Energy Materials 2024 PDF

Teaching philosophy: Narrow down approach Energy materials/ Materials for Battery materials Lithium-ion materials for energy electrochemical storage and energy storage batteries...

Teaching philosophy: Narrow down approach Energy materials/ Materials for Battery materials Lithium-ion materials for energy electrochemical storage and energy storage batteries 1. Primary conversion (1-0-0/3- (3-0-0) batteries Intro 0-0) 2. Secondary Negative 1. Battery batteries electrode 1. Electrical 2. Fuel cell Lead-acid 2. Electrochemical 3. Positive Research Zn-silver oxide electrode 3. photoelectrochemi Supercapacitor Ni-cadmium cal Electrolyte Ni-iron Construction 1. Corrosion 4. Mechanical Ni-Zn Testing 2. Electrodeposit 5. Thermal Ni-H2 Failure and Energy SOURC FROM TO APPLICATION E Sun heat heat Heat exchanger Thermoelectric, Materials heat mechanical Sterling engine, steam engine Photovoltaic, fuel cell heat electrical thermoelectric Efficiency, Reduce light electrical Solar cells light chemical Solar fuel, artificial photosynthesis Source is fixed supply, Unlimited supply Balance supply demand output electric Chemical, Electrochemical, LEDs Thermal, Mechanical Reduce Demand Manage the excess, Input Input electric Role of materials: R&D FROM TO APPLICATION Heat Heat Exhaust gases to heat-exchanger Electrical Electrical Capacitor Heat Mechanical Steam turbine, Sterling engine Chemical Mechanical Combustion (via Heat) engine Mechanical Electrical Generator Heat Electrical Thermoelectric Chemical Electrical Fuel cells, Primary & secondary batteries  Fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms. In 2022, over 80% of primary energy consumption in the world and over 60% of its electricity was from fossil fuels. Why such domination  LIB Supercapacitor Coal Natural gas (NG, Petroleum 0.25 kWh/Kg 0.025 kWh/Kg CNG, LNG) or crude oil 0.6 kWh/L 24 MJ/kg (gasoline, diesel, Gas. Hydrocarbons kerosene) 6.7 kWh/Kg NG: 55 MJ/kg Liq. Hydrocarbons 1kWh = 1000*W*3600S CNG: 9 MJ/L G/P: 47.5 MJ/kg = 3.6 x 106 J LNG: 22.5 MJ/L 13.2 kWh/Kg = 3.6 MJ 34.6 MJ/L 9.62 kWh/L IC engines are 45 % efficient Electricity cost = 153.8 kWh * 8 Rs/kWh = 1230.4 INR Electrochemical devices are 90 % Gasoline cost = 35*106 = 3710 INR efficient Specific energy - = 13.20*0.4=26. Li-ion battery cost = US$132/kWh Specific energy gasoline - Total battery cost = 132*153.8*70 = 1514905.4 50.25*0.9 4 Li-ion cell alto car petrol tank capacity = 35 L INR 35 L gasoline weighs = 0.74*35 = 25.9 Kg For alto: let say after x times of filings cost will be equal Battery weight required for same specific energy = 25.9*26.4 = 683.76 Kg 450000 + 3710x = (1514905.4 + 200000) + 1230.4x Weight of an alto car – 757 Kg X = 510 times filling (1 filing 7 days) Battery weight = 683.76/(683.76+757)= 47.4% 510 filings = 510*7/365 = 9.78 years Battery energy = 0.225*683.76 = 153.8 kWh Need better battery; must last for TATA Nixon price: 7 Lakh; TATA more Nixoncycles EV price: 14.6 Lakh; extra price for battery State-of-the-art battery lasts for 3000 cycles 1200-4000 INR 23000-46000 INR 110000-146000 1400000-1900000 INR INR 15000-40000 INR 42000-100000 67000-116000 700000-1200000 INR INR INR  Portable Bicycle/Scooter/Car/ GRID/House/Train/ electronics Truck/Flight Metro/Trum/Trolley bus Small volume High energy & High power Low power Power Longevity Dominated by Dominated by Dominated by Li-ion battery Petroleum/ NG Coal/ NG  Environmental Concerns: green energy/clean Harvesting/ energy vs. dirty Transport/ energy Application/ Combustion Processing Distribution Fossil fuel is responsible for release of 70 % greenhouse Offshore oil drilling Coal is sometimes gases like CO2. poses a hazard to transported by diesel- aquatic organisms. powered locomotives, In most parts of the world climate change is negatively while crude oil is impacting ecosystems. This includes contributing to the Fossil fuel wells can typically transported by extinction of species and reducing people's ability to produce contribute to methane tanker ships, requiring food, thus adding to the problem of world hunger. release via fugitive the combustion of gas emissions. additional fossil fuels Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulfuric and nitric acids, which fall to Earth as acid rain Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials, mainly uranium and thorium, which are released into the atmosphere According to Vox in August 2022, "Economists have pointed to energy prices as the main reason for high inflation," noting that "energy prices indirectly affect virtually every part of the economy". Sectors that raise prices significantly as a result of higher fossil fuel prices include transportation, food, and shipping  Environmental Concerns: green energy/clean Extracting/ energy vs. dirty energy Transport/ Application Processing Distribution Rechargeable batteries must be Lithium mining can cause water Exposure to lithium can cause a charged through grid which is shortages and contaminate number of health problems, including coming from coal plant. groundwater, which can loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, damage aquifers and cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and Coal plant is 33 % efficient fissures in the ground. pulmonary edema. IC engines are 42 % efficient Cobalt mining is linked to Cobalt exposure can cause health human rights abuses, including issues, including respiratory child labor, forced evictions, problems, skin irritation, and heart and modern-day slavery problems There is nothing as such as clean/green energy. Any form of energy is dirty  There is nothing as such as clean/green energy. Any form of energy is dirty Batteries/Supercapacitors have 30 times less energy than fossil fuels. Further, fossil fuel are currently capturing 80 % of energy generation. Therefore, increasing efficiency of IC engines by 2 % is more fruitful than increasing efficiency of IC engines by 20 % Then why the batteries/ Supercapacitors are currently under limelight? Why are we spending millions to build better batteries?  Battery in tandem with coal plant Reduce C footprint Battery in tandem with renewable Add reliability Reduce C footprint  How does our home function Lig Light (photovoltai ht Heat Mechanics) (electric heater, Electrical geyser, induction cal cooker) Chemi (wind) energy cal Mechanical (coal- Input in home (fan, mixer, drill) Heat plant, Chemical Convert and re- (heat fuel engines, cell) Medium convert (car/ phone battery steam turbine) Electric charge) As it Store before conversation Modern Store is al after conversation Conventional method Convert every form of energy to method electrical energy Do not convert. Store as it is (in the Spend electrical energy by again converting to other forms same form) of energy Wind – flywheel After spending store the excess electrical energy Solar – chemical (solar fuel, hydrogen) Heat – thermal energy storage As electrical As chemical energy (again energy convert) Convert whenever necessary (need based conversion) capacitor battery Converting 3 times; Redundant Conventional method Conversion Conversion Conversion Heat Electrical Chemical (Electrochemical energy storage) Modern method Exchange Conversion Heat Electrical Heat (Thermal energy storage)