Endocrine System Notes PDF

Okay, here is the text from the images, formatted as markdown: ### Endocrine System * Maintains homeostasis within the body by long-term control of organs and tissues by chemical messengers (hormones). * Hormones- chemical messengers transported in the blood stream to reach target cells on othe...

Okay, here is the text from the images, formatted as markdown: ### Endocrine System * Maintains homeostasis within the body by long-term control of organs and tissues by chemical messengers (hormones). * Hormones- chemical messengers transported in the blood stream to reach target cells on other tissues. ### Endocrine Glands * **Primary:** 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary Gland 3. Pineal Gland 4. Thyroid Gland 5. Parathyroid Gland 6. Adrenal Gland 7. Pancreas * **Secondary tissues or organs** 1. Heart - hormone that helps regulate BP 2. Thymus - hormones that stimulate & regulate IR 3. Digestive tract- many hormones for digesting glucose, metabolism, and appetite. 4. Adipose tissue - hormones that regulate appetite and fat metabolism 5. Kidneys - regulate blood cell production 6. Gonads- affecting growth, metabolism, sexual characteristics, regulation of the repro system ### Hormones and the action of primary endoglands * Hypothalamus - highest level of endocrine control * Integrates the nervous and endocrine system. * Makes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) + Oxytocin (OX) * Stores them in the posterior pituitary gland. * ADH- helps regulate blood pressure by reducing the amount of water filtered in the kidneys. * OX- social bonding and reproductive functions (♀: uterine contractions; releasing milk) * Makes and secretes releasing hormone (RH) and Inhibiting hormone (IH) "neurohormone". * RH- signals the anterior pituitary to release it's hormones * IH- signals the anterior pituitary to stop releasing it's hormones. * Contains autonomic centers by sympathetic division of NS. Epi, norepi. * Pituitary Gland - lies in sella torcica of speroid bone (butterfly), consists of 2 lobes called anterior and posterior and makes or releases 7 hormones (Know 4) * Anterior Pituitary 1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - target thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone $T3+ T4$ 2. Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH): targets gonads * ♀: promotes follicle development (house the ova) and hormone release * ♂: promotes sperm to mature 3. Leutanizing Hormone (LH): Targets gonads * ♀: causes Estrogen and progesterone release and promotes ovulation * ♂: stimulates the making of testosterone 4. Growth Hormone (GH)-stimulates cell growth and reproduction by accelerating protein synthesis * Cells that are highly sensitive to GH * Skeletal muscle cells + condrocistes * after humans undergo puberty, many target cells change their relationship w/ GH * Functions after Pupetry * bone mass * muscle mass * homeostasis * Stimulate immune system * blood dope w/ HGH * Clinical applications: * hyperproduction blf puberty = tall human * hyperproduction after puberty= acromegaly * hypoproduction blf puberty pituitary dwars * hippoproduction after puberty = weight gain, decrease in bore muscle, extreme fatigue * Posterior Lobe Pituitary * makes no hormones but Stores ADH + OX * Thyroid Gland-positioned on anterior surface of trachea, just inferior to thyroid cartilage. Main FXN is metabolism + hormones target most cells of the body except the tyroid gland itself. * 2 thyroid hormones produced and released: 1. Trioclothyronine (T3)- active form of TH (25%) 2. Thyroxine (T4)- inactive form of TH (75%) * Parathyroid Gland-4 small, pea-shaped glands on the dorsal side of Thyroid Gland * Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)- signals Sbetetal System to release $Ca^{+2}$ into bloodstream, increasing blood Ca * Clinical Application: * hypercalcemia- too much blood $Ca^{+2}$ Can weaken bones, cause kidney stones, and affect how the heart and brain work * hypocalcemia- too little blood $Ca^{+2}$ Muscle spasms and cramps, affect how heart contracts * Pineal Gland - Positioned in midbrain just inferior to corpus callosum. FXN to maintain circadian rythms (daily activity pattern). serves as an antioxidant * melatonin- controls drowsiness * Adrenal Gland- 2 glands that sit atop each kidney. * each adrenal gland has 2 layers * adrenal cortex. produces more than 2-dozen steroid hormones (corticosteroids) 1. Cortisol - Fxns as anti-inflamitory - manages carbs, fats, protiens, BP, increase blood glucose, helps us wake up, boosts energy during stress. * too much cortisol causes anxiety, depression, headaches, heart disease, memory/concentration issues, digestive problems, trouble sleeping, and weight gain 2. adrenal medulla - Ep, and norepi, can increase heart rate, BP, glycogen breabclown, and blood glucose levels * Pancreas- elongated gland that lies along the inferior margin of the stomach and extends to the duodenum of small intestine has both endocrine and digestive functions. * Pancreatic Istets - clusters of cells scattered through pancreas that have endocrine functions. 1. Alpha Cells - produce the hormone glucagen. * glucagen: raises blood glucose level's 2. Beta Cells- produce the hormone insulin. * insulin: lowers blood glucose levels by signaling target cells to uptake the glucose * Clinical Applications: 1. Type I diabetes (insulin dependent)- when pancreatic beta cells do not produce enough insulin. * Genetic cause. 2. Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin) - most common form. When individuals produce sufficient insulin, but their cells do not respond. Most common cause is obesity. Can be treated and managed w/ exercise diet, and medication. * hyperglycemia-abnormally high blood glucose levels * glycosuria