4 + 200000) + 1230.4x Weight of an alto car – 757 Kg X = 510 times filling (1 filing 7 days) Battery weight = 683.76/(683.76+757)= 47.4% 510 filings = 510*7/365 = 9.78 years Battery energy = 0.225*683.76 = 153.8 kWh Need better battery; must last for TATA Nixon price: 7 Lakh; TATA more Nixoncycles EV price: 14.6 Lakh; extra price for battery State-of-the-art battery lasts for 3000 cycles 1200-4000 INR 23000-46000 110000- 1400000-1900000 INR 146000 INR INR 15000-40000 42000-100000 67000-116000 700000-1200000 INR INR INR INR  Portable Bicycle/Scooter/ GRID/House/Train/ electronics Car/ Truck/Flight Metro/Trum/Trolley bus Small volume High energy High power Low power & Power Longevity Dominated Dominated Dominated by Li-ion by by Coal/ NG  Environmental Concerns: green energy/clean Harvestin energy vs. dirty Transport/ energy Application/ g/ Distributio Combustion Fossil fuel is responsible for release of 70 % Processin n greenhouse gases like CO2. Offshore oil drilling Coal is sometimes g poses a hazard to transported by aquatic organisms. diesel-powered In most parts of the world climate change is locomotives, while negatively impacting ecosystems. This includes Fossil fuel wells can crude oil is typically contributing to the extinction of species and reducing contribute to transported by people's ability to produce food, thus adding to the methane release tanker ships, problem of world hunger. via fugitive gas requiring the emissions. combustion of Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulfuric and additional fossil fuels nitric acids, which fall to Earth as acid rain Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials, mainly uranium and thorium, which are released into the According atmosphere to Vox in August 2022, "Economists have pointed to energy prices as the main reason for high inflation," noting that "energy prices indirectly affect virtually every part of the economy". Sectors that raise prices significantly as a result of higher  Environmental Concerns: green energy/clean Extracting energy vs. dirty energy Transport/ Application / Distributio Lithium Processin mining can cause n Rechargeable batteries must Exposure to lithium can cause a water gshortages and number of health problems, be charged through grid which is coming from coal contaminate groundwater, including loss of appetite, plant. which can damage aquifers nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and cause fissures in the abdominal pain, and pulmonary Coal plant is 33 % efficient ground. edema. IC engines are 42 % efficient Cobalt mining is linked to Cobalt exposure can cause human rights abuses, health issues, including including child labor, forced respiratory problems, skin evictions, and modern-day irritation, and heart problems slavery There is nothing as such as clean/green energy. Any form of energy is dirty There is nothing as such as clean/green energy. Any form of energy is dirty Batteries/Supercapacitors have 30 times less energy than fossil fuels. Further, fossil fuel are currently capturing 80 % of energy generation. Therefore, increasing efficiency of IC engines by 2 % is more fruitful than increasing efficiency of IC engines by 20 % Then why the batteries/ Supercapacitors are currently under limelight? Why are we spending millions to build better batteries?  Battery in tandem with coal plant Reduce C footprint Battery in tandem with renewable Add reliability  How does our home function Lig Light (photovoltai ht Heat Mechanics) (electric heater, Electrical geyser, induction cal cooker) Chemi (wind) energy cal Mechanical (coal- Input in home (fan, mixer, drill) Heat plant, Chemical Convert and re- (heat fuel engines, cell) Medium convert (car/ phone battery steam turbine) Electric charge) As it Store before conversation Modern Store is al after conversation Conventional method Convert every form of energy to method electrical energy Do not convert. Store as it is (in the Spend electrical energy by again converting to other forms same form) of energy Wind – flywheel After spending store the excess electrical energy Solar – chemical (solar fuel, hydrogen) Heat – thermal energy storage As electrical As chemical energy (again energy convert) Convert whenever necessary (need based conversion) capacitor battery Converting 3 times; Redundant Conventional method Conversio n Conversio n Conversio Heat Electrical n Chemical (Electrochemical energy storage) Modern method Exchange Conversio n Heat Electrical Heat (Thermal energy storage) Energy Materials (1 Credit; 13 classes) Lectures Broad Topic Specific Topics Fundamental: subject briefing, subject outcome, other topics that I teach, introduction-narrow down, 1 Introduction bifurcation of the lectures, evaluation (student ppt), course materials, TAs, ppt topics 2 Capacitor: Documentary + Capacitor concept + distribution of topics Electrical 3 Capacitor materials: Ceramic, Polymer, Electrolytic; Supercapacitor: concept, materials development: (static) electrode and electrolyte Fundamental of primary cell: History/background, Voltaic cell, Batteries as a form of corrosion, Voltage: standard redox table, Voltage in non-standard state, Capacity, Energy /Power density of batteries, curent 4 from a cell, Polarization, rate capability, Different primary batteries: Daniel, Gravity, Pogendroff, Zn air, Zn-C with alkaline version Fundamental of secondary batteries: History/background, Attempt for Zn-MnO 2 cell rechargeable cell, Lead- 5 acid batteries, Properties of NiOOH electrodes as cathode materials and Cd as anode materials, Nickel- Chemical & Cadmium batteries, Nickel metal hydride batteries. Electro- Li-ion battery: fundamentals: half and full cell configuration, cell charge-discharge, degree of freedom and chemical shape of the voltage graph, development of electrolyte materials,, Battery testing (LIB); Development of 6 positive electrode materials-metal oxide, phosphates; Development of negative electrode materials (metal), intercalation and reconstruction mechanism, graphite, stress busting strategies, binary alloy. Fuel cell – Concept, classification and materials development, Ni-H 2 battery, Electrolytic hydrogen 7 production, Photosynthesis: photo-electrochemical hydrogen production, compressed and liquid hydrogen gas storage, chemical hydrogen storage Mechanical Flywheels, Pumped hydro storage, Compressing air storage, 8 Thermal Molten salt technology, eutectic mixtures, Phase-change materials 9 Demonstration/ Fabrication: Assignment 10 Class test 11 Student ppt/ Demo 12 Student ppt/ Demo Si Topics Group 1 Zero Energy Building/ Net Zero Energy building 2 Challenges/ Competition faced by EV with emphasis to Indian market 3 Stand Alone Electricity Generation Using Animal Power 4 Solar/ Wind power homes with emphasis to India: how to proceed, cost analysis, govt subsidy, examples 5 Agricultural products from which value- added carbon functional materials can be synthesized 6 Supercapacitors as standalone energy sources 7 Trolleybus 8 Solar fuel 9 Aqueous lithium-ion batteries 10 Sand batteries 11 Flywheel vehicles 12 Thermoelectric & piezoelectric materials 13 Human powered vehicles 14 Carbon nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage 15 Solar thermal energy storage